This document analyzes students' errors in solving problems from the 2012 PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) exam and proposes scaffolding techniques. The study identified 5 types of errors made by students: reading errors, comprehension errors, transformation errors, process skill errors, and encoding errors. Encoding errors were the most common at 26%. The scientific context problems had the most errors overall at 43%. To address the errors, the study suggests scaffolding techniques including carefully explaining problems, finding word meanings, restructuring problem-solving strategies, and reviewing work.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and writing an introduction for an essay. It discusses the overall research process, including defining a problem, conducting a literature review, developing a research framework, gathering and analyzing data, and discussing findings. It then outlines the Introduction, Methods, Findings, and Discussion (IMFD) format for structuring a research paper. Specific details are provided on how to write an effective introduction, including presenting the research topic, briefly discussing the problem, and stating the objectives and scope. Teachers are assigned the task of finding literature on their research topic and preparing a draft introduction.
The aim of research was to produce valid, practical and had potential-effect to mathematic literacy ability in PISA like mathematics problem in using row sports context at Asian Games 2018. The research method used development research with development studies type. The subjects of the research were the students with 15 years old of class X SMAN 10 Palembang. The techniques of collecting data were used documentation, walkthrough, test, and interview. This research produced the problem about how the students determined how many benches could be made by only knowing length and width of the boats. The results showed that the problem developed (1) valid from the suitability with the framework PISA regarding content, context, literacy process and level of questions that was connected problems with daily life accordance experts review and one to one stage (2) practical because the problem could be understood by students accordance small group stage, and (3) had a potential effect from the result of analyze the student’s answer in mathematical literacy ability with representation and reasoning ability as dominant accordance field test stage.
This document discusses Malaysia's performance on the TIMSS and PISA international assessments in mathematics and science. It provides background on TIMSS and PISA, including their testing frameworks and differences. Malaysia's rankings have generally been in the middle compared to other countries. The document discusses benefits of participating, including identifying weaknesses in the education system. It concludes that Malaysia's exam-focused teaching and gaps in critical thinking skills have likely contributed to average performance on TIMSS and PISA.
Analysis Students Learning Motivation on the Implementation of Direct Instru...Lori Mitchell
This study analyzed students' learning motivation after being taught about colloids using the direct instruction learning model at Muhammadiyah Pakem Senior High School. Data was collected from 11 students using a learning motivation questionnaire. The results showed that students' learning motivation was in the high to very high category, with two students in the very high category and the rest in the high category. The direct instruction model focuses on teacher explanation and involvement, which helps improve students' understanding and motivation by structuring the learning process. Teachers play an important role in developing students' motivation through encouraging learning and organizing engaging classroom environments. The study concluded that the direct instruction model had a positive impact on students' learning motivation.
Analysis Of Students Ability In Solving Relation And Functions Problems Base...Vicki Cristol
The document analyzes students' ability to solve relation and function problems based on learning indicators. It finds that students' overall ability is low. Specifically:
- Ability to define relations and functions is low. Students forget definitions.
- Determining examples and non-examples of functions is medium. Most but not all students can distinguish them.
- Determining domain, codomain, and range is medium. Students sometimes confuse range and codomain.
- Drawing arrow and Cartesian diagrams is medium. Students can usually draw them but omit descriptions.
The study indicates students have forgotten basic concepts and recommends teachers focus more on understanding than memorization to improve problem-solving abilities.
Analysis Of Student Errors In Solving SPLDV Questions Based On Castolan Stage...Cheryl Brown
1) The study aimed to analyze students' errors in solving two variable linear equation system (SPLDV) problems based on their reflective or impulsive cognitive styles.
2) The results showed that students with an impulsive cognitive style tended to make more errors than those with a reflective style. Internal factors causing errors included a lack of thoroughness, practice, and understanding of concepts and methods. External factors included a lack of time.
3) Student errors were categorized based on Kastolan's theory as procedural, conceptual, or technical. Procedural errors included incorrect steps. Conceptual errors involved improper use of formulas. Technical errors were inaccuracies in calculations.
Analysis Of Mathematical Problem Solving Skill Of Fifth Grade Students On Geo...Amy Roman
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the mathematical problem solving skills of 5th grade students in Indonesia on geometry topics. The study found that the average score of 39 students on a problem solving assessment was 53.9, indicating a lack of problem solving ability. When categorized, 20% of students were in the perfect group, 10% in the good group, 12.8% in the sufficient group, 33% in the minus group, and 23.1% in the least group. Common approaches students used to solve problems included drawing pictures, making tables, guessing and testing, breaking problems into sub-problems, and using formulas.
This document discusses follow-up assessment and reporting of assessment results. It begins with background information on using assessment results for educational purposes. It then outlines the purpose of understanding follow-up assessment, reporting results, and completing course assignments. Several sources are cited on follow-up assessment, reporting types, and determining student progression. The document also discusses problems that can occur, such as differences in criteria between schools, and potential exam leaks. It provides solutions such as maintaining consistent criteria when students transfer schools and having police more assertively investigate exam leaks. Overall, the document covers topics related to using assessment results for improving education.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and writing an introduction for an essay. It discusses the overall research process, including defining a problem, conducting a literature review, developing a research framework, gathering and analyzing data, and discussing findings. It then outlines the Introduction, Methods, Findings, and Discussion (IMFD) format for structuring a research paper. Specific details are provided on how to write an effective introduction, including presenting the research topic, briefly discussing the problem, and stating the objectives and scope. Teachers are assigned the task of finding literature on their research topic and preparing a draft introduction.
The aim of research was to produce valid, practical and had potential-effect to mathematic literacy ability in PISA like mathematics problem in using row sports context at Asian Games 2018. The research method used development research with development studies type. The subjects of the research were the students with 15 years old of class X SMAN 10 Palembang. The techniques of collecting data were used documentation, walkthrough, test, and interview. This research produced the problem about how the students determined how many benches could be made by only knowing length and width of the boats. The results showed that the problem developed (1) valid from the suitability with the framework PISA regarding content, context, literacy process and level of questions that was connected problems with daily life accordance experts review and one to one stage (2) practical because the problem could be understood by students accordance small group stage, and (3) had a potential effect from the result of analyze the student’s answer in mathematical literacy ability with representation and reasoning ability as dominant accordance field test stage.
This document discusses Malaysia's performance on the TIMSS and PISA international assessments in mathematics and science. It provides background on TIMSS and PISA, including their testing frameworks and differences. Malaysia's rankings have generally been in the middle compared to other countries. The document discusses benefits of participating, including identifying weaknesses in the education system. It concludes that Malaysia's exam-focused teaching and gaps in critical thinking skills have likely contributed to average performance on TIMSS and PISA.
Analysis Students Learning Motivation on the Implementation of Direct Instru...Lori Mitchell
This study analyzed students' learning motivation after being taught about colloids using the direct instruction learning model at Muhammadiyah Pakem Senior High School. Data was collected from 11 students using a learning motivation questionnaire. The results showed that students' learning motivation was in the high to very high category, with two students in the very high category and the rest in the high category. The direct instruction model focuses on teacher explanation and involvement, which helps improve students' understanding and motivation by structuring the learning process. Teachers play an important role in developing students' motivation through encouraging learning and organizing engaging classroom environments. The study concluded that the direct instruction model had a positive impact on students' learning motivation.
Analysis Of Students Ability In Solving Relation And Functions Problems Base...Vicki Cristol
The document analyzes students' ability to solve relation and function problems based on learning indicators. It finds that students' overall ability is low. Specifically:
- Ability to define relations and functions is low. Students forget definitions.
- Determining examples and non-examples of functions is medium. Most but not all students can distinguish them.
- Determining domain, codomain, and range is medium. Students sometimes confuse range and codomain.
- Drawing arrow and Cartesian diagrams is medium. Students can usually draw them but omit descriptions.
The study indicates students have forgotten basic concepts and recommends teachers focus more on understanding than memorization to improve problem-solving abilities.
Analysis Of Student Errors In Solving SPLDV Questions Based On Castolan Stage...Cheryl Brown
1) The study aimed to analyze students' errors in solving two variable linear equation system (SPLDV) problems based on their reflective or impulsive cognitive styles.
2) The results showed that students with an impulsive cognitive style tended to make more errors than those with a reflective style. Internal factors causing errors included a lack of thoroughness, practice, and understanding of concepts and methods. External factors included a lack of time.
3) Student errors were categorized based on Kastolan's theory as procedural, conceptual, or technical. Procedural errors included incorrect steps. Conceptual errors involved improper use of formulas. Technical errors were inaccuracies in calculations.
Analysis Of Mathematical Problem Solving Skill Of Fifth Grade Students On Geo...Amy Roman
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the mathematical problem solving skills of 5th grade students in Indonesia on geometry topics. The study found that the average score of 39 students on a problem solving assessment was 53.9, indicating a lack of problem solving ability. When categorized, 20% of students were in the perfect group, 10% in the good group, 12.8% in the sufficient group, 33% in the minus group, and 23.1% in the least group. Common approaches students used to solve problems included drawing pictures, making tables, guessing and testing, breaking problems into sub-problems, and using formulas.
This document discusses follow-up assessment and reporting of assessment results. It begins with background information on using assessment results for educational purposes. It then outlines the purpose of understanding follow-up assessment, reporting results, and completing course assignments. Several sources are cited on follow-up assessment, reporting types, and determining student progression. The document also discusses problems that can occur, such as differences in criteria between schools, and potential exam leaks. It provides solutions such as maintaining consistent criteria when students transfer schools and having police more assertively investigate exam leaks. Overall, the document covers topics related to using assessment results for improving education.
The document discusses the purpose, benefits, and functions of assessment in learning. It addresses three problems related to assessment in Indonesia: 1) Indonesia ranking lowest in PISA scores, 2) a teacher physically assaulting students for incomplete work, and 3) a teacher sexually harassing students. Suggested solutions for each problem include reforming assessment purposes, improving teacher training, empowering counselors, and protecting students who report issues.
The document proposes a study to assess the effectiveness and influences of a numeracy assessment tool among high school learners in Ormoc City Division. Specifically, the study would analyze test score data to determine students' mastery of fundamental math operations, identify factors affecting performance, and measure how well the assessment tool identifies areas of strength and weakness. The results could inform potential interventions like remedial programs to improve numeracy. The research aims to contribute to educational goals of developing strong foundational math skills and ensure inclusive, quality education.
Analysis Of Students Errors On The Fraction Calculation Operations ProblemLisa Garcia
This document summarizes a study on students' errors in fraction calculation operations. The study analyzed test responses from 61 fifth grade students from two elementary schools in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The majority of students made concept errors in problems involving converting mixed fractions to ordinary fractions, determining fraction values, and performing fraction addition and subtraction. Some students also made principle errors or careless mistakes. Interviews revealed that students struggled with understanding the concepts and procedures for fraction calculations. The study aims to help teachers identify common errors and address conceptual misunderstandings to improve the teaching and learning of fractions.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF POLYA’S THEORY IN IMPROVING PROBLEM- SOLVING ABILITY ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study focused on the assessment on effect of Polya’s theory in improving problem-solving
ability among senior high school students in San Marcelino District. The respondents of this study were the
Grade 11 Senior High School students a total of one hundred twenty from San Marcelino District. This
research study employed descriptive and quasi- experimental research design. Both designs used a quantitative
approach. Based on the summary of the investigations conducted, the intervention plan was developed to
improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability of the students. The respondents are on
their young adolescence and female. The respondents obtained a did not meet expectation descriptive rating
during pre – test and fairly satisfactory after using Polya’s theory. The respondents Agreed that Polya’s Theory
is effective improving problem solving ability in terms of understanding, planning, implanting and look back.
There is a significant difference on the perception of the students on the effectiveness of Polya’s theory in
improving problem solving when grouped according to age and sex profile in terms of understanding; and
according to age profile in terms of planning; implementing and look back. On the other hand, there is no
significant difference in terms of planning when grouped according to sex. The respondents Agreed that Polya’s
Theory is effective improving problem solving ability in terms of understanding, planning, implanting and look
back. There is a significant difference on the performance of the students before and after using Polya’s solving
analysis. The intervention plan was developed to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving
ability of the students. Based on the summary of findings and conclusions, the researcher recommended
Intervention plan can be implemented to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability
of the students. Further research study may be conducted in other districts or locale for verification of results.
The use of Polya theory may be encouraged during teaching and learning of mathematics in senior high school
since result shows that the students’ performance has improved. Mathematics teachers may be trained through
intensive workshop, seminars, and in-service training on the use of Polya Problem solving model. The proposed
intervention may be used in remedial classes to help the students familiarize with the theory. Intervention plan
can be implemented to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability of the students.
Future researchers may use the current study as references.
KEYWORDS: Assessing, Effect, Polya’s ’Theory, Problem Solving Ability
This document is a seminar proposal that discusses developing an interactive formative reading assessment using I-Spring Quizmaker. It outlines the background, research questions, literature review, methodology, and preliminary try-out of the assessment tool. The research aims to measure how well the developed assessment measures reading skills and evaluate its quality. A needs analysis questionnaire and expert evaluation will be used to analyze the assessment tool before implementing it online for students. The preliminary try-out with students provided positive feedback on the engagement and usability of the assessment format.
Analysis of Students Error in Solving Quadratic Equations Using Newman s Pro...Suzanne Simmons
The document analyzes errors made by students in solving quadratic equations using Newman's error analysis procedure. It found that most students made errors in transforming and comprehending problems. Few students made encoding errors, and no reading errors were observed. Interviews with students found the main reasons for errors were a lack of understanding of basic concepts and unsuitable learning styles. The study aims to help teachers and students eliminate errors in solving quadratic equations to improve mathematics learning.
1) The document describes an action research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of using collaborative artistic timeline-making to improve 8th grade students' retention of world history facts and events in Kabacan National High School.
2) The school achieved only 62% on the national achievement test in Araling Panlipunan, and the teacher observed students had difficulty remembering dates and found the lessons boring. The study aims to introduce an engaging strategy to address these issues.
3) If results are favorable, the teacher plans to continue using the strategy and share findings to help other teachers. The study may also lead to exploring other teaching methods.
EVALUATE THE AFFECTED FACTORS ON STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE IN RURAL A...ijejournal
Student’s ability in mathematics is an important component regarding with their cognitive achievement. There is a general assumption among educationists that mathematics can develop people’s logical and analytical thinking. G.C.E. ordinary level exam in the Sri Lanka is an important stage to make a clear
picture of student’s mathematical ability in Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, student’s results regarding with mathematics is so week in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to find the affected factors on student’s mathematics performance. This study has done as a case study in Passara educational zone, Sri Lanka. Multiple liner regression analysis used as the estimation technique. This study finalized that tuition class hours, education level of the most helpful person for student’s education at home and student teacher ratio at class room in school make significant effect on student’s mathematics performance. So, it’s clear that to improve the results regarding with mathematics in considering area should improve and provide the educational sources for students.
This study was done to analyze the effect of Polyatype problem solving learning oriented toward realistic mathematics on the ability to solve mathematical word problems. This study belongs to an experimental research with the Posttest Only Control Group Design. The population used in this study was the students of grade 4 at Gugus VIII SukawatiGianyarelementary schools with the total number of 138. The sample was selected through random sampling. The result of selection by lottery assigned Grade 4 students of SDN 4 SingapaduKaler to the control class and Grade 4 students of SDN 1 SingapaduKaler to the experiment class. The data were collected through an essay test that had been validated. The data that had been collected were analyzed through a difference test (t-test). Based on the result of data analysis it can be concluded that the use of Polya type problem solving teaching model oriented toward realistic mathematics gave a positive effect to the ability to solve word problems among the Grade 4 students in Gugus VIII Sukawati Gianyar.
This document discusses different types of assessment used in schools including formative, summative, and diagnostic assessment. It also addresses tracking student progress and attainment, statutory assessment tests, and using assessment data to identify strengths and areas for improvement in student learning and school programs.
Analysis of Students in Difficulty Solve Problems TwoDimentional Figure Quadr...IOSRJM
This research is a descriptive study that aims to determine the difficulty of concepts, principles difficulty and skill difficulties experienced by students of SMPN 8 Makassar to solve problems, specifically about waking flat rectangle. The subject of this research was the seventh grade students of SMPN 8 Makassar in the academic year 2015/2016 consisting of 5 classes of 200 students, while research subjects were students of class VII SMPN 8 Makassar as many as 35 students. The data collection is done by providing an instrument in the form of a test which consists of 5 items essay in the classroom in order to obtain a score of each kind of level of difficulty with descriptive analysis. The results were obtained percentage score of the degree of difficulty concept was 71.43% categorized as moderate difficulty level, the difficulty level of the principles is 25.71% categorized as very low level of difficulty, the difficulty level of skill 20% categorized the degree of difficulty is very low.
Development of Aljabar Materials Based On React Strategy To Increase Material...AJHSSR Journal
e them is with developing algebra teaching materials based
on the REACT strategy to enhance students' metaphorical thinking ability. The research method uses research
and development type formative research. The subject of this study is class VII in one of junior high school in
Cianjur, Indonesia. Based on the results of research and discussion can be summed up some things as follows:
(1) teaching materials that have been compiled good quality although still need to be refined again. (2) The
students' metaphorical thinking ability through the use of the teaching materials is enhancing. (3) The student's
response to this teaching material is very positive.
KEYWORDS: React Strategy , Algebra, Teaching and Learning Materials, Metaphorical Thingking, Moral
Crisis
Abstract- This study aims to produce learning tools based on guided inquiry models that are feasible to improve the science process skills of elementary school students. This research is a development research, with ADDIE model. The research trial design uses one group pretest-posttest design with quantitative descriptive analysis techniques and qualitative descriptions. The subject of this study is a learning device consisting of a syllabus, learning implementation plan, student worksheets, student teaching materials, tests on learning outcomes of science process skills. The trial was carried out on 40 students of grade five in elementary school. Data collection methods use validation, observation, tests, and filling out the questionnaire. The results of the analysis of the research data show: (1) the device developed is valid; (2) legibility of Student Book and Student Work Sheet at the independent level; (3) learning takes place in either category; (4) students become active in learning; (5) students give positive responses in the excellent category to learning; (6) science process skills show a high category. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the guided inquiry-based learning device that has been developed is feasible to improve students' science process skills.
Index Terms- learning tools, guided inquiry, science process skills.
This study compared the problem solving abilities of students using problem based learning (PBL) and problem solving learning models in chemistry. The study found that students who used PBL had higher average scores on a post-test of problem solving abilities compared to students who used problem solving. Statistical analysis found the difference in scores to be statistically significant, showing PBL improved students' problem solving abilities more than problem solving. The study concluded PBL is more effective at improving students' problem solving skills in chemistry.
Melinda Eichhorn - Exploring the use of a screening tool to investigate stude...Melinda Eichhorn
This document discusses a study that investigated the use of a mathematical screening tool with second grade students in Kolkata, India. The screening tool was designed to identify students' grade-level math skills, number sense, and common error patterns. The study found that the screening tool provided teachers with valuable information about their students' mathematical understanding and misconceptions. This allowed teachers to better target instruction and interventions to support students who were struggling. The screening tool empowered teachers to identify issues and begin interventions earlier than waiting for a formal diagnosis. Overall, the screening tool was an effective way for teachers to assess their students' math abilities and tailor instruction accordingly.
Importance Of Formative And Summative AssessmentEbony Bates
The document discusses the importance of formative and summative assessment. It defines formative assessment as assessment used to provide feedback to improve teaching and learning, while summative assessment provides grades or marks for administrative purposes. The document also provides an example of a formative assessment tool used in a lesson to have students self-assess their writing and identifies objectives it helps students work towards.
Radical Reconstruction had some positive but limited impacts on African Americans in the South. It granted them citizenship and civil rights, along with the right to vote and hold office. However, these new rights and protections were short-lived and faced intense resistance. Widespread discrimination and violence against African Americans continued after Reconstruction ended. Overall, while Radical Reconstruction offered some new opportunities, its impacts did not fundamentally change the unequal status that African Americans faced in the South.
Introduction Template For Report - Professional TemCarrie Romero
The document provides steps for requesting assignment writing help from HelpWriting.net. It outlines the registration process, how to submit a request including instructions and deadline, how writers bid on requests and customers choose a writer, revising the paper if needed, and getting refunds for plagiarized content. The purpose is to explain the process for students to get papers written by third parties on the HelpWriting site.
Transition In Essay Writing - Paragraph TransitionsCarrie Romero
IKEA has two main ownership advantages that allow it to successfully compete internationally:
1. Low-cost furniture design and production - IKEA designs simple, affordable furniture that is flat-packed for low-cost transportation and requires assembly, keeping costs low.
2. Distinctive store experience - IKEA creates a distinctive shopping experience through its massive stores filled with furniture displays and inexpensive home accessories and food, attracting customers.
How To Help Students Brainstorm And Organize An EssayCarrie Romero
National African American History Month originated from the efforts of Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. In 1926, Dr. Woodson initiated the celebration of Negro History Week in February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. The celebration later evolved into a full month of recognition. The observance aims to provide recognition of achievements by African Americans and their central role in U.S. history.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refund available for plagiarized work.
Essay On Helping Others In English 10 Lines Essay OCarrie Romero
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
More Related Content
Similar to An Analysis Of Students Error In Solving PISA 2012 And Its Scaffolding
The document discusses the purpose, benefits, and functions of assessment in learning. It addresses three problems related to assessment in Indonesia: 1) Indonesia ranking lowest in PISA scores, 2) a teacher physically assaulting students for incomplete work, and 3) a teacher sexually harassing students. Suggested solutions for each problem include reforming assessment purposes, improving teacher training, empowering counselors, and protecting students who report issues.
The document proposes a study to assess the effectiveness and influences of a numeracy assessment tool among high school learners in Ormoc City Division. Specifically, the study would analyze test score data to determine students' mastery of fundamental math operations, identify factors affecting performance, and measure how well the assessment tool identifies areas of strength and weakness. The results could inform potential interventions like remedial programs to improve numeracy. The research aims to contribute to educational goals of developing strong foundational math skills and ensure inclusive, quality education.
Analysis Of Students Errors On The Fraction Calculation Operations ProblemLisa Garcia
This document summarizes a study on students' errors in fraction calculation operations. The study analyzed test responses from 61 fifth grade students from two elementary schools in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The majority of students made concept errors in problems involving converting mixed fractions to ordinary fractions, determining fraction values, and performing fraction addition and subtraction. Some students also made principle errors or careless mistakes. Interviews revealed that students struggled with understanding the concepts and procedures for fraction calculations. The study aims to help teachers identify common errors and address conceptual misunderstandings to improve the teaching and learning of fractions.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF POLYA’S THEORY IN IMPROVING PROBLEM- SOLVING ABILITY ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study focused on the assessment on effect of Polya’s theory in improving problem-solving
ability among senior high school students in San Marcelino District. The respondents of this study were the
Grade 11 Senior High School students a total of one hundred twenty from San Marcelino District. This
research study employed descriptive and quasi- experimental research design. Both designs used a quantitative
approach. Based on the summary of the investigations conducted, the intervention plan was developed to
improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability of the students. The respondents are on
their young adolescence and female. The respondents obtained a did not meet expectation descriptive rating
during pre – test and fairly satisfactory after using Polya’s theory. The respondents Agreed that Polya’s Theory
is effective improving problem solving ability in terms of understanding, planning, implanting and look back.
There is a significant difference on the perception of the students on the effectiveness of Polya’s theory in
improving problem solving when grouped according to age and sex profile in terms of understanding; and
according to age profile in terms of planning; implementing and look back. On the other hand, there is no
significant difference in terms of planning when grouped according to sex. The respondents Agreed that Polya’s
Theory is effective improving problem solving ability in terms of understanding, planning, implanting and look
back. There is a significant difference on the performance of the students before and after using Polya’s solving
analysis. The intervention plan was developed to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving
ability of the students. Based on the summary of findings and conclusions, the researcher recommended
Intervention plan can be implemented to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability
of the students. Further research study may be conducted in other districts or locale for verification of results.
The use of Polya theory may be encouraged during teaching and learning of mathematics in senior high school
since result shows that the students’ performance has improved. Mathematics teachers may be trained through
intensive workshop, seminars, and in-service training on the use of Polya Problem solving model. The proposed
intervention may be used in remedial classes to help the students familiarize with the theory. Intervention plan
can be implemented to improve the delivery system and enhance the problem-solving ability of the students.
Future researchers may use the current study as references.
KEYWORDS: Assessing, Effect, Polya’s ’Theory, Problem Solving Ability
This document is a seminar proposal that discusses developing an interactive formative reading assessment using I-Spring Quizmaker. It outlines the background, research questions, literature review, methodology, and preliminary try-out of the assessment tool. The research aims to measure how well the developed assessment measures reading skills and evaluate its quality. A needs analysis questionnaire and expert evaluation will be used to analyze the assessment tool before implementing it online for students. The preliminary try-out with students provided positive feedback on the engagement and usability of the assessment format.
Analysis of Students Error in Solving Quadratic Equations Using Newman s Pro...Suzanne Simmons
The document analyzes errors made by students in solving quadratic equations using Newman's error analysis procedure. It found that most students made errors in transforming and comprehending problems. Few students made encoding errors, and no reading errors were observed. Interviews with students found the main reasons for errors were a lack of understanding of basic concepts and unsuitable learning styles. The study aims to help teachers and students eliminate errors in solving quadratic equations to improve mathematics learning.
1) The document describes an action research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of using collaborative artistic timeline-making to improve 8th grade students' retention of world history facts and events in Kabacan National High School.
2) The school achieved only 62% on the national achievement test in Araling Panlipunan, and the teacher observed students had difficulty remembering dates and found the lessons boring. The study aims to introduce an engaging strategy to address these issues.
3) If results are favorable, the teacher plans to continue using the strategy and share findings to help other teachers. The study may also lead to exploring other teaching methods.
EVALUATE THE AFFECTED FACTORS ON STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE IN RURAL A...ijejournal
Student’s ability in mathematics is an important component regarding with their cognitive achievement. There is a general assumption among educationists that mathematics can develop people’s logical and analytical thinking. G.C.E. ordinary level exam in the Sri Lanka is an important stage to make a clear
picture of student’s mathematical ability in Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, student’s results regarding with mathematics is so week in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to find the affected factors on student’s mathematics performance. This study has done as a case study in Passara educational zone, Sri Lanka. Multiple liner regression analysis used as the estimation technique. This study finalized that tuition class hours, education level of the most helpful person for student’s education at home and student teacher ratio at class room in school make significant effect on student’s mathematics performance. So, it’s clear that to improve the results regarding with mathematics in considering area should improve and provide the educational sources for students.
This study was done to analyze the effect of Polyatype problem solving learning oriented toward realistic mathematics on the ability to solve mathematical word problems. This study belongs to an experimental research with the Posttest Only Control Group Design. The population used in this study was the students of grade 4 at Gugus VIII SukawatiGianyarelementary schools with the total number of 138. The sample was selected through random sampling. The result of selection by lottery assigned Grade 4 students of SDN 4 SingapaduKaler to the control class and Grade 4 students of SDN 1 SingapaduKaler to the experiment class. The data were collected through an essay test that had been validated. The data that had been collected were analyzed through a difference test (t-test). Based on the result of data analysis it can be concluded that the use of Polya type problem solving teaching model oriented toward realistic mathematics gave a positive effect to the ability to solve word problems among the Grade 4 students in Gugus VIII Sukawati Gianyar.
This document discusses different types of assessment used in schools including formative, summative, and diagnostic assessment. It also addresses tracking student progress and attainment, statutory assessment tests, and using assessment data to identify strengths and areas for improvement in student learning and school programs.
Analysis of Students in Difficulty Solve Problems TwoDimentional Figure Quadr...IOSRJM
This research is a descriptive study that aims to determine the difficulty of concepts, principles difficulty and skill difficulties experienced by students of SMPN 8 Makassar to solve problems, specifically about waking flat rectangle. The subject of this research was the seventh grade students of SMPN 8 Makassar in the academic year 2015/2016 consisting of 5 classes of 200 students, while research subjects were students of class VII SMPN 8 Makassar as many as 35 students. The data collection is done by providing an instrument in the form of a test which consists of 5 items essay in the classroom in order to obtain a score of each kind of level of difficulty with descriptive analysis. The results were obtained percentage score of the degree of difficulty concept was 71.43% categorized as moderate difficulty level, the difficulty level of the principles is 25.71% categorized as very low level of difficulty, the difficulty level of skill 20% categorized the degree of difficulty is very low.
Development of Aljabar Materials Based On React Strategy To Increase Material...AJHSSR Journal
e them is with developing algebra teaching materials based
on the REACT strategy to enhance students' metaphorical thinking ability. The research method uses research
and development type formative research. The subject of this study is class VII in one of junior high school in
Cianjur, Indonesia. Based on the results of research and discussion can be summed up some things as follows:
(1) teaching materials that have been compiled good quality although still need to be refined again. (2) The
students' metaphorical thinking ability through the use of the teaching materials is enhancing. (3) The student's
response to this teaching material is very positive.
KEYWORDS: React Strategy , Algebra, Teaching and Learning Materials, Metaphorical Thingking, Moral
Crisis
Abstract- This study aims to produce learning tools based on guided inquiry models that are feasible to improve the science process skills of elementary school students. This research is a development research, with ADDIE model. The research trial design uses one group pretest-posttest design with quantitative descriptive analysis techniques and qualitative descriptions. The subject of this study is a learning device consisting of a syllabus, learning implementation plan, student worksheets, student teaching materials, tests on learning outcomes of science process skills. The trial was carried out on 40 students of grade five in elementary school. Data collection methods use validation, observation, tests, and filling out the questionnaire. The results of the analysis of the research data show: (1) the device developed is valid; (2) legibility of Student Book and Student Work Sheet at the independent level; (3) learning takes place in either category; (4) students become active in learning; (5) students give positive responses in the excellent category to learning; (6) science process skills show a high category. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the guided inquiry-based learning device that has been developed is feasible to improve students' science process skills.
Index Terms- learning tools, guided inquiry, science process skills.
This study compared the problem solving abilities of students using problem based learning (PBL) and problem solving learning models in chemistry. The study found that students who used PBL had higher average scores on a post-test of problem solving abilities compared to students who used problem solving. Statistical analysis found the difference in scores to be statistically significant, showing PBL improved students' problem solving abilities more than problem solving. The study concluded PBL is more effective at improving students' problem solving skills in chemistry.
Melinda Eichhorn - Exploring the use of a screening tool to investigate stude...Melinda Eichhorn
This document discusses a study that investigated the use of a mathematical screening tool with second grade students in Kolkata, India. The screening tool was designed to identify students' grade-level math skills, number sense, and common error patterns. The study found that the screening tool provided teachers with valuable information about their students' mathematical understanding and misconceptions. This allowed teachers to better target instruction and interventions to support students who were struggling. The screening tool empowered teachers to identify issues and begin interventions earlier than waiting for a formal diagnosis. Overall, the screening tool was an effective way for teachers to assess their students' math abilities and tailor instruction accordingly.
Importance Of Formative And Summative AssessmentEbony Bates
The document discusses the importance of formative and summative assessment. It defines formative assessment as assessment used to provide feedback to improve teaching and learning, while summative assessment provides grades or marks for administrative purposes. The document also provides an example of a formative assessment tool used in a lesson to have students self-assess their writing and identifies objectives it helps students work towards.
Similar to An Analysis Of Students Error In Solving PISA 2012 And Its Scaffolding (16)
Radical Reconstruction had some positive but limited impacts on African Americans in the South. It granted them citizenship and civil rights, along with the right to vote and hold office. However, these new rights and protections were short-lived and faced intense resistance. Widespread discrimination and violence against African Americans continued after Reconstruction ended. Overall, while Radical Reconstruction offered some new opportunities, its impacts did not fundamentally change the unequal status that African Americans faced in the South.
Introduction Template For Report - Professional TemCarrie Romero
The document provides steps for requesting assignment writing help from HelpWriting.net. It outlines the registration process, how to submit a request including instructions and deadline, how writers bid on requests and customers choose a writer, revising the paper if needed, and getting refunds for plagiarized content. The purpose is to explain the process for students to get papers written by third parties on the HelpWriting site.
Transition In Essay Writing - Paragraph TransitionsCarrie Romero
IKEA has two main ownership advantages that allow it to successfully compete internationally:
1. Low-cost furniture design and production - IKEA designs simple, affordable furniture that is flat-packed for low-cost transportation and requires assembly, keeping costs low.
2. Distinctive store experience - IKEA creates a distinctive shopping experience through its massive stores filled with furniture displays and inexpensive home accessories and food, attracting customers.
How To Help Students Brainstorm And Organize An EssayCarrie Romero
National African American History Month originated from the efforts of Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. In 1926, Dr. Woodson initiated the celebration of Negro History Week in February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. The celebration later evolved into a full month of recognition. The observance aims to provide recognition of achievements by African Americans and their central role in U.S. history.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with refund available for plagiarized work.
Essay On Helping Others In English 10 Lines Essay OCarrie Romero
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
The article discusses the importance of cities during the Roman Empire. Cities served as administrative centers where local elites collected taxes and commanded military forces. They also organized citizens and generated tax revenue to fund the empire's expansion through its military. Cities offered benefits like welfare systems and grain subsidies that were not available in smaller towns. Cities played a key role in decentralizing governance across the vast Roman Empire.
1. The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from a website. It outlines a 5-step process: create an account; submit a request form with instructions and deadline; choose a writer based on bids, qualifications, and reviews; review the paper and authorize payment or request revisions; and request revisions until satisfied.
2. The website uses a bidding system where writers submit bids to take on writing requests. Customers can choose a writer based on qualifications, order history, and feedback.
3. The website promises original, high-quality papers and offers refunds for plagiarized content. It also provides free revisions until customers are satisfied.
The document discusses the benefits of outsourcing social media marketing for businesses. It notes that 62% of companies outsource their content marketing. It asks the reader to consider if they or their staff have time for social media and provides tips for determining if outsourcing is right. Experienced professionals can learn about a brand and focus on certain industries to better serve customers. Outsourcing allows a business to benefit from social media marketing without dedicating extensive internal resources.
The document provides instructions for requesting and receiving writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
The document discusses the steps to get writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed, with refunds for plagiarized work. Customers can get their needs fully met through the service.
Templates Writing Paper Template, Writing Paper, KiCarrie Romero
This lab report describes an embryo rescue experiment using Viburnum lantana seeds. The seeds were treated with sulfuric acid to sterilize and soften them. Then the embryos were scraped out from under the seed coat and endosperm and placed on hormone-free media. Of the embryos isolated, 33% were intact. Of those intact embryos, 33% developed into plants. The report records the growth process of the rescued embryos as they progressed from dormant to active growth.
The document discusses the importance of labeling genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food. It notes that while GMOs are commonly used, there is disagreement over whether they should be labeled. Supporters of labeling argue that it provides benefits to consumers by allowing them to make informed choices. Additionally, not labeling GMOs infringes on consumer freedom and could start a public education campaign about GMOs. Critics argue that labeling is unnecessary since the FDA has deemed GMOs safe. The document examines arguments on both sides of the issue.
HSC Essay Plans For Questions On The National SCarrie Romero
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have essays and assignments written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Submit a request with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It emphasizes that original, high-quality work is guaranteed or a full refund will be provided.
1. The document discusses steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before authorizing payment.
2. After receiving a paper, clients can request revisions to ensure satisfaction before finalizing payment. Writers are committed to original, high-quality work and offer refunds for plagiarism.
3. Choosing HelpWriting.net provides confidence that needs will be fully met through the writing assistance and revision processes.
1 3 1 Essay Example - Lawwustl.Web.Fc2.ComCarrie Romero
This document discusses cortisol, a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. It is stimulated by ACTH from the pituitary gland and follows a circadian rhythm with peak levels in the morning. ACTH is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus in response to stress, infection, low blood sugar, and low cortisol levels. Cortisol provides negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus. It is involved in glucose regulation and the stress response. Diseases can impact cortisol production if the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is impaired.
What Color Resume Paper Should You Use PreparCarrie Romero
The document discusses the steps required to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It involves creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadlines, and reviewing bids from writers. The client can then choose a writer, make a deposit, and request revisions until satisfied with the final work. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Munchkin Land Kindergarten Kid Writing PCarrie Romero
The document summarizes the memoir "Reading Lolita in Tehran" by Azar Nafisi. It discusses how Nafisi held secret literature discussions with seven female students in her home, despite the risks, to challenge them to connect fictional books to their reality under Iran's oppressive post-revolution regime. The students found freedom and power through imagining different lives in the Western books they discussed, as they had lost control over their own lives and dreams in Iran at that time.
Sample Informative Speech Outline On CafCarrie Romero
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline and attach sample work.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history and feedback. Place deposit.
4. Review the paper and authorize full payment if satisfied, or request revisions using free revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality work and full refunds for plagiarism. Choose them for full assistance.
Top Websites To Get Free Essays Online CustomEsCarrie Romero
Here are the completed sentences with imperative and prepositional phrases:
1. First, you need to preheat the oven to 350°F.
2. Then, you need to mix all the solid ingredients.
3. Next, you need to beat the egg and milk.
4. After that, you can bake for 30 to 35 minutes.
5. Finally, you can serve it with fruit or cream.
Do people always listen to your advice? Sometimes it is very difficult to have people do things your way, even when you are positive that you are right. Luckily, there are ways to persuade people to follow your lead. Read the next passage and then, write the steps to getting people to do what
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
An Analysis Of Students Error In Solving PISA 2012 And Its Scaffolding
1. 90
Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education
ISSN: 2503-3697 / e-ISSN: 2541-2590
Vol. 1, No. 2, 90-98, July 2016
http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/jramathedu
An Analysis of Students Error In Solving PISA
2012 And Its Scaffolding
Yurizka Melia Sari1)
, Erik Valentino2)
1)
STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri
2)
STKIP Bina Insan Mandiri
Corresponding author: yurizka.m.sari@gmail.com
Abstract. Based on PISA survey in 2012, Indonesia was only placed on 64 out of 65 participating
countries. The survey suggest that the students’ ability of reasoning, spatial orientation, and problem solving
are lower compare with other participants countries, especially in Shouth East Asia. Nevertheless, the
result of PISA does not elicit clearly on the students’ inability in solving PISA problem such as the location
and the types of student’s errors. Therefore, analyzing students’ error in solving PISA problem would be
essential countermeasure to help the students in solving mathematics problems and to develop scaffolding.
Based on the data analysis, it is found that there are 5 types of error which is made by the subject. They
consist of reading error, comprehension error, transformation error, process skill error, and encoding error.
The most common mistake that subject do is encoding error with a percentage of 26%. While reading is
the fewest errors made by the subjects that is only 12%. The types of given scaffolding was explaining the
problem carefully and making a summary of new words and find the meaning of them, restructuring
problem-solving strategies and reviewing the results of the completion of the problem.
Keywords: Analysis of Student’s Error, PISA, Newman Analysis, Scaffolding.
Introduction
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a program to assess the
ability of students within the scope of the International. Furthermore, PISA is managed
by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) which is
assessed is the student's ability to apply mathematics in a variety of situations in everyday
life. Therefore, the measuring instrument used by PISA is a real problem that requires the
ability for reasoning, spatial or problem-solving (OECD, 2013a). Moreover, the subject of
PISA assessment are students aged about 15 years (OECD, 2013a). Thus age is chosen
because students are nearing the end of compulsory education in countries that are
members of the OECD (OECD, 2013a), including Indonesia. In addition, the results show
that Indonesia only ranks 63rd out of 64 participant’s countries in mathematics with the
acquisition of 375 points.
The focus domain of PISA 2012 is mathematics content which are different with
three year pattern ago that are focusing on reading , mathematics and science literacy.
Furthermore, In 2012, there is an optional component on financial literacy and The
mathematics assessment for 2012 will have an optional computer-administered
component, which will provide new opportunities for presentations of items and may also
test some aspects of doing mathematics assisted by a computer (Stacey, 2011). The
2. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
91
objective of PISA is to measure what student have learned at school focused on their
analysing and reasoning skill when they can solve and interpret situation in daily life.
In fact, the difficulties experienced by students in solving PISA problem due to the
lack of student skills in transforming daily life sentences into mathematics sentences. This
is also supported by the teacher's role in learning where they do not realize that the mistakes
made by the students during this time due to his role in the learning process of
mathematics. Teachers only give formulas and exercise problem without connecting them
to the situations of everyday life with mathematical concepts. Fiangga (2014) stated that
providing formula too early is mostly done by the teacher in teaching mathematics. In fact,
the students are still incapable to fully understand what the formula is. This situation is
called the mismatch situation.
Wijaya (2015) argue that the difficulties encountered by students can not be
separated by contextual problems. It shows that student are limited to learn contextual
problem which has similarities with the content of PISA 2012 especially when they have
to interpret data presentation on the task or assignment. The importance of giving PISA
problem often forgotten by the teachers due to the time limitation of courses. Hence, they
decided use the simple problem which have the direct formula for solving it. As a result,
students become confused and make the same mistakes when given about the PISA
problem to the next level.
In the other hand, scaffolding or support by teachers have done a lot of learning
time to improve students' understanding of mathematics and minimize mistakes. However,
assistance is given less attention to the teacher student mistake location. As a result, when
students are given a similar PISA problem which is they get rarely, the student will bring
his mistake when solving on math routines into similar non-routine PISA problems.
Seeing exposure to these facts, it is certainly important for Indonesia to improve
scores on PISA in subsequent years. For these improvements, researchers are interested
to analyze students' errors in solving PISA problems, especially in mathematics. From this
analysis, students will be given scaffolding customized based on the location of the
mistakes. These activities will give an idea of the students thinking in solving PISA is based
on analysis of errors and giving the given scaffolding. These results can then be used as a
reference for improvement planning and ability in mathematics in PISA level.
Research Methods
This study is an exploratory study with qualitative approach that will produce
descriptive data in the form of an idea about the type and location of student’s errors in
solving PISA 2012. In this study, researchers act as observers and interviewers to determine
students' mistakes in solving PISA 2012. There are five characteristics of qualitative
research, namely (1) the collection of data in a narrative and visual, (2) setting the
background is natural, (3) the researcher is part of the research, (4) The data analysis was
performed inductively, and (5) researchers avoid early conclusions (Gay, 2011).
This research is conducted at SMP Muhammadiyah 17 Surabaya in the even semester
2015/2016. As for the students who are the subject of research is the grade 8 students of
the selected school. The selected subject based conformity with the objectives PISA study
that students who are approaching the age of 15 years or who are taking compulsory. The
research subject is determined based on the results of their result in solving PISA 2012,
which consisted of four questions which is adjusted to each context PISA 2012.
In this study, the main instrument in the study are researchers because they act as a
determinant in the process of research, design conveys research and action research
providers. In addition, researchers also act as observers and data collectors in the field,
3. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
92
such as in-depth interviews on the subject to get the necessary information in data
collection.
As for the supporting instruments of this study, namely PISA 2012 test and interview
guidelines. The former of supporting instrument consists of four problems which is chosen
based on the context of PISA 2012 such as personal, scientific, social and occupational.
The latter, interview guidelines prepared as a supporting instrument to identify the
students errors in solving PISA 2012 and to explore the reasons behind the mistakes made
by the students.
The instrument has been designed granted to the validator to be examined
according to their expertise, and then revised with the advice given to produce a valid
instrument for use in data retrieval. The instrument is said to be valid if at least two
validators agree that such instruments are eligible for using. Once the instrument is
validated by the validator, tested the readability of the instrument. Legibility test done to
students in grade 8 who are not the subject of research. The purpose of this readability test
is to determine whether the instruments used can be understood by students. If students
have not been able to understand the questions in the instruments, the researchers make
improvements and consulted with experts or specialists. However, if students already
understand the questions contained in the instrument of test PISA 2012 and interview
guides eligible for used.
The data analysis of this study refers to the stage of qualitative data analysis by Miles
and Huberman (Sugiyono, 2010) as follows:
1. Data reduction phase
This process is a form of analysis that refers to the sharpening process, selecting,
focus and transform the raw data obtained from the field. Moreover, the data selected
are simplified, then grouped with data in accordance with the requisite to answer the
research questions.
2. Exposure Data Phase
This stage includes classifying and identifying the data set is organized in the form
of narrative text, charts and others, hence making it possible to draw conclusion. So the
reduced data will be classified and identified allowing researchers to draw conclusions
on the analysis of students' errors in solving PISA 2012 with reference to the Newman
error analysis.
3. Drawing Conclusion Phase
From the obtained data, the next activity will be drawing conclusions and
verification of these data. After that the researchers conduct further verification in order
to check their conclusions with the results of the analysis. Thus, it is obtained the
analysis of students' errors and its scaffolding in solving PISA 2012 based on Newman
error analysis
Results and Discussion
Text The results of this study are the type of errors made by five research subject in
solving PISA 2012 with different contexts and its scaffolding based on the Newman error
analysis Newman . To determine the validity of research data, researchers used the
triangulation that is comparing and checking the degree of confidence behind the
information obtained through different sources. The distance between the first and second
data retrieval adjusted to the readiness of the subject and the researcher. Data validation
study performed by comparing data written test and interview.
Based on their general response in solving PISA problem with 5 different context,
the most mistake that have been done by them is encoding error with percentage of 26%.
Then, the another error that has the lowest percentage is reading error with 12%. While,
4. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
93
24% of mistakes are process skill error and transformation error. The remaining 14% of
the made mistakes is comprehension error.
In the other hand, the PISA context which has the most error is scientific context
with a percentage of 43%. Meanwhile, occupational context problem has the less mistake
that is only 12%. Then, personal context problem and social context problem consequtive
has an error percentage of 21% and 24%.
Table 1. Error’s Analysis of All Students Responses
Explanation:
: Uncorect Student’s Response with Newman’s Error Analysis
: Correct Student’s Response
: No Response
• Reading error
In this study, subjects do mistake in reading the main information of the problem
hence they did not apply its information in solving problem. Moreover, reading error
done by subjects in scientific and personal context of PISA problem.
Based on the results of the problem revealed that the subject just directly choose
the answer without writing down what is known, asked and step solution.
Type of error
Test Item Total
1
(Social Context)
2
(Occupation
al Context)
3
(Personal
Context)
4
(Scientific
Context)
Reading 0 0 2 3 5
Comprehension 2 0 0 4 6
Transformation 3 1 2 4 10
Process Skill 3 2 2 3 10
Encoding 2 2 3 4 11
The number of
errors
10 5 9 18 42
Figure 1. SD’s Response on Scientific Context of PISA
Problem
5. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
94
Type of the given scaffolding is explaining by asking him to read the questions
carefully and making a summary of new words and find the meaning of the word. Then,
giving scaffolding reviewing by asking subjects to improve their solving process.
• Comprehension error
In solving PISA problem, subject perform comprehension error on the saintific
and social context of PISA problem. In the following is the subject’s response on those
context with the explanation. One of the example is SC make a mistake in
comprehending PISA problem on social context. Based on the interview, SC
missunderstand with what question ask about “menguntungkan’. Therefore, subject got
confused in writing an appropriate solution.
The given scaffolding is explaining type by asking subjects to read the questions
carefully and make questions to themselves such as "what should I find or show you in
this problem?". Then, the next stage is restructuring the problem-solving strategies .
• Transformation error
This mistake occurs in all contexts of PISA problem where two questions which
get the most error is on social and scientific context. Subject make transformation error
on scientific context when he solved the problem by applying the concept of percentage
and multiplication. Then, he seemed confused when decided the given operation and the
number in problem solving procedures. Hence, his strategy in problem solving unable to
answer the question.
Fromthe interview, it was revealed that the subject made a mistake in transforming
the mathematics PISA 2012. The subject problems can understand the questions well but
the subject still can not choose the right strategy and a method to estimate. So that the
the problem the subject is less precise although according to those asked
Figure 2. SC’s Response on Social Context of PISA Problem
6. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
95
The form of the scaffoding given to subject SB on the type of the mistake of
understanding problem is reviewing and restructuring. Subject is asked to correct the
mistake in his work (reviewing) and arranging better solving strategies whether by using
the pattern and making diagram or table to determine the proportion (restructuring).
Therefore, subject does not experience the same mistake when facing problems which are
equivalent with PISA 2012 problems.
• Process Skill error
This study suggest that the most error in process skill occurs on social and scientific
context of PISA problem. In figure 3, SE do a mistake in multiplication process “3.14 x
30 x 40 = 30 cm”. In interview process, SE stated that subject cancel out the same
number are 3 and 4 such that 30 obtained from the calculation. In addition, subject also
stated that his teacher commonly used thus method in division process so subject
consider that cancel out method can be used in multiplication process. The form of given
scaffolding areexplaining, reviewing and restructuring.
The form of the scaffoding given to subject SE on the type of the mistake of
process skill is reviewing and restructuring. The combining scaffolding help subject
another approach in solving PISA problem. First, subject is asked to identifiy the main
informations which correlate with the solving strategy of the problem. Then, subject
choose the right method in solving social context problem. The last, subject operate the
given number accurately which is suitable with the solving strategy. Therefore, subject
does not experience the same mistake when facing problems which are equivalent with
PISA 2012 problems.
Figure 3. SB’s Response on Saintific Context of PISA Problem
7. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
96
• Encoding error
Encoding error is a mistake when the subject write the final answer which is not
accordance with what question ask. In this study, PISA context problem which getting
the most error in encoding answer are social and scientific context.
Based on the subject work, the answer 96% is not accordance with what the problem
ask about how long the remaining times in times unit. Based on the interview, subject
consider that the answer of question 2 is about the percentage of the remaining time.
The form of the scaffoding given to subject SE on the type of the mistake of
encoding is reviewing and restructuring. First, subject is asked to evaluate of his answer
hence he can obtain the mistakes (reviewing). Then, subject improve his result by using
evaluated steps and methods. Therefore, subject does not experience the same mistake
when facing problems which are equivalent with PISA 2012 problems.
Figure 5. SE’s Response on Scientific Context of PISA
Problem
Figure 4. SE’s Response on Social Context of PISA Problem
8. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
97
Compare with other research which mainly focusing in error analysis based on
Nemwan and its scaffolding is that Error Analysis in Solving Word Problem about Two
Variable Linear Equations and Its Scaffolding Based on Newman Error Analysis on
Students Grade VII of Malang State Junior High School (Rahayu and Qohar, 2014) shows
that the type of error that had been done by their subject are comprehension,
transformation, process skills and encoding. While the scafffolding that has been given to
minimize their error are explaining, restructuring, and developing conceptual thinking. The
error analysis in solving PISA problem has showed similar result where the subject do 5
mistakes based on Newman Error Analysis and its scaffolding up to restructuring stage.
From the research results obtained from the previous description, the authors to
provide suggestions as follows: More varied in selecting research subjects can be based on
cognitive style, learning style or type of student thinking. Conducting a thorough analysis
of the data on each student who becomes the object of the data and compares the error
analysis of the subject have the same error. Making further research or analysis of the
students who make mistakes due to not accurately or error carelles and discussing the data
about carelles error.
Conclusion
Based on the result, it is found that there are 5 types of mistakes made by the students
namely reading error, comprehension error, transformation error, process skill error and
encoding error. The most common mistake which are have been done by the subjects is
encoding error with a percentage of 26%. While reading is the fewest errors made by a
subject that is only 12%. Both transformation and process skill error possessed the same
percentage of the number of errors is 24%. The last, 14% of the made mistakes is an error
in understanding the problem of PISA.
In this study, PISA problem is adopted from PISA 2012 where the predominant
domain is mathematics. Thus, there are 4 selected PISA problem that each question has a
different context namely social, personal, occupational and scientific. PISA Problem with
the most errors is scientific context with a percentage of 43%. Meanwhile, PISA with
occupational context contains only 5 out of 42 errors. The rest, both personal and scientific
context in succession problem has a percentage of error of 21% and 24%.
The form of scaffolding in solving PISA problems are explaining, reviewing and
restructuring. The activities in explaining type is asking subject to read the questions
carefully and make a summary of new words and find the meaning of the word. Meanwhile,
reviewing activities include asking the subjects to improve the results of the problems and
restructuring student strategy in solving PISA 2012 problems.
Based on the conclusions, the writer can provide input for other researchers,
teachers, students and schools. For other researchers, they need to analyse further on-
students error in solving PISA problems that have different content. As for teachers, it is
required the learning of PISA types of problems in mathematics teaching so that students
are familiar with the form of the question. In addition, students should also be open to
their teachers if experiencing difficulty when doing on math problems.
Acknowledgement
This research is financially supported by Indonesian Directorate General of Higher
Education (DIKTI). Essentially, this study is a part of research granted by PDP Grant
“Penelitian Dosen Pemula Desentralisasi” DIKTI year 2016 with the number of contract
101 P2H/P/K7/KM/2016.
9. Y. M. Sari, E. Valentino /Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education, 2016,1(2), 90-98
98
Bibliography
Australian Council for Educational Research. (2014). Newman’s Error Analysis. PAT
Resources Centre.
Cahyono, Adi Nur. (2010). Vygotskian Perspective: Proses Scaffolding untuk mencapai
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Peserta Didik dalam Pembelajaran
Matematika. Yogyakarta, Makalah Seminar Nasional Matematika dan Pendidikan
Matematika, 3(1).
Clements, M. A. (Ken). 1983. Analyzing Children’s Error on Written Mathematical Tasks.
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E. & Airasian, P. (2011). Educational research: Competencies for analysis
and applications (9th ed.).
Newman, M. A. (1977). An Analysis of Sixth-Grade Pupils’ Error on Written Mathematical
Tasks. Victorian Institute for Educational Research Bulletin, 39, 31-43.
OECD. (2010). PISA 2009 Results: What Students Know and Can Do – Student Performance in
Reading, Mathematics and Science (Volume I). OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2013a). PISA 2012 Assessment and Analytical Framework: Mathematics, Reading, Science,
and Problem Solving and Financial Literacy. OECD Publishing.
OECD.(2013b). PISA 2012 Results in Focus: What 15 Year Olds Know and WhAt They Can do
With What They Know. OECD Publishing.
Rahayuningsih, Puspita, Qohar, Abdul. (2014). Analisis Kesalahan Menyelesaikan Soal
Cerita Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel (SPLDV) dan Scaffoldingnya
Berdasarkan Analisis Kesalahan Newman Pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2
Malang. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Sains Tahun II, No. 2, 109-116.
Shofan, Fiangga (2014) Tangram Game Activities, Helping The Students Difficulty In
Understanding The Concept Of Area Conservation. Proceeding of International
Conference On Research, Implementation And Education Of Mathematics And Sciences 2014
Stacey, Kaye. (2011). The PISA View of Mathematical Literacy in Indonesia. IndoMS,
J.M.E, 2(2) , pp. 95 -126.
Wijaya, Ariyadi, Marja van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, Michiel Doorman, Alexander
Robitzsch. (2014). Difficulties in solving context-based PISA mathematics tasks:
An analysis of students’ errors. The Mathematics Enthusiast, ISSN 1551-3440, 11(3),
pp. 555-584.
Wijaya, Ariyadi. (2015).Kesalahan Siswa Dalam Memilah Data Relevan Pada Soal
Matematika Berbasis Konteks. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Matematika dan Pendidikan
Matematika, UMS, 2015, Surakarta: UMS Press.