Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fishes around 345 million years ago during the late Devonian period. They have characteristics adapted to living both on land and in water, such as moist skin, the ability to breathe through their skin as well as lungs, and an aquatic larval stage that transforms into a terrestrial adult. There are over 7,000 known amphibian species classified into four orders - Anura (frogs and toads), Urodela (salamanders), Apoda (caecilians), and Trachystoma (mud eels).
This lesson is all about amphibians. This lesson also covers how amphibians are classified into 3 groups: Anura, Caudata, & Gymnophiona. Also, this lesson concludes with the roles amphibians play in our ecosystems, ways we can help, population declination, with a summary to wrap it up.
Echinoderms are the only invertebrate group of deuterostomes.pdfsupport48
Echinoderms are the only invertebrate group of deuterostomes - . Echinoderm comes from echino-
, meaning "spiny, and -oerm, meaning "skin." Most echinoderms have some type of spine
embedded in their skin. For some species, such as the sea urchin, these spines are very large,
but. for other species, such as the starfish, these spines may be very small. Acanthaster planci,
also known as the crown-of-thorns starfish, is a Iarge venomous echinoderm. These starfish live
on coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea. They are predators that feed on
the living polyps of corals. In the last few decades, populations of these starfish have gone up
dramatically, and they have subsequently caused a lot of damage to fragile coral reef ecosystems.
A single crown-of-thorns starfish can destroy up to 6 square meters ( 65 square feet) of living coral
reef in a single yeac.Like all starfish, the crown-of-thorns starfish is symmetrical as an aduit but
develops from a symmetrical larve. It senses its surrounding environment throuah the help of
eyespots at the tips of its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent. The crown-
of-thorns starfish moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame /
Alamy Like all starfish, the crown-of-thorns starfish is symmetrical as an adult but develops from a
symmetrical larva. It senses its surrounding environment throuah the help of eyespots at the tips of
its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent. The crown-of-thorns starfish
moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame / Alamy
begin{tabular}{|c|} hline from its ossicles from its decentralized nervous system from its brain
symmetrical as an adult but develops from a ish is ghe help of eyespots at the tips of its agms and
responds to this sensation ithiough signals sert end{tabular} The crown-of-thoms starfish moves
across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame / Alamy f-thorns starfish is
symmetrical as an adult but develops from a symmetrical larva. it onment through the help of
eyespots at the tips of its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent . The crown-
of-thorns starfish moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use of.
This lesson is all about amphibians. This lesson also covers how amphibians are classified into 3 groups: Anura, Caudata, & Gymnophiona. Also, this lesson concludes with the roles amphibians play in our ecosystems, ways we can help, population declination, with a summary to wrap it up.
Echinoderms are the only invertebrate group of deuterostomes.pdfsupport48
Echinoderms are the only invertebrate group of deuterostomes - . Echinoderm comes from echino-
, meaning "spiny, and -oerm, meaning "skin." Most echinoderms have some type of spine
embedded in their skin. For some species, such as the sea urchin, these spines are very large,
but. for other species, such as the starfish, these spines may be very small. Acanthaster planci,
also known as the crown-of-thorns starfish, is a Iarge venomous echinoderm. These starfish live
on coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea. They are predators that feed on
the living polyps of corals. In the last few decades, populations of these starfish have gone up
dramatically, and they have subsequently caused a lot of damage to fragile coral reef ecosystems.
A single crown-of-thorns starfish can destroy up to 6 square meters ( 65 square feet) of living coral
reef in a single yeac.Like all starfish, the crown-of-thorns starfish is symmetrical as an aduit but
develops from a symmetrical larve. It senses its surrounding environment throuah the help of
eyespots at the tips of its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent. The crown-
of-thorns starfish moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame /
Alamy Like all starfish, the crown-of-thorns starfish is symmetrical as an adult but develops from a
symmetrical larva. It senses its surrounding environment throuah the help of eyespots at the tips of
its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent. The crown-of-thorns starfish
moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame / Alamy
begin{tabular}{|c|} hline from its ossicles from its decentralized nervous system from its brain
symmetrical as an adult but develops from a ish is ghe help of eyespots at the tips of its agms and
responds to this sensation ithiough signals sert end{tabular} The crown-of-thoms starfish moves
across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use ofWaterFrame / Alamy f-thorns starfish is
symmetrical as an adult but develops from a symmetrical larva. it onment through the help of
eyespots at the tips of its arms, and it responds to this sensation through signals sent . The crown-
of-thorns starfish moves across the coral reef seeking new prey through the use of.
We offer raw king prawns in packs of 500g and 1kg. These raw prawns are defrosted and must not be re-frozen. Frozen raw prawns/shrimp available as an alternative
We offer raw king prawns in packs of 500g and 1kg. These raw prawns are defrosted and must not be re-frozen. Frozen raw prawns/shrimp available as an alternative
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. "Amphibian" comes from the
"Amphibian" comes from the
Greek meaning "both life".
Greek meaning "both life".
Amphibians can live on water and
Amphibians can live on water and
on land.
on land.
Scientist infer that amphibians
Scientist infer that amphibians
evolved from lobe-finned fishes
evolved from lobe-finned fishes
called crossopterygians.
called crossopterygians.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
5. Biologist conclude that amphibians appeared
Biologist conclude that amphibians appeared
during the late Devonian period, about 345
during the late Devonian period, about 345
million years ago.
million years ago.
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Copyright Cmassengale
6. Crossopterygians had no
Crossopterygians had no gills but they
gills but they
had internal nostrils and a primitive lung
had internal nostrils and a primitive lung
that may have enabled them then to
that may have enabled them then to
respire for periods of time on land.
respire for periods of time on land.
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Copyright Cmassengale
8. Amphibians are cold-blooded, which
Amphibians are cold-blooded, which
means their blood temperature rises
means their blood temperature rises
and falls with that of the surrounding
and falls with that of the surrounding
environment
environment
•
•
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Copyright Cmassengale
9. They use gills, lungs, skin, and
They use gills, lungs, skin, and
mouth cavity in respiration.
mouth cavity in respiration.
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Copyright Cmassengale
10. They have moist, smooth, thin skin with no
They have moist, smooth, thin skin with no
scales.Feet are webbed and the toes lack
scales.Feet are webbed and the toes lack
claws
claws.
.
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Copyright Cmassengale
11. Amphibians have many prominent characteristics that
Amphibians have many prominent characteristics that
are adaptations to a life spent both on land and in
are adaptations to a life spent both on land and in
water:
water:
They change from an aquatic larval stage to a
They change from an aquatic larval stage to a
terrestrial adult
terrestrial adult
form. This transformation is called metamorphosis
form. This transformation is called metamorphosis
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Copyright Cmassengale
12. Amphibians enter a state of
Amphibians enter a state of
dormancy or torpor when
dormancy or torpor when
conditions are unfavorable.
conditions are unfavorable.
They often bury themselves in
They often bury themselves in
mud or leaves, emerging when
mud or leaves, emerging when
conditions are better.
conditions are better.
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Copyright Cmassengale
13. Such states of inactivity
Such states of inactivity
are known as known as:
are known as known as:
Hibernation when it
Hibernation when it
occurs in the winter
occurs in the winter
Estivation when it occurs
Estivation when it occurs
in the summer
in the summer
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Copyright Cmassengale
14. Larvae have two-chambered hearts;
Larvae have two-chambered hearts;
adults have three-chambered hearts
adults have three-chambered hearts
and well-developed circulation.
and well-developed circulation.
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Copyright Cmassengale
15. Eggs lack multicellular membranes
Eggs lack multicellular membranes
or shells. They are usually laid in
or shells. They are usually laid in
water or in a moist environment and
water or in a moist environment and
fertilized externally.
fertilized externally.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
17. Biologists have identified about
Biologists have identified about
2,375 living species of amphibians
2,375 living species of amphibians
and have classified them into four
and have classified them into four
orders
orders
Anura – Frogs & Toads
Anura – Frogs & Toads
Urodela – Salamanders
Urodela – Salamanders
Trachystoma – Mud eels
Trachystoma – Mud eels
Apoda - Caecillians
Apoda - Caecillians
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
18. Frogs and toads make up the
Frogs and toads make up the
Order Anura ("without a tail").
Order Anura ("without a tail").
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
19. Salamanders and other
Salamanders and other
amphibians with legs and tails
amphibians with legs and tails
make up the Order Urodela
make up the Order Urodela
("visible tail").
("visible tail").
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Copyright Cmassengale
21. .
.
Some aquatic amphibians (mud eels
Some aquatic amphibians (mud eels
& sirens) belong to the Order
& sirens) belong to the Order
Trachystoma ("rough mouth")
Trachystoma ("rough mouth")
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Copyright Cmassengale
23. Apoda includes caecilians, a
Apoda includes caecilians, a
tropical, burrowing worm-like
tropical, burrowing worm-like
amphibians that is often
amphibians that is often
Legless
Legless
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Copyright Cmassengale
25. Frogs and toads comprise the
Frogs and toads comprise the
order Anura
order Anura
There are about 3,500 known
There are about 3,500 known
species of frogs and 300 kinds
species of frogs and 300 kinds
of toads
of toads
They are found on every
They are found on every
continent except Antarctica
continent except Antarctica
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
26. Some types spend their entire life
Some types spend their entire life
in or near water, but others live
in or near water, but others live
mainly on land and come to the
mainly on land and come to the
water only to mate
water only to mate
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
27. Some frogs and toads are climbers
Some frogs and toads are climbers
that dwell in trees or burrowers
that dwell in trees or burrowers
that live underground.
that live underground.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
28. Toads and frogs have many
Toads and frogs have many
similarities in the way they look.
similarities in the way they look.
Some basic differences between
Some basic differences between
them are: toads have dry, warty
them are: toads have dry, warty
skin, while frogs have smooth, wet
skin, while frogs have smooth, wet
skin.
skin.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
29. Both frogs and toads return to water to
Both frogs and toads return to water to
reproduce. In nearly all species eggs are
reproduce. In nearly all species eggs are
fertilized externally. The fertilized eggs
fertilized externally. The fertilized eggs
hatch into swimming larval forms called
hatch into swimming larval forms called
tadpoles
tadpoles
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Copyright Cmassengale
31. Salamanders, typical members of
Salamanders, typical members of
the Order Urodela, have elongated
the Order Urodela, have elongated
bodies, long tails, and smooth,
bodies, long tails, and smooth,
moist skin
moist skin
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
32. Compared to the anurans, salamanders
Compared to the anurans, salamanders
are less able to remain on dry land,
are less able to remain on dry land,
although some can live in dry areas by
although some can live in dry areas by
remaining inactive during the day
remaining inactive during the day
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
33. Salamander lay their eggs in water
Salamander lay their eggs in water
and like anurans they hatch into
and like anurans they hatch into
swimming larva
swimming larva
Salamander eggs
Salamander eggs
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
34. Other species can reproduce in
Other species can reproduce in
damp land environments. Eggs
damp land environments. Eggs
laid on land hatch into miniature
laid on land hatch into miniature
adult salamanders
adult salamanders
Marbled Salamander
Marbled Salamander
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
36. Caecilians, members of the Order
Caecilians, members of the Order
Apoda, compose a highly specialized
Apoda, compose a highly specialized
group of tropical burrowing
group of tropical burrowing
amphibians
amphibians
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
37. These legless wormlike
These legless wormlike
creatures average 30 cm long,
creatures average 30 cm long,
but they can be up to 1.3m
but they can be up to 1.3m
long.
long.
They have very small eyes and
They have very small eyes and
are often blind.
are often blind.
They eat worms and other
They eat worms and other
invertebrates
invertebrates
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
38. The caecilian male deposits sperm
The caecilian male deposits sperm
directly into the female, and the
directly into the female, and the
female bears live young
female bears live young
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
40. The Order Trachystoma contains
The Order Trachystoma contains
three living species of mud eels,
three living species of mud eels,
or sirens
or sirens.
.
Sirens live in the eastern United
Sirens live in the eastern United
States and northeastern
States and northeastern
Mexico.
Mexico.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
42. The frog's powerful hind legs are
The frog's powerful hind legs are
equally effective in jumping or
equally effective in jumping or
swimming. On land frogs sit with
swimming. On land frogs sit with
their hind legs folded against the
their hind legs folded against the
body, poised to jump at the first
body, poised to jump at the first
sign of danger
sign of danger.
.
Most frogs can make leaps many
Most frogs can make leaps many
times their body length
times their body length
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
43. Frog's eyes also work equally well in or
Frog's eyes also work equally well in or
out of water. Because the eyes bulge
out of water. Because the eyes bulge
out from the head, the frog can stay
out from the head, the frog can stay
submerged while literally "keeping an eye
submerged while literally "keeping an eye
out" for predators
out" for predators
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
44. Eyelids that can blink protect the
Eyelids that can blink protect the
frog's eyes from dust and
frog's eyes from dust and
dehydration
dehydration
In addition to upper and lower eyelids,
In addition to upper and lower eyelids,
a third, transparent eyelid called a
a third, transparent eyelid called a
nictitating membrane covers each
nictitating membrane covers each
eyeball and joins the lower eyelid
eyeball and joins the lower eyelid
This membrane keeps the eyelid
This membrane keeps the eyelid
moist and protects it when it is
moist and protects it when it is
under water
under water
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
45. Frogs have eardrums, or
Frogs have eardrums, or
tympanic membranes, which are
tympanic membranes, which are
circular structures located
circular structures located
behind each eye
behind each eye
Tympanic membrane
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
46. The frog's thick, moist skin
The frog's thick, moist skin
serves two important functions—
serves two important functions—
respiration and protection
respiration and protection
Glands secrete mucus to keep it
Glands secrete mucus to keep it
from drying up
from drying up
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
47. Some glands secrete foul-tasting or
Some glands secrete foul-tasting or
poisonous substances that protect
poisonous substances that protect
the frog from enemies
the frog from enemies
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
48. Some frogs, such as
Some frogs, such as Hyla
Hyla
versicolor,
versicolor, can change color in
can change color in
order to blend with the
order to blend with the
environment.
environment.
Count the
number of
frogs in the
picture?
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
50. Skeletal System
Skeletal System
The frog's spine has
The frog's spine has
nine vertebrae
nine vertebrae
The cervical
The cervical
vertebra at the
vertebra at the
anterior end of the
anterior end of the
spine allows neck
spine allows neck
movement that helps
movement that helps
frogs catch prey
frogs catch prey
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
51. Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Posterior to this
Posterior to this
are seven trunk
are seven trunk
vertebrae, and
vertebrae, and
then a single sacral
then a single sacral
vertebra that
vertebra that
supports the hind
supports the hind
legs
legs
A long, slim bone
A long, slim bone
called the urostyle
called the urostyle
extends from the
extends from the
sacral vertebra
sacral vertebra
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
52. Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Bones of the pectoral
Bones of the pectoral
girdle, which form the
girdle, which form the
shoulders, connect to
shoulders, connect to
the front legs
the front legs
They also provide the
They also provide the
primary protection to
primary protection to
the internal organs,
the internal organs,
since the frog has no
since the frog has no
ribs
ribs
The pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle
connects to the hind
connects to the hind
legs
legs
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
54. Digestive System
Digestive System
Most frogs feed on insects, and their
Most frogs feed on insects, and their
digestive system is adapted to their diet
digestive system is adapted to their diet
A frog's tongue is an excellent insect
A frog's tongue is an excellent insect
catcher
catcher.
. The frog simply flicks out its
The frog simply flicks out its
long sticky tongue, curls it around its
long sticky tongue, curls it around its
prey, and pulls the insect back into its
prey, and pulls the insect back into its
mouth. Then the frog snaps its mouth
mouth. Then the frog snaps its mouth
shut and swallows
shut and swallows.
.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
55. Digestive System
Digestive System
Frogs have two
Frogs have two
types of teeth
types of teeth
that hold on to
that hold on to
prey. A row of
prey. A row of
maxillary teeth
maxillary teeth
line the perimeter
line the perimeter
of the upper jaw.
of the upper jaw.
Two patches of
Two patches of
vomerine teeth
vomerine teeth
project from
project from
bones in the roof
bones in the roof
of the mouth
of the mouth.
.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
56. Digestive System
Digestive System
Sometimes the frog
Sometimes the frog
blinks, pulls its eyes
blinks, pulls its eyes
inward, and presses them
inward, and presses them
against the roof of its
against the roof of its
mouth. This action helps
mouth. This action helps
push the food down its
push the food down its
throat
throat
Digestion in frogs takes
Digestion in frogs takes
place in the alimentary
place in the alimentary
canal, which includes the
canal, which includes the
esophagus, stomach, small
esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine,
intestine, large intestine,
and cloaca
and cloaca
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
57. Circulatory System
Circulatory System
An adaptation to the
An adaptation to the
greater oxygen needs of
greater oxygen needs of
land animals is a more
land animals is a more
efficient circulatory
efficient circulatory
system than the fish's
system than the fish's
two-chambered heart.
two-chambered heart.
The amphibian's three-
The amphibian's three-
chambered heart
chambered heart
partially mixes
partially mixes
oxygenated with
oxygenated with
deoxygenated blood and
deoxygenated blood and
pumps the blood
pumps the blood
throughout the body at
throughout the body at
higher pressure than
higher pressure than
does the fish's heart
does the fish's heart
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
58. The left atrium
The left atrium
receives oxygenated
receives oxygenated
blood from the lungs,
blood from the lungs,
and the right atrium
and the right atrium
receives deoxygenated
receives deoxygenated
blood from the body.
blood from the body.
Both the atria empty
Both the atria empty
into the ventricle, the
into the ventricle, the
main pumping chamber
main pumping chamber
of the heart.
of the heart.
In the ventricle
In the ventricle
oxygenated and
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood
mix partially and are
mix partially and are
pumped to the lungs
pumped to the lungs
and the rest of the
and the rest of the
body
body.
.
Blood to
body
Deoxygenated
blood
from body
R
Oxygenated
blood from
lungs
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
59. From the right atrium
From the right atrium
the blood enters the
the blood enters the
single ventricle. The
single ventricle. The
ventricle then
ventricle then
contracts, pumping
contracts, pumping
some blood to the
some blood to the
lungs to receive
lungs to receive
oxygen and some to
oxygen and some to
the rest of the body.
the rest of the body.
The blood going to the
The blood going to the
body leaves the
body leaves the
ventricle through the
ventricle through the
conus arteriosus, a
conus arteriosus, a
large vessel that lies
large vessel that lies
against the front side
against the front side
of the heart
of the heart Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
60. This vessel divides into a right and
This vessel divides into a right and
a left truncus arteriosus, which
a left truncus arteriosus, which
immediately branch again into three
immediately branch again into three
arches that carry blood to various
arches that carry blood to various
parts of the body.
parts of the body.
Deoxygenated blood travels in veins
Deoxygenated blood travels in veins
back to the right atrium from the
back to the right atrium from the
various regions of the body.
various regions of the body.
Oxygenated blood returns from the
Oxygenated blood returns from the
lungs to the left atrium via the
lungs to the left atrium via the
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
62. Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Tadpoles respire, or
Tadpoles respire, or
exchange carbon dioxide and
exchange carbon dioxide and
oxygen, through gills
oxygen, through gills
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
63. Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Adult frogs lose the gills but can
Adult frogs lose the gills but can
respire in three ways: through
respire in three ways: through
the lungs, through the skin, and
the lungs, through the skin, and
through the mouth.
through the mouth.
Respiration through the lungs is
Respiration through the lungs is
called pulmonary respiration.
called pulmonary respiration.
A frog breathes by changing the
A frog breathes by changing the
volume and pressure of air in its
volume and pressure of air in its
mouth while either opening or
mouth while either opening or
closing its nostrils
closing its nostrils
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
64. Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Air moves from the throat to the
Air moves from the throat to the
lungs through a slit-like passage
lungs through a slit-like passage
called the glottis.
called the glottis.
Because the frog's lungs are small,
Because the frog's lungs are small,
cutaneous respiration, or respiration
cutaneous respiration, or respiration
through the skin in both air and
through the skin in both air and
water, is very important, especially
water, is very important, especially
during estivation or hibernation.
during estivation or hibernation.
Oxygen can diffuse across the
Oxygen can diffuse across the
lining of the mouth and into the
lining of the mouth and into the
blood.
blood.
Frogs use mouth breathing for only
Frogs use mouth breathing for only
a relatively small amount of their
a relatively small amount of their
respiration
respiration.
.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
65. Excretory System
Excretory System
Urine and wastes from the digestive
Urine and wastes from the digestive
system are eliminated through the anus.
system are eliminated through the anus.
When a frog is in water, its permeable
When a frog is in water, its permeable
skin allows the water to enter its body.
skin allows the water to enter its body.
Frogs that
Frogs that live
live primarily in water rid
primarily in water rid
themselves of excess water by
themselves of excess water by
excreting a large volume of very dilute
excreting a large volume of very dilute
urine.
urine.
Frogs that live mainly on land conserve
Frogs that live mainly on land conserve
water by producing a small volume of
water by producing a small volume of
more concentrated urine.
more concentrated urine.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
66. Excretory System
Excretory System
Amphibians eliminate two primary types of metabolic
Amphibians eliminate two primary types of metabolic
waste products—carbon dioxide from respiration and
waste products—carbon dioxide from respiration and
waste compounds from the breakdown of foods
waste compounds from the breakdown of foods.
.
Are the primary excretory organs and lie on either
Are the primary excretory organs and lie on either
side of the spine against the dorsal body wall. The
side of the spine against the dorsal body wall. The
kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood
kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
67. The Nervous System
The Nervous System
The frog brain is more
The frog brain is more
complex than the fish brain,
complex than the fish brain,
enabling the frog to contend
enabling the frog to contend
with a more varied
with a more varied
environment.
environment.
The optic lobes, which
The optic lobes, which
control vision, lie behind the
control vision, lie behind the
cerebrum.
cerebrum.
The cerebellum, a small
The cerebellum, a small
band of tissue lying at right
band of tissue lying at right
angles to the long axis of
angles to the long axis of
the brain, is the center of
the brain, is the center of
balance and coordination
balance and coordination.
.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
68. Nervous System
Nervous System
The medulla oblongata lies at the back
The medulla oblongata lies at the back
of the brain and joins the spinal cord.
of the brain and joins the spinal cord.
It controls organ functions.
It controls organ functions.
Ten pairs of cranial nerves extend out
Ten pairs of cranial nerves extend out
directly from the brain.
directly from the brain.
The spinal cord transmits signals from
The spinal cord transmits signals from
all parts of the body to the brain and
all parts of the body to the brain and
from the brain back to the body.
from the brain back to the body.
The spinal nerves branch from the
The spinal nerves branch from the
spinal cord to various parts of the
spinal cord to various parts of the
body.
body.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
69. Reproductive System
Reproductive System
Both male and female frogs
Both male and female frogs
have internal sex organs
have internal sex organs
The male frog's foreleg
The male frog's foreleg
muscles and first fingers swell
muscles and first fingers swell
These swellings help the male
These swellings help the male
maintain his grasp on the female
maintain his grasp on the female
The reproductive system of the
The reproductive system of the
male frog includes two bean-
male frog includes two bean-
shaped creamy white or
shaped creamy white or
yellowish testes located near
yellowish testes located near
the kidneys
the kidneys
Sperm cells develop in the
Sperm cells develop in the
testes and pass through tubes
testes and pass through tubes
to the kidneys and urinary ducts
to the kidneys and urinary ducts
Male System
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
70. Reproductive System
Reproductive System
Female frogs a pair of
Female frogs a pair of
large, lobed ovaries
large, lobed ovaries
containing thousands of
containing thousands of
tiny immature eggs lie near
tiny immature eggs lie near
the kidneys
the kidneys
During the breeding season
During the breeding season
eggs enlarge, mature, and
eggs enlarge, mature, and
burst through the thin
burst through the thin
ovarian walls into the body
ovarian walls into the body
cavity.
cavity.
They remain in structures
They remain in structures
called ovisacs until
called ovisacs until
ovulation is complete and
ovulation is complete and
then leave the body
then leave the body
through the cloacae
through the cloacae
opening.
opening. Female System
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
71. Reproductive System
Reproductive System
The vast majority of eggs
The vast majority of eggs
and tadpoles are eaten by
and tadpoles are eaten by
predators such as fish,
predators such as fish,
birds, snakes, and turtles.
birds, snakes, and turtles.
Some species of frogs
Some species of frogs
have
have
The vast majority of eggs
The vast majority of eggs
and tadpoles are eaten by
and tadpoles are eaten by
predators such as fish,
predators such as fish,
birds, snakes, and turtles
birds, snakes, and turtles.
. Amplexus
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
72. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis
Newly hatched tadpoles live off
Newly hatched tadpoles live off
yolk stored in their bodies. They
yolk stored in their bodies. They
gradually grow larger and develop
gradually grow larger and develop
three pairs of gills.
three pairs of gills.
Tadpoles have a two-chambered
Tadpoles have a two-chambered
heart. Tadpoles can also regenerate
heart. Tadpoles can also regenerate
injured or lost body parts such as a
injured or lost body parts such as a
leg or tail.
leg or tail.
Legs grow from the body, and the
Legs grow from the body, and the
tail disappears.
tail disappears.
Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale
73. Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis
The mouth broadens, developing
The mouth broadens, developing
teeth and jaws. A saclike
teeth and jaws. A saclike
bladder in the throat divides
bladder in the throat divides
into two sacs that become
into two sacs that become
lungs. The heart develops a
lungs. The heart develops a
third chamber.
third chamber.
A hormone called thyroxin
A hormone called thyroxin
circulates throughout the
circulates throughout the
bloodstream and stimulates
bloodstream and stimulates
metamorphosis.
metamorphosis.
The cells of the tadpole are
The cells of the tadpole are
genetically programmed to
genetically programmed to
respond to thyroxin at the
respond to thyroxin at the
appropriate stage of
appropriate stage of
development.
development. Copyright Cmassengale
Copyright Cmassengale