Amino acid catabolism
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This document discusses protein turnover and amino acid catabolism. It examines the dependence of half-lives of cytosolic yeast proteins on their amino-terminal residues. It also mentions that multiple ubiquitins can be polymerized to each other and discusses transaminase, deaminase, urea, uric acid, and the urea cycle in relation to cytosolic enzymes.
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Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids and perform many essential functions in the body. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins can be classified based on their composition, shape, and function. They include structural proteins like collagen and keratin, transport proteins like hemoglobin, and catalytic proteins like enzymes. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and all contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained through diet.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed from alcohol and fatty acids combined by ester linkage. They include fats, oils, waxes and related compounds. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They serve important biological functions like energy storage, supplying essential fatty acids, and as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids are classified based on their structure and include simple lipids like triglycerides, compound lipids, and derived lipids. Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids, consisting of a glycerol molecule esterified to three fatty acid molecules.
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1. Enzymes are protein catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed themselves. They direct all metabolic events in living organisms.
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
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This document provides information about lipid profiles and their normal ranges. It discusses how to collect and process blood specimens for lipid profiles. It then defines the components of a lipid profile including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and VLDL cholesterol. For each component, it provides the normal ranges and clinical significance of abnormal levels. It also briefly discusses apolipoprotein B, phospholipids, chylomicrons, and factors that can increase or decrease their levels.
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
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Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like storing energy, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The document defines lipids and discusses their chemistry, classifications, structures, and biological importance. Key points covered include that lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and include triglycerides, fatty acids, and other compounds.
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Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins. They serve important functions like energy storage, signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. The main classes of lipids are neutral fats/triglycerides (consisting of glycerol and fatty acids), phospholipids, and sterols. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 are essential nutrients. Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, and are an important energy source in animals and plants.
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2. Glucose, fats, and proteins are broken down through various pathways to ultimately form acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to generate energy in the form of ATP. Less oxygen results in lactic acid formation from glucose.
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DR MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Dr. Muhammad Mustansar has achieved international recognition for his work. He holds a world record and has had his research published in international posters and books. His accomplishments demonstrate expertise in his field at a global level.
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- Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining for polysaccharides and basement membranes in magenta.
- Gram-Twort modification for staining bacteria in paraffin sections in blue-black (Gram positive) and pink (Gram negative).
- Ziehl-Neelsen technique for staining acid-fast bacilli like Mycobacterium tuberculosis red against a blue background.
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This document provides information on various histopathology staining techniques. It describes the steps for taking paraffin sections to water, dehydrating and clearing sections in xylene, blotting sections dry, and mounting sections. It also details procedures for Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli, Gram-Twort staining for bacteria, Periodic acid Schiff staining, Periodic acid Schiff/Alcian blue staining, and the buffered Congo red method for amyloid. Precise reagents and safety notes are included for each technique.
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Biological oxidation
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to obtain energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to form pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through an electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their energy is used to pump protons out of the matrix, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to
DR MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Wellstart International published international posters and books in San Diego, USA in 1993. The document references Wellstart International publishing international posters and books in 1993 in San Diego, USA.
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Amino acid catabolism
- 2. Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism
- 4. Dependence of the half-lives of cytosolic yeast proteins on the nature of their amino-terminal residues
- 6. Multiple Ubiquitins can be polymerized to each other.
- 7. Dependence of the half-lives of cytosolic yeast proteins on the nature of their amino-terminal residues
- 11. Urea Uric Acid
- 17. Cytosolic enzyme
- 19. Urea Cycle