Poly 2016

1. What is
American
Studies?

2. What is American Studies?
What is
American Studies?
American Studies explores
the United States through its
history, diverse cultures and
global role

3. What is American Studies?
History Literature
Culture
FilmTrade
Music
Economics
Foreign PolicyGeography
Religion

4. What is American Studies?
So
remember…
“It's not what you look at that
matters, it's what you see”
Henry David Thoreau, American author and philosopher
“Nothing great was ever
achieved without enthusiasm”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, American author and philosopher

5. What is American Studies?
Quick
quiz
How much do you already
know about the USA?

6. What is American Studies?
Quick
quiz
Which is the largest state in the
US?
A. Texas
B. Alaska
C. California
Answer: B. Alaska

7. What is American Studies?
Quick
quiz
Which of the following is NOT a
real museum in the US?
A. The shark tooth museum
B. The museum of death
C. The hamburger hall of fame
Answer: A. The shark tooth museum

8. What is American Studies?
Quick
quiz
When did America declare its
independence from Britain?
A. 1492
B. 1776
C. 1914
Answer: B. 1776

9. What is American Studies?
Quick
quiz
The classic American novel Moby Dick
tells the story of a hunt for what?
A. a bear
B. a criminal
C. a whale
Answer: C. a whale

10. What is American Studies?
“Do not go where
the path may lead,
go instead where
there is no path and
leave a trail”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, American author and philosopher

11. Patterns of Colonial
Rule
Parallel Rule vs. Indirect Rule-
Britain
Assimilation- France Portugal and
France
Vice Royalty-Spain
Special Role of Settler Colonies

12. p25
Cortez

13. p25
QE I

14. Hudson Bay Company
•Royal Charter
Company
•Oldest Joint Stock
Company in the
English Speaking
World

15. Hudson Bay Company
•Trade and Fur
•Hudson Bay
Drainage
•Prince Rupert,
son of Charles II
•Protect family
and political
investment
5

16. Hudson Bay Company
•Raw Materials
–Beaver Pelts
•Arms
–Muskets
•Dumping
–“trinkets”
6

17. p26
RALEGH

18. Trade Network
Captured Africans became part of network
called the triangular trade
First leg of triangle: ships carrying European goods to
Africa to be exchanged for slaves
Second leg: Middle Passage, brought Africans to
Americas to be sold
Third leg carried American products to Europe

19. Africa
A
B
C
Europe
The
Caribbean Islands

20. Map 2-1 p27

21. Map 3-4 p51

22. Map 2-3 p36

23. Map 5-1 p79

24. Map 5-2 p83

25. p81

26. Map 6-1 p99

27. Map 6-2 p100

28. What is American Studies?

29. What is American Studies?

30. What is American Studies?

31. What is American Studies?

32. p203

33. Map 11-1 p204

34. Map 11-3 p215

35. What is American Studies?

37. What is American Studies?
“Do not go where
the path may lead,
go instead where
there is no path and
leave a trail”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, American author and philosopher

38. Chapter 3.1 Basic Principles of
the US Constitution
The Constitution is the
foundation on which
our government and
society are based.
There are 7 Articles!
Articles = sections.

39. U.S. Constitution, Article I
establishes Legislative Branch
Bicameral
Senate and House of Representatives
Duties given to Legislative Body
Make our laws
Appropriate Money
Regulate Immigration
Establish Post Offices and Roads
Regulate Interstate Commerce and Transportation
Declare War
Impeach POTUS

40. U.S. Constitution, Article II
Executive branch
The President of the United States
Approves or vetoes laws made by Congress
Carries out laws made by Congress
Appoints federal court judges
Negotiates treaties with foreign nations
Commander in Chief
Of all militaries

41. U.S. Constitution, Article III
established Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
has final say over any public case in America
Interprets the meaning of laws
Rules whether laws passed by Congress are
constitutional or not
Rules whether POTUS has acted accordingly
Done when Congress tries to impeach POTUS

42. U.S. Constitution,
Article IV
Gives ‘full faith and credit’ to
each States
Forces other states to recognize all
government acts done by any state
Drivers license
Marriage documents
Birth records

43. U.S. Constitution,
Article V
Congress can propose
Amendments to the US
Constitution with 2/3 votes by
States.
There are 27 amendments today
added to the US Constitution!
Can you name any?

44. U.S. Constitution,
Article VI
All debts owned by America at
time of ratification will be
recognized and must be paid
back.
Also, stipulates that the US
Constitution is the ‘supreme law
of the land’
Even over any state Constitutions.

45. U.S. Constitution,
Article VII
Stipulates 9 out of 13 states must
sign the Constitution in order for
it to be ratified.

46. 5 basic principles of US
Constitution

47. Popular Sovereignty
The people hold the
ultimate authority
A representative
democracy lets the
people elect leaders to
make decisions for
them

48. Limited Government
Framers wanted to guard against
tyranny
Government is limited to the
power given them in the
Constitution.
The Constitution tells how
leaders who overstep their power
can be removed

49. Federalism
The division of power between
State and National Governments
Some powers are shared
The National Government has the
“supreme power”

50. Separation of Powers

51. The Bill of Rights
The First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
Take notes on the
slides as they appear.
Draw pictures to
represent at least five
of the amendments.

52. 1st Amendment
The 1st Amendment guarantees freedom of religion,
speech, the press, assembly, and petition.
This means that we all have the right to:
practice any religion we want to
to speak freely
to assemble (meet)
to address the government (petition)
to publish newspapers, TV, radio, Internet (press)

53. 2nd Amendment
The 2nd Amendment
protects the right to
bear arms, which
means the right to
own a gun.

54. 3rd Amendment
The 3rd Amendment says “No soldier
shall, in time of peace be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the
owner, nor in time of war, but in a
manner to be prescribed by law.”
This means that we cannot be forced to
house or quarter soldiers.

55. 4th Amendment
The 4th Amendment protects the people from
unreasonable searches and seizures.
This means that the police must have a warrant
to enter our homes. It also means the
government cannot take our property, papers,
or us, without a valid warrant based on
probable cause (good reason).

58. 5th Amendment
The 5th Amendment protects people from being
held for committing a crime unless they are
properly indicted, (accused)
You may not be tried twice for the same crime
(double jeopardy)
You don’t have to testify against yourself in
court. (Self-incrimination)

59. 6th Amendment
The 6th Amendment
guarantees a speedy trial (you
can’t be kept in jail for over a
year without a trial)
an impartial jury (doesn’t
already think you are guilty)
that the accused can confront
witnesses against them
the accused must be allowed
to have a lawyer

60. 7th Amendment
The 7th Amendment guarantees
the right to a speedy civil trial.
A civil trial differs from a
criminal trial. A civil trial is when
someone sues someone else. A
criminal trial is when the state
tries to convict someone of a
crime.

61. 8th Amendment
The 8th Amendment
guarantees that
punishments will be
fair and not cruel,
and that
extraordinarily large
fines will not be set.

62. 9th Amendment
All rights not stated in the Constitution and
not forbidden by the Constitution belong to
the people.
This means that the states can do what they
want if the Constitution does not forbid it.

63. 10th Amendment
The 10th Amendment states
that any power not granted to
the federal government belongs
to the states or to the people.

64. Amendments 11-27

65. 12th
Amendment
Electoral College has separate ballots for President and Vice-President
Electoral College
Presidential Ballot
Electoral College
Vice-Presidential Ballot
 Obama
 McCain
 Biden
 Palin

66. 13th
Amendment
Abolished slavery!!!

67. 14th
Amendment
Any one born in the U.S. is a citizen.
Equal protected by the law.

68. 15th
Amendment
Voting rights could not be denied because of race or
color (or could it?).
Should I vote?
Or, do I feed my
family?

69. 16th
Amendment
The federal government can tax our income.
Great, all I need
is a bill from the
IRS!

70. 17th
Amendment
Prior to the 17th
Amendment, the state legislatures chose the senators, but…
With the passage of the 17th
, the PEOPLE directly elect their senators.
You better do a good
job if you want to be
reelected
N.C. Senators
Richard Burr Kay Hagen

71. 18th
Amendment
This is known as prohibition.
See amendment 21.

72. 19th
Amendment
Gives women the right to vote.
We finally have
suffrage rights.

73. 23rd
Amendment
Citizens of Washington, D.C. (our U.S. Capital) receive
the right to vote in presidential elections. Washington,
D.C. is given 3 electoral votes.

74. 24th
Amendment
OutlawsOutlaws Poll Taxes

75. 27th
Amendment
Congress can give themselves a pay raise, but they
have to wait until after the next election before they
can get it.

76. ©Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies
The Canadian Constitution

77. The History of Canada’s
Constitution
One of the most important early
Canadian constitutional
documents was the British North
America Act 1867.
By this act the colonies of
Canada (Ontario and Quebec)
were united with the colonies of
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

78. A Federal Union
One Central Government

79. A Federal Union for
Canada in 1867

80. Two sections of this act listed
the powers of the central
government and the provinces.
Section 91 - listed the powers of
the central or federal
government.
Section 92 - listed the powers of
the provinces.

81. Section 91
The powers of the
federal government
included

82. Section 92
This section listed the powers of
the provinces including

83. The Statute of
Westminster 1931
By this British law Canada
became a self governing
dominion.
This meant that laws passed by
the Canadian government could
not be overturned by Britain.
It also meant that British law no
longer applied in Canada.

84. Constitutional
Patriation 1982
To patriate means to
bring home.
The process required
that the British
government revoke
the BNA Act of 1867.
It further required
that Canada enact its
own written
constitution.

85. What problems were
faced by the Trudeau
government?
Federal-Provincial agreement in
Canada.
A formula to amend the
constitution.
The Charter of Rights and
Freedoms.

86. Federal-Provincial
Disagreement
The provinces and the
central government had
difficulty finding any
common ground to achieve
Mr. Trudeau’s goal of a
patriated constitution.
The political leaders of
each province wanted to
ensure that new
constitutional
arrangements were
advantageous to them.

87. The Charter of Rights
and Freedoms
Mr. Trudeau wanted an entrenched
Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

88. The Canada Act 1982

89. Aboriginal Rights
“The existing
aboriginal and treaty
rights of the aboriginal
peoples of Canada are
hereby recognized…”
For many aboriginal
people this was
insufficient.

90. Fundamental
Freedoms (s.2)
Freedom of conscience and religion
Freedom of belief and expression
Freedom of association
Freedom of peaceful assembly
The provinces feared that these were too
broad and as a result they were limited by the
notwithstanding clause of section 33. of the
Charter.

91. Democratic
Rights (ss. 3-5)
The right to vote
The right to run for elected office
Elections are to be called once every five
years.
Parliament and legislatures must sit once in
every 12 months.

92. Mobility Rights
(s. 6)
The right to leave and to
return to Canada
The right to move anywhere in
Canada to live and work
Reasonable residency is
required for access to social
services and permanent
residents in need could be
given assistance first.
Provinces cannot limit the right
of non residents to own
property.

93. Legal Rights (ss. 7-
14)
“the right to life, liberty
and the security of the
person”
This limits the power of
government to detain or to
deny people basic liberty
except “in accordance with
principles of fundamental
justice.”
Legal rights can be limited
by the
“notwithstanding” clause of section 33
.

94. Legal Rights II
Arbitrary arrest is not allowed.
Police cannot unreasonably
search any person.
You must be informed of the
reason for your arrest.
You must be informed of your
right to retain a lawyer.

95. Legal Rights III
You must be informed of your
offense.
You must be tried in a
reasonable time.
You are presumed innocent
until found guilty by the
courts.
You cannot be denied
reasonable bail.
You cannot be forced to give
evidence against yourself.

96. Equality Rights (s.
15) You have legal equality
regardless of race, national or
ethnic origin, colour, religion,
sex, age, mental or physical
disability.
Affirmative action programs do
allow special treatment for
those who are disadvantaged.
These rights may be limited by
the
“notwithstanding” provisions of s
.

97. Language Rights (ss.
16-22)
The bilingual status of Canada is
recognized.
The equality of French and
English in Parliament is
confirmed.
Federal agencies must provide
services in both French and
English.

98. Minority Language
Rights
(s. 23)These apply only to Canadian citizens
and not new immigrants.
English or French speaking minorities
can have their children educated in
their own language.
It must be the parents first language.
Provinces need only provide minority
language schools where there are
sufficient numbers to justify the cost.

100. What is American Studies?

101. Cumberland (National Road),
1811

102. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

103. Erie Canal System

104. Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

105. Robert Fulton
& the Steamboat
1807: The1807: The ClermontClermont

106. Principal Canals in 1840

107. Inland Freight Rates

108. Clipper Ships

109. The
Railroad
Revolution,
1850s
 Immigrant laborImmigrant labor
built the No. RRs.built the No. RRs.
 Slave laborSlave labor
built the So. RRs.built the So. RRs.

110. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually inventedActually invented
by a slave!by a slave!

111. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

112. Oliver
Evans
First prototype of the locomotiveFirst prototype of the locomotive
First automated flour millFirst automated flour mill

113. John Deere & the Steel Plow
(1837)

114. Cyrus McCormick
& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

115. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

116. Cyrus Field
& the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

117. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840s
Sewing MachineSewing Machine

118. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860
The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’sThe blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s
tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860
had risen to $104.had risen to $104.

119. Distribution of Wealth
v
During the American Revolution,During the American Revolution,
45% of all wealth in the top 10% of45% of all wealth in the top 10% of
the population.the population.
v
1845 Boston1845 Boston  top 4% owned overtop 4% owned over
65% of the wealth.65% of the wealth.
v
1860 Philadelphia1860 Philadelphia  top 1% ownedtop 1% owned
over 50% of the wealth.over 50% of the wealth.
v
The gap between rich and poor wasThe gap between rich and poor was
widening!widening!

120. Polarization of Wealth in the 20c

121. Samuel Slater
(“Father of the Factory System”)

122. The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

123. Lowell Mill

124. Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

125. Early Textile Loom

126. New England
Textile
Centers:
1830s

127. New England Dominance in
Textiles

128. Early
“Union”
Newsletter

129. American Population Centers in
1820

130. American Population Centers in
1860

131. National Origin of Immigrants:
1820 - 1860
Why now?Why now?

133. Industrialization,
Urbanization, and
Immigration
1865-1924

136. What is the Industrial Revolution
about?
Production
Transportation
Immigration
Rise of Cities
Decline in pop from rural areas
Corruption
Union Activism
Racism/Nativism
Reform- (Progressives- Fix the problems of industrial society)

137. When does the Industrial
Revolution take place?
Various periods of American History
1st
Industrial Revolution 1800-1860 begins
in early 1800’s with textile manufacturing
and iron production
2nd
IR really takes off in the latter part of
1800’s, ca 1870-1915

138. Sources of Industrial
Growth
1. Raw materials
2. Large Labor Supply
3. Technological Innovation
4. Entrepreneurs
5. Federal Gov = eager to support
business
6. Domestic Markets for goods
7. Business Organization

139. Iron and Steel
1870-1880s Iron Production soared
Then Steel= 40,000 miles of track
Aided by the Bessemer Process
Blowing air and secret ingredients through
molten iron to burn out impurities
Blast Furnace
Open Hearth Furnace
I Beam allowed sky scrappers
New Furnaces 500 tons per week

142. Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh,
Steel towns- Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Birmigham
Michigan, Minnesota, Birmingham AL (Iron Ore)

143. Rail Roads: B and O, Pennsylvania,
Reading, Short Line, Southern Pacific,
Central Pacific
Railroad Industry spurs
development
Iron for Engines, and
rails, later steel
Farms, lumber, Buffalo
Hunters
Employment- Chinese in
West, and Irish in East
Aids transportation,
access to raw materials
and markets, spurs
construction
Land is granted to RR
companies in exchange
for building the RR- esp
Transcontinental RR
Later RR will own
tremendous amount of
land and sell it to people
moving WEST
By 1880s there are
150,000 miles of Rail
creating an national
economy.

144. Rail Roads continued
Standard Time (4 zones)
Growth of Track
1860- 52,000 miles
1870- 93,000 miles
1890- 163,000 miles
1900- 193,000 miles
Chicago is a major rail
hub-
Government paid
subsidies, $ to RR in
order to complete and
aid in Western railroad
development
The Big 4 Famous RR
executives Stanford,
Huntington, Vanderbilt,
Crocker

146. •Airplane-
•Wright Bros
•Orville and Wilbur
•1903 Kitty Hawk,
NC

147. Taylorism= Scientific
Management
Production process should be
Divided into specialized tasks
Each task speeds up production
Train all workers to do unskilled jobs
“Makes workers interchangeable”

148. Captains of Industry or
Robber Barons?
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil
Bought out competition
1881 Standard Oil Trust
controlled 90% of oil refinery
business
Used horizontal integration to
ruthlessly control and
conquer the Oil industry
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
Corrupt business
practices
Investments
Andrew Carnegie (1873)
Pennsylvania Steel Works
Cut costs
Made deals with RRs
Bought rival copmanies
Henry Clay Frick manager
Owned coal mines
Iron mines
Ships
Controlled from mine to market
Used vertical integration
Carnegie Steel 1901 (sold to J.P.
Morgan$450 Million
US Steel later worth $1.4 Billion)

150. Rise of Big Business
By 1900 the American economy was dominated by
business monopolies or trusts, huge business empires
Trusts in sugar, cotton, tobacco, meat, flour, and even
whiskey
Number of industrial combinations rose from 12 to 305
between 1887 and 1903
2,600 smaller firms disappeared
By 1900, 1 % of all companies produced 40% of the
manufacturing output
GAPE saw the rise of the modern corporation
Used 14th Amendment to gain “personhood” and
rights

158. Immigration Statistics
1860-1920 -- aprox. 30 million European immigrants
1880-1920 -- appox. 27 million European immigrants
2 “Waves” of immigrants
1860-1890 -- (approx. 10mil) Britain, Ireland,
Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, Holland
1890-1920 -- (approx. 20mil) Italy, Greece, Austro-
Hungary, Russia, Romania, Turkey

162. Chinese Immigrants
In 1851, a racist from NC named Hinton Helper left his home state to get
away from what he referred to as the “diversity of color” in America’s more
settled regions.
He traveled to California and was shocked to find Chinese people living there
—so much so that he wondered out loud if the “copper” of the Pacific would
cause as much discord and dissension as the “ebony” had on the Atlantic.
Between 1850 and 1882 the Chinese pop in the U.S. soared from 7,520 to
300,000. Chinese comprised 8.6 percent of California’s total pop and an
impressive 25% of its wage earners.

164. Chinese Exclusion
In calling for Chinese exclusion, one San Francisco paper referred to them as
morally inferior heathen savages who were overly lustful and sensual.
Chinese women were condemned as a depraved class, which was attributed
in large part to their physical appearance. Critics thought they looked like
Africans. Chinese men were portrayed as a sexual threat to white women.
Chinese also compared to Indians and referred to as the “new barbarians.”