Amebiasis and Future perspective
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This document discusses amebiasis, an infection caused by the Entamoeba histolytica parasite. It covers the parasite's life cycle, symptoms of infection, diagnostic methods like ova and parasite examination of stool samples, body aspirates, immunodetection assays, histology, and future directions for research. Diagnostic methods include microscopic examination of stool samples to look for trophozoites and cysts, antigen detection assays from stool or liver aspirates, antibody detection in serum, and histological examination of tissue samples. While research is ongoing, gaps remain in fully understanding this parasite and developing new treatment and prevention options like a vaccine.
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Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
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Disease:
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- A 24-year-old male patient presented with fever, jaundice, and liver abscess caused by E. histolytica infection. He was treated with anti-amoebic drugs and made a full recovery.
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Amoebiasis PPT.pptx
Entamoebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can cause intestinal amoebiasis ranging from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery and colitis. The most common extraintestinal manifestation is amoebic liver abscess. It is found worldwide but prevalent in developing regions with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves stool microscopy and other tests. Treatment involves tinidazole or metronidazole, with luminal agents for invasive infections. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation, water treatment, and health education.
A Brief PPT about Amoebiasis.pptx
Amoebiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. While it can affect individuals of all ages, including pediatric populations, it is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
In pediatrics, amoebiasis can present with a range of symptoms, which can vary from mild to severe. Some children may be asymptomatic carriers, meaning they carry the parasite without showing any signs of illness. However, when symptoms do occur, they typically include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and sometimes blood or mucus in the stool. In severe cases, the infection can lead to dysentery, with frequent, watery, and bloody stools, along with fever and dehydration.
Amoebiasis is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter containing the parasite. This can occur through improper handwashing, consumption of contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated surfaces. The parasite can also spread from person to person in areas with poor sanitation.
Diagnosing amoebiasis in pediatric patients involves laboratory testing of stool samples to identify the presence of Entamoeba histolytica. Treatment typically involves medications to eliminate the parasite, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. In some cases, additional medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and manage complications.
Prevention of amoebiasis in pediatrics focuses on practicing good hygiene and ensuring the consumption of clean and safe food and water. Measures include regular handwashing, especially before eating or handling food, drinking purified or boiled water, avoiding raw or undercooked foods, and maintaining hygienic conditions in food preparation and storage.
Early recognition and appropriate treatment of amoebiasis in pediatrics are important to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and minimize the risk of transmission to others. Parents and caregivers should seek medical attention if they suspect their child has amoebiasis or if the child develops persistent diarrhea or other concerning symptoms.
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Medical Microbiology - Bacteriology
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
Protein A (binds Fc portion of IgG), coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism) hemolysins, leukocidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs), hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue), staphylokinase (lyses formed clots), lipase (breaks down fat), Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Disease:
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This document provides information about amoebiasis (also known as amoebic dysentery), including:
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- Amoebiasis spreads through ingestion of E. histolytica cysts from contaminated food, water, or contact with infected feces. Proper handwashing and sanitation can help prevent transmission.
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E. coli and Klebsiella spp. can be identified through laboratory tests of specimens like urine, pus, blood, and sputum. On Gram stain, both appear as gram-negative rods. On blood agar, E. coli forms smooth, grayish-white colonies, some hemolytic, while Klebsiella forms slimy colonies. On MacConkey agar, E. coli forms red-pink colonies indicating lactose fermentation, and Klebsiella forms mucoid pink colonies. Biochemical tests can further identify E. coli as motile, indole-positive and citrate-negative, while Klebsiella is non-motile, indole-negative and citrate
Urine examination
This document discusses urine examination and laboratory testing. It defines urine and lists possible pathogens found in urine like bacteria, parasites, and fungi. It describes proper procedures for collecting, transporting, and testing urine samples. The laboratory examination may include visual inspection for color and turbidity, microscopic examination for cells and crystals, biochemical testing, and cultures to identify bacteria, quantify bacterial growth, and test antibiotic susceptibility. Urine can also be tested for conditions like pregnancy and urinary tract infections.
Lab 13 balantidiasis
The document describes Balantidium coli, a ciliated protozoan parasite that can cause the disease balantidiasis or balantidial dysentery in humans. Key points:
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- Humans are infected through the fecal-oral route, often from pigs which are a reservoir for the parasite.
- Symptoms in humans include ulceration and bleeding of the large intestine due to trophozoite invasion. Diagnosis is through examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cyst
Amoebiasis pathogenesis and pathology
This document summarizes Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis. It causes infection via fecal-oral transmission or oral sex. Virulence is determined by strain characteristics and host immunity. The parasite infects the intestine, where it may cause lesions and ulceration. It can spread to other organs like the liver to cause abscesses. Liver abscesses typically appear as solitary masses in the right lobe and contain anchovy sauce-like pus. The parasite may also infect the brain, skin or urogenital tract in rare cases.
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5. diarheal diseases of E.coli Dr. Mahadi H Abdallah
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Amoebiasis PPT.pptx
Entamoebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can cause intestinal amoebiasis ranging from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery and colitis. The most common extraintestinal manifestation is amoebic liver abscess. It is found worldwide but prevalent in developing regions with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves stool microscopy and other tests. Treatment involves tinidazole or metronidazole, with luminal agents for invasive infections. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation, water treatment, and health education.
A Brief PPT about Amoebiasis.pptx
Amoebiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. While it can affect individuals of all ages, including pediatric populations, it is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
In pediatrics, amoebiasis can present with a range of symptoms, which can vary from mild to severe. Some children may be asymptomatic carriers, meaning they carry the parasite without showing any signs of illness. However, when symptoms do occur, they typically include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and sometimes blood or mucus in the stool. In severe cases, the infection can lead to dysentery, with frequent, watery, and bloody stools, along with fever and dehydration.
Amoebiasis is transmitted through the ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter containing the parasite. This can occur through improper handwashing, consumption of contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated surfaces. The parasite can also spread from person to person in areas with poor sanitation.
Diagnosing amoebiasis in pediatric patients involves laboratory testing of stool samples to identify the presence of Entamoeba histolytica. Treatment typically involves medications to eliminate the parasite, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. In some cases, additional medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and manage complications.
Prevention of amoebiasis in pediatrics focuses on practicing good hygiene and ensuring the consumption of clean and safe food and water. Measures include regular handwashing, especially before eating or handling food, drinking purified or boiled water, avoiding raw or undercooked foods, and maintaining hygienic conditions in food preparation and storage.
Early recognition and appropriate treatment of amoebiasis in pediatrics are important to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and minimize the risk of transmission to others. Parents and caregivers should seek medical attention if they suspect their child has amoebiasis or if the child develops persistent diarrhea or other concerning symptoms.
Amebiasis in children
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic protozoan parasite. It outlines the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of E. histolytica infection. Key points include:
- E. histolytica infects up to 10% of the world's population and is a major cause of parasitic death. It typically causes asymptomatic colonization but can lead to amebic colitis or liver abscess.
- Infection occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated food/water. Cysts excyst in the intestine and trophozoites may invade the colonic mucosa.
- Diagnosis involves antigen detection in stool
Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica amebiasis - Copy.ppt
A 20-year-old female developed abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea after eating at a restaurant. Testing revealed she was infected with Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. E. histolytica has a life cycle involving an infectious cyst form and an invasive trophozoite form. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the trophozoites, followed by additional medication to clear the cysts from the intestines.
parasitology
A 4 year old male child presented with failure to thrive, abdominal distension, pain and vomiting. The child's mother reported passing a 30cm long brown worm in stool 15 days ago. This suggests the child has ascariasis, an intestinal infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascariasis is highly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene, infecting over 1 billion people worldwide. The worm's eggs pass in stool and become infective in soil, being ingested and causing symptoms like abdominal pain as the worms mature and migrate through the body. Diagnosis and treatment of ascariasis is important to prevent complications and further transmission.
Amoebiasis
Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is common in developing parts of the world with poor sanitation. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can cause intestinal symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Rarely, the infection can spread beyond the intestines and cause liver abscesses or affect other organs. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples or biopsy specimens to look for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and may involve antibiotics or antiparasitic drugs. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene and health education.
amoebiasis
Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. About 90% of infections are asymptomatic while the remaining 10% can cause intestinal disorders ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to dysentery or invasive extraintestinal infections. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. The parasite is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples or biopsies while treatment involves antibiotics like tinidazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission.
ROUTINE STOOLE EXAMINATIN
Routine stool examination provides important information about gastrointestinal health and disease. A stool sample is examined macroscopically for characteristics like color, consistency, and presence of blood or mucus. Microscopic examination looks for items like white blood cells, red blood cells, parasites, fat, and bacteria. Chemical tests can detect occult blood, excess fat, sugars, and other markers. Proper collection and preservation of stool samples is important for accurate examination and detection of parasites. Both wet mount microscopy and concentration techniques may be used depending on the suspected condition. Stool examination aids in diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections, inflammation, malignancy, and malabsorption disorders.
entamoeba histolytica.pptx
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that was first discovered in 1875. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries with poor sanitation. The life cycle involves an infective cyst stage that is ingested and passes through the stomach to the intestines, where it excysts into trophozoites. Trophozoites can invade the intestinal lining causing amoebic dysentery. They may spread to other organs via the bloodstream, causing liver or lung abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples or biopsies to identify trophozoites or cysts. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves metronidazole or paromomycin antibiotics for 5-10 days.
amoebiasis ppt.ppt
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms classified into groups including amoebas, flagellates, and ciliates. The document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis. E. histolytica has a life cycle involving an infective cyst stage and invasive trophozoite stage. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route in areas with poor sanitation. Amoebiasis ranges from asymptomatic carriage to acute dysentery and extra-intestinal infections like amoebic liver abscess. Diagnosis involves stool examination for cysts and trophozoites. Treatment depends on the infection stage and severity.
Amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from fecally contaminated food, water, or objects. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can cause intestinal disease with diarrhea or dysentery. Rarely, the parasite can spread to other organs like the liver to cause amoebic liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Treatment depends on symptoms but involves drugs like metronidazole to eliminate the parasite from the intestines and other infected tissues.
Amoeba Notes 2014
This document summarizes information about the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, including its life cycle, pathogenesis, and methods of diagnosis. It describes two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is invasive and feeds on red blood cells, and the cyst stage, which is the infective form passed in feces. Transmission occurs when mature cysts from contaminated food/water are ingested. In the small intestine, trophozoites are released from cysts and can invade the intestinal mucosa, causing amebic dysentery, or spread to other organs like the liver via the bloodstream. Diagnosis involves microscopy of stool samples to look for trophozoites and cysts or serological tests
Lab Diagnosis-Parasitology
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Amebiasis
Amebiasis is a disease caused by a one-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica (ent-a-ME-ba his-to-LI-ti-ka).
Who is at risk for amebiasis?
Although anyone can have this disease, it is most common in people who live in developing countries that have poor sanitary conditions. In the United States, amebiasis is most often foundin immigrants from developing countries. It also is found in people who have traveled to developing countries and in people who live in institutions that have poor sanitary conditions. Men who have sex with men can become infected and can get sick from the infection, but they often do not have symptoms.
by Mostafa Mohammadzadeh fallah (MedStudent Iran)
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This document summarizes various amoebae including Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia mandrillaris. It describes their morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. The key points are that these amoebae can cause intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans, invading tissues via ingestion or inhalation of cysts/trophozoites from the environment. Clinical symptoms vary depending on the infected site. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples and molecular methods. Treatment involves antimicrobials targeting the infective stages.
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Amoebiasis gatere ward 3
Entamoeba histolytica infects hundreds of millions worldwide, particularly in tropical areas with poor sanitation like Kenya. It typically causes no symptoms but can manifest as intestinal amoebiasis (amoebic colitis) or extra-intestinal amoebic liver abscess. Transmission is through the fecal-oral route via contaminated food, water, or direct contact. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites in stool or serologic antibody tests. Treatment depends on disease severity and involves metronidazole with or without paromomycin or diloxanide furoate. Complications can include necrotizing colitis, ameboma, liver abscess rupture, or extra
Protozoa and Entamoeba histolytica
This document provides information about protozoology and the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with an introduction to protozoology and classifications of protozoa. It then discusses the general characteristics, life cycles, and importance of protozoa. The document focuses on E. histolytica, outlining its habitat, transmission, morphology, life cycle within the human host, virulence factors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of infection, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. E. histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extraintestinal disease such as liver abscesses if the parasite invades tissues.
Intestinal amoebae
This document discusses intestinal protozoa including ameba species. It causes by fecal-oral transmission due to poor hygiene and sanitation. Control involves improving hygiene, treating carriers, and protecting water supply by boiling, iodine or not chlorine. Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica transmitted via cysts in contaminated food/water or direct contact. It causes asymptomatic infection or invasive disease with diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves stool exam detecting trophozoites while treatment is metronidazole. Prevention requires improved hygiene and water treatment.
Intestinal amoebae
This document discusses intestinal protozoa including ameba species. It causes by fecal-oral transmission due to poor hygiene and sanitation. Control involves improving hygiene, treating carriers, and protecting water supply by boiling, iodine or not chlorine. Amoebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica transmitted via cysts in contaminated food/water or direct contact. It causes asymptomatic infection or invasive disease with diarrhea, dysentery, liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves stool exam detecting trophozoites while treatment is metronidazole. Prevention requires improved hygiene and water treatment.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Amebiasis and Future perspective
- 2. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • Life cycle of Amebiasis • Symptoms • Diagnostic Methods • Advance Diagnostic • Future Direction
- 3. Amebiasis • is an infection caused by any of the amobae of the Entamoeba group • Amoebiasis, also known amoebic dysentery • Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection due to the intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica • Entamoeba histolytica was first described by Losch after being isolated in Russia from a patient with dysenteric stools • Amoebiasis is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease worldwide.It has been estimated that E. histolytica infection kills more than 100,000 people each year • Secreting proteinases that dissolve host tissues, killing host cells on contact, and engulfing red blood cells, E histolytica trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing amoebic colitis • It can affect anyone, although it is more common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions
- 5. Symptoms • A change in the sense of smell or taste • Fever • Sudden, severe headache • Stiff neck • Sensitivity to light • Nausea and vomiting • Confusion • Loss of balance • Sleepiness • Seizures • Hallucination
- 6. Diagnostic Methods • Ova and parasite examination • Body Aspirates • Immunodetection(Advanced method) • Histology
- 7. Ova and parasite examination • Microscopic examination of a direct saline wet mount may reveal motile trophozoites, which may contain RBCs • the most important technique for the recovery and identification of protozoan organisms is the permanent stained smear (normally stained with trichrome or iron hematoxylin) • A minimum of three specimens collected over a time frame of not more than 10 days is recommended • If slides are prepared properly and examined carefully, sigmoidoscopy specimens may be very helpful
- 9. Body Aspirates • liver abscess can be achieved by identification of organisms from liver aspirate material • However, this procedure is rarely performed, and often the specimen obtained is not collected properly • Aspirated material must be aliquoted into several different containers as it is removed from the abscess; amebae may be found only in the last portion of the aspirated material
- 10. Immunodetection • A number of enzyme immunoassay reagents are commercially available, and their specificity and sensitivity provide excellent options for the clinical laboratory • The majority of these procedures use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) formats • Another product is available as a cartridge format that uses an immunochromatographic strip-based detection system for the E. histolytica /E. dispar group, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp
- 11. Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to detect antigens from E histolytica in stool samples. Several kits are commercially available • Antigen-based ELISA kits using monoclonal antibodies against the galactose/N - acetylgalactosamine (GAL/GalNAc)–specific lectin of E histolytica yield an overall sensitivity of 71-100% and a specificity of 93-100% • In patients with amebic liver abscess, serum and liver aspirate antigen detection using the same kit was shown to yield a sensitivity of 96% in serum and 100% in liver aspirate.
- 13. Antibody detection • Serologic testing for intestinal disease is normally not recommended unless the patient has true dysentery; even in these cases, the titer (indirect hemagglutination as an example) may be low and thus difficult to interpret. • For patients suspected of having extraintestinal disease, serologic tests are much more relevant • Recombinant human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments specific for E. histolytica have also been developed • These antibodies may be applicable for distinguishing E.histolytica from E. dispar and for use in the serodiagnosis of amebiasis
- 14. Histology • A histologic diagnosis of amebiasis can be made when the trophozoites within the tissue are identified • Organisms must be differentiated from host cells, particularly histiocytes and ganglion cells • Periodic acid-Schiff staining is often used to help locate the organisms • The organisms appear bright pink with a green-blue background (depending on the counterstain used) • Hematoxylin and eosin staining also allows the typical morphology to be seen, thus allowing accurate identification
- 16. FUTURE DIRECTION • Although considered a neglected disease, research on amebiasis continued unabated • Progress on research in amebiasis encompassed studying the life cycle stages and biology of E. histolytica, use of modern tools of genomics and metabolomics to analyze the responses of the parasite to different host stimuli and involvement of chemistry to develop new drug leads to control the parasite • Advances in molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis have advanced our understanding of this parasite; however,many gaps in knowledge remain • In addition, although efforts are ongoing, there is no vaccine and only a single effective drug class.