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AMARTYA SEN.ppt
- 1. Amartya Sen
- 2. Amartya Sen
- 3. About Sen
- 4. About Amartya Sen • He was born in Santiniketan, India on November 3, 1933 • He completed his B.A from Presidency College Kolkata in 1953 • Finished his Doctorate from Trinity College, Cambridge in 1959 • He has received number of honors and awards from different institutions.
- 5. Awards and Honors • Doctor of Law, Honoris Causa, University of Exeter, UK, 2008 • Doctor of Economic Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa, 2006 • Honorary Doctor of Laws, Mount Holyoke College, USA, 2003 • Honorary D. Litt., University of Mumbai, India, 2002 • Bharat Ratna, 1999 • Nobel Prize 1998
- 6. Publications • Choice of Techniques • Collective Choice and Social Welfare • Growth Economics • Employment, Technology, and Development • Poverty and Famines • Choice, Welfare and Measurement • Resources, Values and Development, • Commodities and Capabilities, • The Standard of Living,
- 7. Contd… • On Ethics and Economics • Hunger and Public Action • The Political Economy of Hunger • Inequality Reexamined • The Quality of Life • Economic Development and Social Opportunity • Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives
- 8. ARTICLES • SOCIAL CHOICE THEORY • WELFARE ECONOMICS • ECONOMIC MEASUREMENT • AXIOMATIC CHOICE THEORY • RATIONALITY AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR • ECONOMIC METHODOLOGY • FOOD, FAMINES AND HUNGER • GENDER, FAMILY AND FEMINIST ECONOMICS • CAPITAL, GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION
- 9. Contd... • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • PROJECT EVALUATION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS • EDUCATION AND MANPOWER PLANNING • LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT • THE INDIAN ECONOMY • INDIAN SOCIETY, CULTURE AND POLITICS • POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT • HEALTH • SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND LEGAL PHILOSOPHY • ETHICS AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY
- 11. Choice of Techniques • What is Choice of Techniques? – It is a method of production where more than one method is possible. If more than one set of inputs can produce the outputs, choice of techniques must be made. • Choice of techniques explains the maximization of the surplus with a view to maximizing the rate of growth of national income and eventually t he rate of growth of consumption per capita (assuming that the rate of population growth is a constant).
- 12. Modifications to the theory • Mr. Sen also incorporated the influence of international trade and choices between imports, domestic production, domestic consumption and exports. • He also formulated the problem of choice when future income and consumption streams grow unsteadily or change their pattern because of technological change or other unforeseen developments, and formulated the problem of maximizing an objective function defined over such income or consumption streams
- 13. Freedom
- 14. Food and Freedom • Food for Freedom and Freedom for Food – Grub first then Ethics • Ethics may seem like a much more remote and much less immediate subject than the command over food that we need to survive. • Freedom too - as an important concept in ethics - may seem to be far less immediate than the compelling demands of grabbing grub.
- 15. Social Choice
- 16. Social ChoiceTheory • It is a theoretical framework for measuring individual interests, values or welfares as an aggregate towards collective decision. • A non theoretical example of a collective decision is passing a set of laws under a constitution. • Social choice theory blends elements of welfare economics and voting theory and generalises them.
- 18. Poverty and Entitlement • What is poverty? • Poverty is social phenomenon in which a section of society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities of life.. • Starvation statements translate readily into statements of ownership of food by persons. • Eg. Ownership of Loaf of Bread
- 19. What is Entitlement? It is ownership or right to hold any thing be it any Asset, Food, money, Etc Entitlement relations typically include the following: – trade- based entitlement – production- based entitlement – own- labor entitlement – inheritance and transfer entitlement Entitlement
- 20. Poverty level Across the world
- 21. Structural Adjustment - Causes of poverty • Structural policies prescribed by IMF and World Bank as conditions for loans and repayment . • Resulted in health, education and other vital social services around the world.
- 22. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- The provision of food is indeed a central issue in general social ethics, since so much in human life does depend on the ability to find enough to eat. In particular, the freedom that people enjoy to lead a decent life, including freedom from hunger, from avoidable morbidity, from premature mortality, etc., is quite centrally connected with the provision of food and related necessities. Also, the compulsion to acquire enough food may force vulnerable people to do things which they resent doing, and may make them accept lives with little freedom. The role of food in fostering freedom can be an extremely important one. On the other side, freedom may also causally influence the success of the pursuit of food for all. One consideration that has received a great deal of attention recently relates to the role of freedom to make profits in providing incentives for the expansion of food production, thus helping to solve the food problem. This consideration has often cropped up in the critical evaluation of agricultural policies pursued in many countries in Africa and Asia. For example, the rapid expansion of agricultural output in China in the economic reforms carried out from 1979 onwards has, with much justice, been seen to be closely related to the freeing of markets and the unleashing of productive opportunities connected with profit incentives. These experiences invite attention and scrutiny.
- Social choice theory It is a theoretical framework for measuring individual interests,values or welfares as an aggregate towards colletive decision. A non theoretical example of a collective decision is passing a set of laws under a constitution. Social choice theory blends elements of welfare economics and voting theory and generalises them. Voting theory states that in a democracy where there are more than two parties ,no party gets a clear majority. Interpersonal Uti lity Comparison states that some mental states are easier to compare. However from Amartya Sen’s example,it should not be difficult to say that Emperor’s Nero’s gain from burning Rome did not outweigh the loss of the rest of the romans. Hence Harsanyi and Sen argue we can have partial comparability.Some mental states are easier to compare than others and we can proceed with I CU.
- the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions starvation is the characteristic of some people not having enough food to eat. It is not the of there being not enough food to eat. While the latter can be a cause of the former, it is but one of many possible causes. Whether and how starvation relates to food supply is a matter for factual investigation. Food supply statements say things about a commodity (or a group of commodities) considered on its own. Starvation statements are about the relationship of persons to the commodity (or that commodity group). 1 Leaving out cases in which a person may deliberately starve, starvation statements translate readily into statements of ownership of food by persons. In order to understand starvation, it is, therefore, necessary to go into the structure of ownership. Ownership relations are one kind of entitlement relations. It is necessary to understand the entitlement systems within which the problem of starvation is to be analysed. 2 This applies more generally to poverty as such, and more specifically to famines as well. An entitlement relation applied to ownership connects one set of ownerships to another through certain rules of legitimacy. It is a recursive relation and the process of connecting can be repeated. Consider a private ownership market economy. I own this loaf of bread. Why is this ownership accepted? Because I got it by exchange through paying some money I owned. Why is my ownership of that money accepted? Because I got it by selling a bamboo umbrella owned by me. Why is my ownership of the bamboo umbrella accepted? Because I made it with my own abour using some bamboo from my land. Why is my ownership of the land accepted? Because I inherited it from my father. Why is his ownership of that land accepted? And so on. Each link in this chain of entitlement relations 'legitimizes' one set of ownership by reference to another, or to some basic entitlement in the form of enjoying the fruits of one's own labour. 3 Entitlement relations accepted in a private ownership market economy typically include the following, among others:1.trade-based entitlement: one is entitled to own what one obtains by trading something one owns with a willing party (or, multilaterally, with a willing set of parties);2.production-based entitlement: one is entitled to own what one gets by arranging production using one's owned resources, or resources hired from willing parties meeting the agreed conditions of trade;3.own-labour entitlement: one is entitled to one's own labour power, and thus to the trade-based and production-based entitlements related to one's labour power;4.inheritance and transfer entitlement: one is entitled to own what is willingly given to one by another who legitimately owns it, possibly to take affect after the latter's death (if so specified by him).These are some entitlement relations of more or less straight- forward kind, but there are others, frequently a good deal more complex. For example, one may be entitled to enjoy the fruits of some property without being able to trade it for anything else. Or one may be able to inherit the property of a deceased relation who did not bequeath it to anyone, through some rule of kinship- based inheritance accepted in the country in question. Or one may have some entitlements related to unclaimed objects on the basis of discovery. Market entitlements may even be sup- plemented by rationing or coupon systems, even in private ownership market economies, such as in Britain during the last war. 4