Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor Role of Neutrophil Infiltration During Lung Injury
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Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor at Auburn University, Yujie Guo, Li Zhang, Sunil More, Tingting Weng, and others, have recently conducted additional research on the function of neutrophils and their recruitment at a site.
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Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development Autophagy, Mitophagy and Cellu...
Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development Autophagy, Mitophagy and Cellu...Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor at Auburn University
Many scientists, including Dr. Amarjit Mishra an Ex-professor, Auburn University in the United States, had worked to understand the pathogenesis of asthma, particularly allergy-induced asthma because it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanism that connects these environmental causes to the development of asthma.
Artículo broncoaspiración. (1)
1) Aspiration, defined as the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower respiratory tract, can lead to a range of diseases from infectious pneumonia to respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
2) The reported incidence of aspiration during anesthesia varies between 3-10 per 10,000 operations, with higher rates in obstetric and pediatric anesthesia as well as certain surgical procedures like tracheostomy.
3) Patients are most at risk during induction and emergence from anesthesia, particularly in emergency situations. The likelihood of aspiration can be reduced by preoperative fasting, pharmacological prevention, and rapid sequence induction techniques.
Artículo broncoaspiración.
Pulmonary aspiration complicates between 1 in
900 to 1 in 10 000 general anaesthetics,1 dependent
on risk factors. All novice anaesthetists
in the UK are taught to consider the risk of aspiration
and to modify their anaesthetic technique
accordingly. The prevention of aspiration
remains a cornerstone of anaesthetic practice.
The recent Royal College of Anaesthetists
4th National Audit Project2 (NAP4) collected
data on the incidence and causes of major
airway complications in the UK. Over 50%
of airway-related deaths in anaesthesia were
as a consequence of aspiration, outweighing
the much feared can’t intubate can’t ventilate
(CICV) scenario. In addition, 23% of all cases
reported to NAP4 involved aspiration as either
the primary or secondary event. Cases not resulting
in death commonly resulted in significant
morbidity and prolonged stay on intensive care.
Despite the awareness among anaesthetists of
the need to minimize the risks of aspiration and
advances in anaesthetic practices, NAP4 provided
evidence that aspiration often occurred as
a consequence of incomplete assessment of aspiration
risk or a failure to modify anaesthetic
technique. This review aims to highlight the key
findings from NAP4 with regard to aspiration
and evaluates the literature on aspiration risk assessment
and decision-making.
Definition
Pulmonary aspiration is defined by the inhalation
of oro-pharyngeal or gastric contents into the
larynx and the respiratory tract. Mendelson3
described the potential consequences of abolished
airway reflexes under anaesthesia and
the subsequent aspiration of gastric contents,
which became synonymous with Mendelson’s
syndrome.
Aspiration of solid matter can cause hypoxia
by physical obstruction, whereas aspiration of
acidic gastric fluid can cause a pneumonitis with
the syndrome of progressive dyspnoea, hypoxia,
bronchial wheeze and patchy collapse, consolidation
on chest X-ray or all. The risk of mortality
and serious morbidity increases with bronchial
exposure to greater volumes and acidity of aspirated
material.
Seminario biología molecular
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential protective role of ivermectin in acute lung injury (ALI) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse models. The study found that ivermectin administration at doses of 1-2 mg/kg preserved alveolar structure and reduced inflammation, hemorrhage, and edema in the lungs of LPS- or BLM-treated mice. Ivermectin also inhibited neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK proteins involved in inflammation. The results suggest ivermectin has strong anti-inflammatory effects and may help mitigate ALI by
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
This document discusses a study on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with bronchial asthma. Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic drug that works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lungs. The study found that in patients with COPD (n=48), tiotropium significantly improved lung function measures (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio) compared to baseline, with few side effects. The document concludes that tiotropium provides measurable bronchodilation in asthma and is well tolerated, suggesting it may be a treatment option for bronchial asthma.
The effects of Sevoflurane and Propofol on IFN-γ And IL-12 Study On Patients ...
Background: This research aimed to analyze the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on IFN-γ and IL-12, the study on patients with craniotomy surgery. The treatment is the anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol for more than 2 hours. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 are measured just before induction of anesthesia and just after anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol is stopped. Methods: The study design is an observational study by using pre-and-post design. The subjects are patients aged 30-55 years old who were undergoing craniotomy surgery for tumor removal at Dr. Kariadi Hospital. The differences in the means before and after the same anesthesia agent were analyzed with paired T-test if the data distribution is normal, or with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if the data distribution is not normal. The difference in the means between the two different anesthesia agents was analyzed using an independent T-test if the data distribution is normal, or with the Mann-Whitney test if the data distribution is not normal. Results: It was observed that sevoflurane and propofol increased the level of IFN-γ and IL-12 but not significant. There were differences between IFN-γ and IL-12 before and after anesthesia with sevoflurane compared with propofol. Therefore, the hypothesis was accepted. This shows that the originality of this research has been statistically and empirically proved. Conclusion: The increase of both IFN-γ and IL-12 levels after anesthesia with propofol is significantly higher than those with sevoflurane. Propofol exerts a bigger pro-inflammatory response than sevoflurane in patients undergoing craniotomy surgery.
Pulmonary Aspergillosis j. sci. achv. feb 2017
1. Pulmonary aspergillosis refers to a spectrum of lung diseases caused by the fungus Aspergillus, including invasive aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
2. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe infection seen in severely immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients, and those with chronic lung diseases like COPD. Chronic necrotizing aspergillosis is a locally invasive infection seen in patients with mild immunosuppression or lung disease.
3. Aspergilloma is a fungus ball that develops in a pre-existing lung cavity, often caused by conditions like
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Tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in addition to its antimicrobial properties. This study investigated these effects of tulathromycin both in vitro using pig leukocytes and in vivo in pigs challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or zymosan. In vitro, tulathromycin induced neutrophil apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and enhanced clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. In vivo, tulathromycin promoted leukocyte apoptosis and clearance, reduced the proinflammatory mediator leukotriene B4, and attenuated lung damage in A. pleuropneumoniae-infected
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Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development Autophagy, Mitophagy and Cellu...
Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development Autophagy, Mitophagy and Cellu...Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor at Auburn University
Many scientists, including Dr. Amarjit Mishra an Ex-professor, Auburn University in the United States, had worked to understand the pathogenesis of asthma, particularly allergy-induced asthma because it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanism that connects these environmental causes to the development of asthma.
Artículo broncoaspiración. (1)
1) Aspiration, defined as the inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower respiratory tract, can lead to a range of diseases from infectious pneumonia to respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
2) The reported incidence of aspiration during anesthesia varies between 3-10 per 10,000 operations, with higher rates in obstetric and pediatric anesthesia as well as certain surgical procedures like tracheostomy.
3) Patients are most at risk during induction and emergence from anesthesia, particularly in emergency situations. The likelihood of aspiration can be reduced by preoperative fasting, pharmacological prevention, and rapid sequence induction techniques.
Artículo broncoaspiración.
Pulmonary aspiration complicates between 1 in
900 to 1 in 10 000 general anaesthetics,1 dependent
on risk factors. All novice anaesthetists
in the UK are taught to consider the risk of aspiration
and to modify their anaesthetic technique
accordingly. The prevention of aspiration
remains a cornerstone of anaesthetic practice.
The recent Royal College of Anaesthetists
4th National Audit Project2 (NAP4) collected
data on the incidence and causes of major
airway complications in the UK. Over 50%
of airway-related deaths in anaesthesia were
as a consequence of aspiration, outweighing
the much feared can’t intubate can’t ventilate
(CICV) scenario. In addition, 23% of all cases
reported to NAP4 involved aspiration as either
the primary or secondary event. Cases not resulting
in death commonly resulted in significant
morbidity and prolonged stay on intensive care.
Despite the awareness among anaesthetists of
the need to minimize the risks of aspiration and
advances in anaesthetic practices, NAP4 provided
evidence that aspiration often occurred as
a consequence of incomplete assessment of aspiration
risk or a failure to modify anaesthetic
technique. This review aims to highlight the key
findings from NAP4 with regard to aspiration
and evaluates the literature on aspiration risk assessment
and decision-making.
Definition
Pulmonary aspiration is defined by the inhalation
of oro-pharyngeal or gastric contents into the
larynx and the respiratory tract. Mendelson3
described the potential consequences of abolished
airway reflexes under anaesthesia and
the subsequent aspiration of gastric contents,
which became synonymous with Mendelson’s
syndrome.
Aspiration of solid matter can cause hypoxia
by physical obstruction, whereas aspiration of
acidic gastric fluid can cause a pneumonitis with
the syndrome of progressive dyspnoea, hypoxia,
bronchial wheeze and patchy collapse, consolidation
on chest X-ray or all. The risk of mortality
and serious morbidity increases with bronchial
exposure to greater volumes and acidity of aspirated
material.
Seminario biología molecular
This document summarizes a study investigating the potential protective role of ivermectin in acute lung injury (ALI) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse models. The study found that ivermectin administration at doses of 1-2 mg/kg preserved alveolar structure and reduced inflammation, hemorrhage, and edema in the lungs of LPS- or BLM-treated mice. Ivermectin also inhibited neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity, and phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK proteins involved in inflammation. The results suggest ivermectin has strong anti-inflammatory effects and may help mitigate ALI by
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
This document discusses a study on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with bronchial asthma. Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic drug that works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lungs. The study found that in patients with COPD (n=48), tiotropium significantly improved lung function measures (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio) compared to baseline, with few side effects. The document concludes that tiotropium provides measurable bronchodilation in asthma and is well tolerated, suggesting it may be a treatment option for bronchial asthma.
The effects of Sevoflurane and Propofol on IFN-γ And IL-12 Study On Patients ...
Background: This research aimed to analyze the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on IFN-γ and IL-12, the study on patients with craniotomy surgery. The treatment is the anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol for more than 2 hours. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 are measured just before induction of anesthesia and just after anesthesia with sevoflurane or propofol is stopped. Methods: The study design is an observational study by using pre-and-post design. The subjects are patients aged 30-55 years old who were undergoing craniotomy surgery for tumor removal at Dr. Kariadi Hospital. The differences in the means before and after the same anesthesia agent were analyzed with paired T-test if the data distribution is normal, or with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if the data distribution is not normal. The difference in the means between the two different anesthesia agents was analyzed using an independent T-test if the data distribution is normal, or with the Mann-Whitney test if the data distribution is not normal. Results: It was observed that sevoflurane and propofol increased the level of IFN-γ and IL-12 but not significant. There were differences between IFN-γ and IL-12 before and after anesthesia with sevoflurane compared with propofol. Therefore, the hypothesis was accepted. This shows that the originality of this research has been statistically and empirically proved. Conclusion: The increase of both IFN-γ and IL-12 levels after anesthesia with propofol is significantly higher than those with sevoflurane. Propofol exerts a bigger pro-inflammatory response than sevoflurane in patients undergoing craniotomy surgery.
Pulmonary Aspergillosis j. sci. achv. feb 2017
1. Pulmonary aspergillosis refers to a spectrum of lung diseases caused by the fungus Aspergillus, including invasive aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
2. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe infection seen in severely immunocompromised patients, critically ill patients, and those with chronic lung diseases like COPD. Chronic necrotizing aspergillosis is a locally invasive infection seen in patients with mild immunosuppression or lung disease.
3. Aspergilloma is a fungus ball that develops in a pre-existing lung cavity, often caused by conditions like
ajvr%2E76%2E6%2E507
Tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in addition to its antimicrobial properties. This study investigated these effects of tulathromycin both in vitro using pig leukocytes and in vivo in pigs challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae or zymosan. In vitro, tulathromycin induced neutrophil apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and enhanced clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. In vivo, tulathromycin promoted leukocyte apoptosis and clearance, reduced the proinflammatory mediator leukotriene B4, and attenuated lung damage in A. pleuropneumoniae-infected
Asthma advances in pathophysiology
Recent research has improved our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. Asthma clinically manifests as repeated, variable episodes of breathlessness, cough, and wheeze due to bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Both innate and acquired immunity are intertwined in asthma, with environmental allergens and viruses often triggering exacerbations. Mast cells play a key role by releasing inflammatory cytokines upon activation, while communication between structural airway cells and immune cells propagates inflammation through multiple pathways.
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Effects of anaesthesia on immune system
1. General anaesthesia can have both direct and indirect effects on the immune system by impacting the innate immune response, adaptive immune response, cytokine production, neutrophil activity, and immunoglobulin levels.
2. Surgery alone increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, but anaesthetic agents may increase or decrease specific cytokine production depending on the agent.
3. Perioperative interventions like mechanical ventilation, blood transfusions, chronic pain, and immunosuppressive drugs for transplant patients can further impact the immune response. Precautions are needed for patients with these factors.
7.bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It causes narrowing of the air passages and symptoms like dyspnea, cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. There are two main types - extrinsic (allergic) asthma which is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to allergens, and intrinsic asthma which has no known trigger. Pathophysiologically, asthma involves airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and airflow limitation that usually reverses with treatment.
Lower Respiratory Disorders 2021 updated.ppt
The document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis. It discusses various types of pneumonia such as community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. For community-acquired pneumonia, it describes common causative agents and their characteristics. It also covers treatments for different types of pneumonia. The document additionally discusses pneumonia seen in immunocompromised individuals, including Pneumocystis pneumonia and fungal pneumonia.
Airway remodeling in asthma
This document summarizes airway remodeling in asthma, including its histopathological features, mechanisms, clinical relevance, and effects of asthma therapy. Key points include:
- Airway remodeling involves structural changes like increased smooth muscle mass, fibrosis, angiogenesis.
- Inflammation from eosinophils and TH2 cytokines drives remodeling through growth factors. Epithelial injury and physical forces also contribute.
- Remodeling is associated with persistent airflow limitation and decreased lung function.
- Inhaled corticosteroids may partially reverse remodeling, but high doses are needed with risk of side effects. The effects of current asthma therapies on remodeling remain unclear.
ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
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This document discusses the treatment of acute respiratory infections (pneumonias). Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is characterized by cough, purulent sputum, and fever, along with physical signs or radiological changes. Management involves administering antibiotics empirically based on severity, later narrowing the choice based on culture results. For mild cases, oral amoxicillin is recommended, while more severe cases in the hospital receive amoxicillin plus a macrolide. Complications can include lung abscesses or empyemas.
Acute Exacerbation of IPF
1. Acute exacerbations (AEx) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients occur in 5-10% of patients annually and are associated with high mortality.
2. The pathophysiology of AEx-IPF involves diffuse alveolar damage superimposed on the underlying usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Several hypotheses exist for the triggers but occult infection is not commonly supported.
3. Risk factors for AEx-IPF include lower lung function and more severe fibrosis on imaging. Invasive procedures can precipitate events. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux may reduce risk.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or non-infectious factors. It can be classified anatomically as lobar, bronchopneumonia, or interstitial pneumonia depending on the area of lung involvement. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and culture of sputum or other specimens. Treatment is usually with antibiotics chosen based on suspected cause and severity of illness.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. It is commonly classified anatomically based on the location of lung involvement or etiologically based on the causative agent. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various influenza viruses. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and culture of sputum or other respiratory samples. Treatment depends on the identified cause but generally involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia.
Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma.....
This document summarizes respiratory pathophysiology related to bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as an episodic airway disease characterized by paroxysms of dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. It then discusses the prevalence of asthma and describes the three main types: extrinsic/allergic, intrinsic/non-atopic, and mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, triggered by allergens, while intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Both types result in similar pathological changes in the lungs including mucus plugs, eosinophil infiltration, and airway wall thickening. Clinical features include acute exacerbations involving respiratory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reducing bronch
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Lung abscesses represent necrosis and cavitation of the lung due to microbial infection. They are typically marked by a single cavity greater than 2cm in diameter. Primary lung abscesses usually arise from aspiration of oral bacteria and affect the lower lobes. Secondary abscesses occur in the context of an underlying condition like obstruction or immunosuppression. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting anaerobic bacteria for several weeks and sometimes drainage for large abscesses. Complications include persistent cysts, recurrence, and life-threatening bleeding or aspiration.
Lung abscess
Lung abscesses represent cavitated areas of lung tissue caused by microbial infection. They can be either primary, arising from aspiration of oral bacteria, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition impairing lung defenses. Primary abscesses are usually polymicrobial involving anaerobic bacteria and streptococci. They typically present with cough, sputum, fever and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing a cavitary lesion and treatment is antibiotics targeting the likely microbes. Prognosis depends on abscess size and patient factors, with primary abscesses having a better outlook than secondary which involve a broader range of pathogens.
Eosinophils and Eosinophil Products in Bronchial Asthma
Eosinophits are known to be an indirect marker of airway inflammation in asthma. tt is
known since long that the total eosinophil count reflects asthmatic activity and is useful for
regulating steroid dosage and for early detection of exacerbations.
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- Oxygen Toxicity
- Drug Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Reference: Dipero
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The document summarizes the correlation between the signs and symptoms of asthma and its pathophysiology and immune mechanisms. It discusses three components of asthma pathophysiology: 1) airway narrowing due to smooth muscle contraction, edema, and mucus plugging, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness caused by genetic and acquired factors, and 3) airway inflammation involving cytokines, mast cells, and other immune cells. The signs and symptoms of asthma including wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, and chest tightness correlate with the underlying pathophysiological processes of bronchospasm, airway remodeling, and inflammation.
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- The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of mucormycosis. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement of infected tissues, antifungal therapy typically with amphotericin B, and control of underlying conditions.
- Prompt treatment including surgical debridement and antifungal therapy can significantly improve survival rates for mucormycosis compared to antifungal therapy or surgery alone. However, mortality remains high due to
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Recent research has improved our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. Asthma clinically manifests as repeated, variable episodes of breathlessness, cough, and wheeze due to bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Both innate and acquired immunity are intertwined in asthma, with environmental allergens and viruses often triggering exacerbations. Mast cells play a key role by releasing inflammatory cytokines upon activation, while communication between structural airway cells and immune cells propagates inflammation through multiple pathways.
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Effects of anaesthesia on immune system
1. General anaesthesia can have both direct and indirect effects on the immune system by impacting the innate immune response, adaptive immune response, cytokine production, neutrophil activity, and immunoglobulin levels.
2. Surgery alone increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, but anaesthetic agents may increase or decrease specific cytokine production depending on the agent.
3. Perioperative interventions like mechanical ventilation, blood transfusions, chronic pain, and immunosuppressive drugs for transplant patients can further impact the immune response. Precautions are needed for patients with these factors.
7.bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree. It causes narrowing of the air passages and symptoms like dyspnea, cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. There are two main types - extrinsic (allergic) asthma which is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to allergens, and intrinsic asthma which has no known trigger. Pathophysiologically, asthma involves airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and airflow limitation that usually reverses with treatment.
Lower Respiratory Disorders 2021 updated.ppt
The document provides an overview of lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis. It discusses various types of pneumonia such as community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. For community-acquired pneumonia, it describes common causative agents and their characteristics. It also covers treatments for different types of pneumonia. The document additionally discusses pneumonia seen in immunocompromised individuals, including Pneumocystis pneumonia and fungal pneumonia.
Airway remodeling in asthma
This document summarizes airway remodeling in asthma, including its histopathological features, mechanisms, clinical relevance, and effects of asthma therapy. Key points include:
- Airway remodeling involves structural changes like increased smooth muscle mass, fibrosis, angiogenesis.
- Inflammation from eosinophils and TH2 cytokines drives remodeling through growth factors. Epithelial injury and physical forces also contribute.
- Remodeling is associated with persistent airflow limitation and decreased lung function.
- Inhaled corticosteroids may partially reverse remodeling, but high doses are needed with risk of side effects. The effects of current asthma therapies on remodeling remain unclear.
ASTHMA
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible with treatment. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and environmental factors. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing pulmonary function tests to check for reversibility of airway obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
Lung infections (Pneumonia).pdf
This document discusses the treatment of acute respiratory infections (pneumonias). Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is characterized by cough, purulent sputum, and fever, along with physical signs or radiological changes. Management involves administering antibiotics empirically based on severity, later narrowing the choice based on culture results. For mild cases, oral amoxicillin is recommended, while more severe cases in the hospital receive amoxicillin plus a macrolide. Complications can include lung abscesses or empyemas.
Acute Exacerbation of IPF
1. Acute exacerbations (AEx) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients occur in 5-10% of patients annually and are associated with high mortality.
2. The pathophysiology of AEx-IPF involves diffuse alveolar damage superimposed on the underlying usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Several hypotheses exist for the triggers but occult infection is not commonly supported.
3. Risk factors for AEx-IPF include lower lung function and more severe fibrosis on imaging. Invasive procedures can precipitate events. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux may reduce risk.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or non-infectious factors. It can be classified anatomically as lobar, bronchopneumonia, or interstitial pneumonia depending on the area of lung involvement. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and culture of sputum or other specimens. Treatment is usually with antibiotics chosen based on suspected cause and severity of illness.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. It is commonly classified anatomically based on the location of lung involvement or etiologically based on the causative agent. Common causes of infectious pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and various influenza viruses. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and culture of sputum or other respiratory samples. Treatment depends on the identified cause but generally involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia.
Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma.....
This document summarizes respiratory pathophysiology related to bronchial asthma. It defines asthma as an episodic airway disease characterized by paroxysms of dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. It then discusses the prevalence of asthma and describes the three main types: extrinsic/allergic, intrinsic/non-atopic, and mixed. Extrinsic asthma is the most common type, triggered by allergens, while intrinsic asthma develops later in life and is not associated with allergies. Both types result in similar pathological changes in the lungs including mucus plugs, eosinophil infiltration, and airway wall thickening. Clinical features include acute exacerbations involving respiratory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reducing bronch
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Slideshow presentation of the causes of sepsis in the immunocompromised patient, its diagnosis and treatment by the multi disciplinary team
Lung abscess
Lung abscesses represent necrosis and cavitation of the lung due to microbial infection. They are typically marked by a single cavity greater than 2cm in diameter. Primary lung abscesses usually arise from aspiration of oral bacteria and affect the lower lobes. Secondary abscesses occur in the context of an underlying condition like obstruction or immunosuppression. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting anaerobic bacteria for several weeks and sometimes drainage for large abscesses. Complications include persistent cysts, recurrence, and life-threatening bleeding or aspiration.
Lung abscess
Lung abscesses represent cavitated areas of lung tissue caused by microbial infection. They can be either primary, arising from aspiration of oral bacteria, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition impairing lung defenses. Primary abscesses are usually polymicrobial involving anaerobic bacteria and streptococci. They typically present with cough, sputum, fever and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing a cavitary lesion and treatment is antibiotics targeting the likely microbes. Prognosis depends on abscess size and patient factors, with primary abscesses having a better outlook than secondary which involve a broader range of pathogens.
Eosinophils and Eosinophil Products in Bronchial Asthma
Eosinophits are known to be an indirect marker of airway inflammation in asthma. tt is
known since long that the total eosinophil count reflects asthmatic activity and is useful for
regulating steroid dosage and for early detection of exacerbations.
DRUG INDUCED PULMONARY DISEASE.pptx
Topic: Drug Induced Pulmonary Disease (PharmD 2nd Year - Pharmacotherapeutics)
-Pulmonary Eosinophilia
- Oxygen Toxicity
- Drug Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Reference: Dipero
pathophysiology & immunity of asthma
The document summarizes the correlation between the signs and symptoms of asthma and its pathophysiology and immune mechanisms. It discusses three components of asthma pathophysiology: 1) airway narrowing due to smooth muscle contraction, edema, and mucus plugging, 2) airway hyperresponsiveness caused by genetic and acquired factors, and 3) airway inflammation involving cytokines, mast cells, and other immune cells. The signs and symptoms of asthma including wheezing, breathlessness, coughing, and chest tightness correlate with the underlying pathophysiological processes of bronchospasm, airway remodeling, and inflammation.
Webinar on mucormycosis
- Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It mostly affects immunocompromised individuals, especially those with uncontrolled diabetes.
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Amarjit Mishra*
Assistant Professor (Former), Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn
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*Corresponding Author: Amarjit Mishra, Assistant Professor (Former), Laboratory of Lung Inflammation, Department of Pathobiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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- 1. Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor Role of Neutrophil Infiltration during Lung Injury Amarjit Mishra Assistant Professor at Auburn University, Yujie Guo, Li Zhang, Sunil More, Tingting Weng, and others, have recently conducted additional research on the function of neutrophils and their recruitment at a site.
- 2. Understanding of the pathology of acute lung injury by Amarjit Mishra Acute lung injury is a progressive syndrome that can result either directly from extrapulmonary infection or trauma, pneumonia, stomach acid aspiration, or inhalation of poisonous gases. Acute inflammation with neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary edoema, arterial hypoxemia, and disruption to the alveolar-capillary barrier are its defining features.
- 3. Amarjit Mishra significant research was centered on the type I transmembrane protein known as VCAM-1, which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The membrane-bound version of VCAM-1, which is present on the surface of leukocytes, binds to the integrins α4β1 and α4β7. It has been linked to asthma because it regulates the rolling and adhesion of monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils via the α4β1 integrin in the vasculature. Via proteolytic cleavage, VCAM-1 can also be released as the soluble form, sVCAM-1.
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