Recent research has improved our understanding of asthma pathophysiology. Asthma clinically manifests as repeated, variable episodes of breathlessness, cough, and wheeze due to bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Both innate and acquired immunity are intertwined in asthma, with environmental allergens and viruses often triggering exacerbations. Mast cells play a key role by releasing inflammatory cytokines upon activation, while communication between structural airway cells and immune cells propagates inflammation through multiple pathways.
201911 - Conte - Asma eosinofilico: i farmaci biologici che contrastano l'azi...Asmallergie
This document summarizes a presentation about eosinophilic asthma and biological drugs that target interleukin-5 (IL-5). It discusses the role of eosinophils and IL-5 in asthma, clinical studies of anti-IL-5 drugs like mepolizumab and benralizumab, and real-world experience with these therapies. The presentation covers the pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma, how anti-IL-5 drugs work, results from major clinical trials showing reduced exacerbations and oral corticosteroid use, and insights from real-world studies on treatment response and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of patient phenotypes and endotypes in guiding therapy selection for severe asthma.
This document summarizes the mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It discusses genetic and environmental risk factors for SLE, including a stronger prevalence in females which implicates a role for sex hormones. It describes the diverse clinical presentations of SLE and important autoantibodies involved, such as anti-double stranded DNA antibodies. The document also discusses how these autoantibodies can cause tissue damage by binding to antigens in organs and activating the complement system, as seen in lupus nephritis. Overall, it provides an overview of the pathogenesis of SLE by involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.
Mast cells (MCs) play a broad role in both physiology and disease beyond just allergy. MCs originate from bone marrow progenitor cells and develop in tissues where they exist in different phenotypes. MCs can be activated through various stimuli to degranulate and release mediators that impact wound healing, homeostasis, the nervous system, host defense against parasites, bacteria, viruses, and venoms, as well as diseases like allergy, asthma, vascular disease, and fibrosis. MCs contribute to inflammation in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and some autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases.
Shouts and whispers an introduction to immunoregulation in periodontal diseasedroliv
This document summarizes current research on immunoregulation in periodontal disease. It discusses how the host immune response, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, determines susceptibility to periodontal pathogens. Key points:
1) The host immune response, particularly the balance between pro-inflammatory Th1 and anti-inflammatory Th2 responses, plays a major role in disease outcome.
2) Cytokines are central to immune communication and determining the Th1/Th2 balance. The roles of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 in periodontal disease are discussed.
3) Multiple factors can influence the Th1
This document summarizes a presentation on T-helper 9 (Th9) cells, a relatively new member of the Th cell family. The presentation outlines that Th9 cells differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells in response to TGF-β and IL-4 cytokines. Th9 cells secrete IL-9 and play roles in allergies, parasite expulsion, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and other conditions. While Th9 cells can promote inflammation and tissue damage, they also help expel parasites and inhibit tumor growth. Further research is needed to understand Th9 cell mechanisms and potential immunotherapy applications.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
This document summarizes a study examining the role of arginase 1 (Arg1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in modulating T cell function by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airway. The study finds that Arg1, but not PD-L1, contributes to early PMN-driven suppression of T cell proliferation in CF airways. CF airway PMNs have higher Arg1 expression that correlates with increased arginase activity in CF sputum and worse lung function. Inhibition of arginase rescued T cell proliferation suppressed by CF sputum, suggesting Arg1 plays a pathological role in preventing T cell responses in CF
This document discusses metabolic immunology, which refers to the interaction between immune responses and metabolic processes. It provides background on how immune mediators like cytokines influence metabolism and vice versa. Key topics covered include how inflammation relates to conditions like type 2 diabetes, the roles of immune cells and adipose tissue, and the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic diseases like obesity. The NLRP3 inflammasome activates the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in response to danger signals, contributing to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.
201911 - Conte - Asma eosinofilico: i farmaci biologici che contrastano l'azi...Asmallergie
This document summarizes a presentation about eosinophilic asthma and biological drugs that target interleukin-5 (IL-5). It discusses the role of eosinophils and IL-5 in asthma, clinical studies of anti-IL-5 drugs like mepolizumab and benralizumab, and real-world experience with these therapies. The presentation covers the pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma, how anti-IL-5 drugs work, results from major clinical trials showing reduced exacerbations and oral corticosteroid use, and insights from real-world studies on treatment response and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of patient phenotypes and endotypes in guiding therapy selection for severe asthma.
This document summarizes the mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It discusses genetic and environmental risk factors for SLE, including a stronger prevalence in females which implicates a role for sex hormones. It describes the diverse clinical presentations of SLE and important autoantibodies involved, such as anti-double stranded DNA antibodies. The document also discusses how these autoantibodies can cause tissue damage by binding to antigens in organs and activating the complement system, as seen in lupus nephritis. Overall, it provides an overview of the pathogenesis of SLE by involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.
Mast cells (MCs) play a broad role in both physiology and disease beyond just allergy. MCs originate from bone marrow progenitor cells and develop in tissues where they exist in different phenotypes. MCs can be activated through various stimuli to degranulate and release mediators that impact wound healing, homeostasis, the nervous system, host defense against parasites, bacteria, viruses, and venoms, as well as diseases like allergy, asthma, vascular disease, and fibrosis. MCs contribute to inflammation in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and some autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases.
Shouts and whispers an introduction to immunoregulation in periodontal diseasedroliv
This document summarizes current research on immunoregulation in periodontal disease. It discusses how the host immune response, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, determines susceptibility to periodontal pathogens. Key points:
1) The host immune response, particularly the balance between pro-inflammatory Th1 and anti-inflammatory Th2 responses, plays a major role in disease outcome.
2) Cytokines are central to immune communication and determining the Th1/Th2 balance. The roles of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 in periodontal disease are discussed.
3) Multiple factors can influence the Th1
This document summarizes a presentation on T-helper 9 (Th9) cells, a relatively new member of the Th cell family. The presentation outlines that Th9 cells differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells in response to TGF-β and IL-4 cytokines. Th9 cells secrete IL-9 and play roles in allergies, parasite expulsion, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and other conditions. While Th9 cells can promote inflammation and tissue damage, they also help expel parasites and inhibit tumor growth. Further research is needed to understand Th9 cell mechanisms and potential immunotherapy applications.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
This document summarizes a study examining the role of arginase 1 (Arg1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in modulating T cell function by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airway. The study finds that Arg1, but not PD-L1, contributes to early PMN-driven suppression of T cell proliferation in CF airways. CF airway PMNs have higher Arg1 expression that correlates with increased arginase activity in CF sputum and worse lung function. Inhibition of arginase rescued T cell proliferation suppressed by CF sputum, suggesting Arg1 plays a pathological role in preventing T cell responses in CF
This document discusses metabolic immunology, which refers to the interaction between immune responses and metabolic processes. It provides background on how immune mediators like cytokines influence metabolism and vice versa. Key topics covered include how inflammation relates to conditions like type 2 diabetes, the roles of immune cells and adipose tissue, and the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in metabolic diseases like obesity. The NLRP3 inflammasome activates the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in response to danger signals, contributing to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.
This document discusses various primary immunodeficiency diseases. It notes that over 120 congenital immunodeficiency forms have been reported, affecting lymphocytes, phagocytes, and complement proteins. Specific disorders covered include Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, IgA deficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, DiGeorge anomaly, severe combined immunodeficiency, and chronic granulomatous disease. The causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and genetic basis are described for several of these primary immunodeficiency syndromes.
Role of Breast-Feeding in Early Development of Immune System in InfantsAriyanto Harsono
Breastfeeding plays an important role in the development of an infant's immune system. The document discusses how an infant's immune system is still maturing in the first years of life, leaving them more susceptible to infections. Breastmilk supports immune maturation by providing antibodies and modulating the infant's immune response. Impaired immune development in infancy can increase the risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases later in life. The interplay between genes, nutrition from breastfeeding, and the infant's environment all influence how their immune system develops.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and its potent neurotoxin. It remains endemic in developing countries and causes an estimated 1000,000 deaths worldwide each year, mostly from neonatal tetanus. The neurotoxin is transported retrogradely along motor and autonomic nerves to the central nervous system where it blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle rigidity and spasms. Severe cases are also associated with dangerous autonomic storms caused by sympathetic overactivity. Modern intensive care can prevent death from respiratory failure but other complications remain problematic.
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including their history, production, nomenclature, mechanisms of action, and applications. Some key points:
- mAbs were first discovered in 1975 and are produced by introducing human antibody genes into mice or other animals. The first therapeutic mAb was approved in 1985.
- mAbs approved by the FDA target various diseases including cancer, infections, autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, and more. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several mAbs have been approved to treat and prevent the disease.
- mAb names provide information on their target (e.g. CD3, TNF, IL-6), source/derivatization (human,
The document discusses antigens and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It describes how immunogens trigger adaptive immune responses through antibodies or T cells. The ability of an immunogen to stimulate a response depends on factors like its size, complexity, and ability to be processed and presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. MHC molecules play a key role in antigen presentation to T cells in order to activate both humoral and cellular immunity. The MHC genes encode for class I and class II molecules that bind peptides and transport them to the cell surface for recognition by CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
Early growth response gene 1 mediated apoptosis is essential for transforming...Tiensae Teshome
This study examined the role of Early Growth Response gene 1 (Egr-1) in Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis using a novel triple transgenic mouse model. The results demonstrated that TGF-β1 caused epithelial apoptosis, followed by inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Null mutation of Egr-1 or caspase inhibition blocked TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and significantly reduced fibrosis. This establishes that Egr-1-mediated apoptosis is required for TGF-β1 to induce pulmonary fibrosis and remodeling in this model.
This study investigated the effects of administering a synthetic peptide of CD36 (a receptor for thrombospondin-1) along with bleomycin to induce lung injury in rats. The results showed that administering the CD36 peptide inhibited the activation of latent TGF-β1 by alveolar macrophages, reduced inflammation and connective tissue synthesis in the lung compared to bleomycin alone. This suggests that the thrombospondin-1 and CD36 interaction plays a key role in the in vivo activation of latent TGF-β1 during lung injury, and that activated TGF-β1 from alveolar macrophages drives pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.
Controversy: the role of immunomodulator in allergic caseSuharti Wairagya
dipresentasikan oleh Erwanto BW Teguh HK
Divisi Alergi Imunologi Klinik Departemen 1. Penyakit Dalam FKUI/RSCM Bagian Penyakit Dalam SMF non Bedah RS. dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, specifically systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It describes how SLE results from a loss of self-tolerance causing autoantibodies or autoreactive cells to damage organs. Key points are that SLE is associated with over 25 autoantibodies, most notably double-stranded DNA antibodies and antihistone antibodies. Diagnosis involves screening for antinuclear antibodies via fluorescent antinuclear antibody testing, with double-stranded DNA antibodies being highly specific for SLE diagnosis. The disease presents with diverse, nonspecific symptoms and can affect many organ systems like the skin, joints, and kidneys.
Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are important mediators of the inflammatory response. They are produced by immune cells like lymphocytes and monocytes and act as signaling molecules between cells. The document defines cytokines and provides classifications of cytokines. It describes the roles of key cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in innate immunity and leukocyte recruitment during the early immune response. Cytokines function through binding to specific cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signaling pathways.
This document discusses hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity reactions specifically. It defines hypersensitivity as an excessive immune response to harmless antigens that can cause tissue injury. Type 1 reactions involve IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils, which then release inflammatory mediators like histamine. Common symptoms of type 1 reactions include allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, and the most severe form, anaphylaxis. Skin testing and measuring antigen-specific IgE levels are used to diagnose type 1 hypersensitivity.
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
Immunoglobulin therapy can be indicated for several conditions. It is clearly indicated for agammaglobulinemia due to the absence of B cells to prevent infections. For hypogammaglobulinemia with impaired antibody function, immunoglobulin therapy reduces infection rates. The appropriate immunoglobulin level to maintain an infection-free state can vary between patients. Immunoglobulin may also be used for normal immunoglobulin levels with selective antibody deficiencies if antibiotics are not controlling infections. Hypogammaglobulinemia with normal antibody responses usually does not require treatment.
1) The document discusses how the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) expressed by dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa plays a critical role in anti-cancer immunosurveillance by eliciting protective CD8+ T cell immune responses against colorectal carcinoma.
2) FcRn mediates this tumor immunosurveillance by facilitating the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens from immune complexes formed between tumor antigens and tumor-reactive IgGs to activate tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.
3) Manipulating this FcRn-dependent antigen processing pathway in dendritic cells is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy as it can overcome the immunosuppressive environment in m
This document summarizes key advances in neurogastroenterology and motility research from 2011. Three main points are:
1) Studies showed that gut microbes and nutrients can affect mood and food intake through the vagus nerve and endocannabinoid signaling. Stress was also found to exacerbate visceral pain through changes in primary afferent neurons and spinal glia.
2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
1. Mast cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and differentiate under the influence of SCF and the microenvironment. They are found throughout connective tissues and mucosa where they play roles in inflammation, repair, and homeostasis.
2. Mast cell activation can occur through immunoglobulin E-dependent or independent mechanisms and results in the release of preformed and newly synthesized mediators.
3. Mastocytosis represents a spectrum of disorders characterized by abnormal mast cell accumulation in one or more organ systems. Symptoms range from cutaneous involvement to serious end-organ damage and can be caused by genetic mutations leading to mast cell proliferation.
The document summarizes key points about transplantation immunity, antitumor immunity, and autoimmune diseases from a medical lecture. The lecture covers:
1. The history of transplantation, including pioneering transplant surgeons.
2. Selection criteria for transplant recipients and donors, such as matching HLA antigens and blood type compatibility.
3. Potential graft rejection responses and immunosuppressive therapies to prevent rejection.
4. Factors influencing antitumor immunity and tumor immune evasion, as well as immunotherapy methods like monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and cancer vaccines.
5. Characteristics of autoimmune diseases like systemic involvement, genetic susceptibility, and treatments including immunosuppression.
The document discusses the structure and function of antibodies (immunoglobulins). It describes how antibodies are made up of heavy and light polypeptide chains that form sites for binding antigens. The five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) have different structures and functions, with IgG being the most abundant in serum and involved in complement activation, phagocytosis and placental transfer of immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during initial exposure to antigens.
Autoinflammation &skin disorders by yousry abdel mawlaYousry Abdel-mawla
Autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs) are characterized by aberrant regulation of the innate immune system leading to recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation without evidence of autoimmunity. AIDs can be hereditary monogenic disorders caused by mutations in genes regulating the inflammasome and interleukin 1 beta processing. Common symptoms include periodic fevers and rashes. Treatment may involve inhibition of interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that found certain gut bacteria present early in infants, including Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Veillonella and Rothia, can help prevent the risk of developing asthma later in life. These gut bacteria produce metabolites that help regulate the immune system and reduce airway inflammation. The study suggests establishing these beneficial gut bacteria early in life through breastfeeding or probiotic supplementation could be a potential strategy for preventing asthma.
The document discusses the mechanisms of cancer cell dissemination and survival outside the primary tumor during metastasis. It explains that premalignant niches in distant organs are primed before metastatic dissemination occurs. Cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to leave the primary tumor but then undergo mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) at the secondary site. Hypoxia in the primary tumor core promotes the migration of cancer cells to the tumor periphery. Cancer cells must then intravasate into blood or lymphatic vessels to disseminate to distant organs influenced by the "seed and soil" hypothesis where certain cell types metastasize to preferred organ sites.
This document discusses various primary immunodeficiency diseases. It notes that over 120 congenital immunodeficiency forms have been reported, affecting lymphocytes, phagocytes, and complement proteins. Specific disorders covered include Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, IgA deficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, DiGeorge anomaly, severe combined immunodeficiency, and chronic granulomatous disease. The causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and genetic basis are described for several of these primary immunodeficiency syndromes.
Role of Breast-Feeding in Early Development of Immune System in InfantsAriyanto Harsono
Breastfeeding plays an important role in the development of an infant's immune system. The document discusses how an infant's immune system is still maturing in the first years of life, leaving them more susceptible to infections. Breastmilk supports immune maturation by providing antibodies and modulating the infant's immune response. Impaired immune development in infancy can increase the risk of allergies and autoimmune diseases later in life. The interplay between genes, nutrition from breastfeeding, and the infant's environment all influence how their immune system develops.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and its potent neurotoxin. It remains endemic in developing countries and causes an estimated 1000,000 deaths worldwide each year, mostly from neonatal tetanus. The neurotoxin is transported retrogradely along motor and autonomic nerves to the central nervous system where it blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle rigidity and spasms. Severe cases are also associated with dangerous autonomic storms caused by sympathetic overactivity. Modern intensive care can prevent death from respiratory failure but other complications remain problematic.
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including their history, production, nomenclature, mechanisms of action, and applications. Some key points:
- mAbs were first discovered in 1975 and are produced by introducing human antibody genes into mice or other animals. The first therapeutic mAb was approved in 1985.
- mAbs approved by the FDA target various diseases including cancer, infections, autoimmune/inflammatory conditions, and more. During the COVID-19 pandemic, several mAbs have been approved to treat and prevent the disease.
- mAb names provide information on their target (e.g. CD3, TNF, IL-6), source/derivatization (human,
The document discusses antigens and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It describes how immunogens trigger adaptive immune responses through antibodies or T cells. The ability of an immunogen to stimulate a response depends on factors like its size, complexity, and ability to be processed and presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. MHC molecules play a key role in antigen presentation to T cells in order to activate both humoral and cellular immunity. The MHC genes encode for class I and class II molecules that bind peptides and transport them to the cell surface for recognition by CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
Early growth response gene 1 mediated apoptosis is essential for transforming...Tiensae Teshome
This study examined the role of Early Growth Response gene 1 (Egr-1) in Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis using a novel triple transgenic mouse model. The results demonstrated that TGF-β1 caused epithelial apoptosis, followed by inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Null mutation of Egr-1 or caspase inhibition blocked TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and significantly reduced fibrosis. This establishes that Egr-1-mediated apoptosis is required for TGF-β1 to induce pulmonary fibrosis and remodeling in this model.
This study investigated the effects of administering a synthetic peptide of CD36 (a receptor for thrombospondin-1) along with bleomycin to induce lung injury in rats. The results showed that administering the CD36 peptide inhibited the activation of latent TGF-β1 by alveolar macrophages, reduced inflammation and connective tissue synthesis in the lung compared to bleomycin alone. This suggests that the thrombospondin-1 and CD36 interaction plays a key role in the in vivo activation of latent TGF-β1 during lung injury, and that activated TGF-β1 from alveolar macrophages drives pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.
Controversy: the role of immunomodulator in allergic caseSuharti Wairagya
dipresentasikan oleh Erwanto BW Teguh HK
Divisi Alergi Imunologi Klinik Departemen 1. Penyakit Dalam FKUI/RSCM Bagian Penyakit Dalam SMF non Bedah RS. dr. H. Marzoeki Mahdi Bogor
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, specifically systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It describes how SLE results from a loss of self-tolerance causing autoantibodies or autoreactive cells to damage organs. Key points are that SLE is associated with over 25 autoantibodies, most notably double-stranded DNA antibodies and antihistone antibodies. Diagnosis involves screening for antinuclear antibodies via fluorescent antinuclear antibody testing, with double-stranded DNA antibodies being highly specific for SLE diagnosis. The disease presents with diverse, nonspecific symptoms and can affect many organ systems like the skin, joints, and kidneys.
Cytokines are small soluble proteins that are important mediators of the inflammatory response. They are produced by immune cells like lymphocytes and monocytes and act as signaling molecules between cells. The document defines cytokines and provides classifications of cytokines. It describes the roles of key cytokines like IL-1 and IL-2 in innate immunity and leukocyte recruitment during the early immune response. Cytokines function through binding to specific cell surface receptors and activating intracellular signaling pathways.
This document discusses hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity reactions specifically. It defines hypersensitivity as an excessive immune response to harmless antigens that can cause tissue injury. Type 1 reactions involve IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils, which then release inflammatory mediators like histamine. Common symptoms of type 1 reactions include allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, and the most severe form, anaphylaxis. Skin testing and measuring antigen-specific IgE levels are used to diagnose type 1 hypersensitivity.
The document discusses cytokines, which are proteins that mediate communication between cells of the immune system. It describes the different types of cytokines, including interleukins produced by T-helper cells, lymphokines produced by lymphocytes, and monokines produced by monocytes. The document outlines the roles and functions of specific cytokines like IL-1, IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and GM-CSF. It also discusses how cytokines are classified based on their structure and roles in innate versus adaptive immunity.
Immunoglobulin therapy can be indicated for several conditions. It is clearly indicated for agammaglobulinemia due to the absence of B cells to prevent infections. For hypogammaglobulinemia with impaired antibody function, immunoglobulin therapy reduces infection rates. The appropriate immunoglobulin level to maintain an infection-free state can vary between patients. Immunoglobulin may also be used for normal immunoglobulin levels with selective antibody deficiencies if antibiotics are not controlling infections. Hypogammaglobulinemia with normal antibody responses usually does not require treatment.
1) The document discusses how the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) expressed by dendritic cells in the intestinal mucosa plays a critical role in anti-cancer immunosurveillance by eliciting protective CD8+ T cell immune responses against colorectal carcinoma.
2) FcRn mediates this tumor immunosurveillance by facilitating the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens from immune complexes formed between tumor antigens and tumor-reactive IgGs to activate tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.
3) Manipulating this FcRn-dependent antigen processing pathway in dendritic cells is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy as it can overcome the immunosuppressive environment in m
This document summarizes key advances in neurogastroenterology and motility research from 2011. Three main points are:
1) Studies showed that gut microbes and nutrients can affect mood and food intake through the vagus nerve and endocannabinoid signaling. Stress was also found to exacerbate visceral pain through changes in primary afferent neurons and spinal glia.
2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
1. Mast cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and differentiate under the influence of SCF and the microenvironment. They are found throughout connective tissues and mucosa where they play roles in inflammation, repair, and homeostasis.
2. Mast cell activation can occur through immunoglobulin E-dependent or independent mechanisms and results in the release of preformed and newly synthesized mediators.
3. Mastocytosis represents a spectrum of disorders characterized by abnormal mast cell accumulation in one or more organ systems. Symptoms range from cutaneous involvement to serious end-organ damage and can be caused by genetic mutations leading to mast cell proliferation.
The document summarizes key points about transplantation immunity, antitumor immunity, and autoimmune diseases from a medical lecture. The lecture covers:
1. The history of transplantation, including pioneering transplant surgeons.
2. Selection criteria for transplant recipients and donors, such as matching HLA antigens and blood type compatibility.
3. Potential graft rejection responses and immunosuppressive therapies to prevent rejection.
4. Factors influencing antitumor immunity and tumor immune evasion, as well as immunotherapy methods like monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and cancer vaccines.
5. Characteristics of autoimmune diseases like systemic involvement, genetic susceptibility, and treatments including immunosuppression.
The document discusses the structure and function of antibodies (immunoglobulins). It describes how antibodies are made up of heavy and light polypeptide chains that form sites for binding antigens. The five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) have different structures and functions, with IgG being the most abundant in serum and involved in complement activation, phagocytosis and placental transfer of immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during initial exposure to antigens.
Autoinflammation &skin disorders by yousry abdel mawlaYousry Abdel-mawla
Autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs) are characterized by aberrant regulation of the innate immune system leading to recurrent episodes of systemic inflammation without evidence of autoimmunity. AIDs can be hereditary monogenic disorders caused by mutations in genes regulating the inflammasome and interleukin 1 beta processing. Common symptoms include periodic fevers and rashes. Treatment may involve inhibition of interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that found certain gut bacteria present early in infants, including Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Veillonella and Rothia, can help prevent the risk of developing asthma later in life. These gut bacteria produce metabolites that help regulate the immune system and reduce airway inflammation. The study suggests establishing these beneficial gut bacteria early in life through breastfeeding or probiotic supplementation could be a potential strategy for preventing asthma.
The document discusses the mechanisms of cancer cell dissemination and survival outside the primary tumor during metastasis. It explains that premalignant niches in distant organs are primed before metastatic dissemination occurs. Cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to leave the primary tumor but then undergo mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) at the secondary site. Hypoxia in the primary tumor core promotes the migration of cancer cells to the tumor periphery. Cancer cells must then intravasate into blood or lymphatic vessels to disseminate to distant organs influenced by the "seed and soil" hypothesis where certain cell types metastasize to preferred organ sites.
Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygi...Apollo Hospitals
This document discusses the hygiene hypothesis in autoimmune and allergic disease. It proposes that reduced incidence of parasitic infections in developed countries due to improved sanitation may be linked to increased rates of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Parasitic infections induce regulatory immune responses that help the parasites survive while also reducing inflammation. Specific parasite molecules modulate the immune system by suppressing Th1 and Th17 responses and inducing Th2 and regulatory T cell responses. Understanding these immunomodulatory mechanisms could help develop new treatments for inflammatory and allergic conditions.
This document summarizes the pathology of asthma. It describes the anatomical changes that occur, including epithelial desquamation, thickening of the lamina reticularis, smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, mucous gland hyperplasia, and angiogenesis. It also discusses the multicellular inflammation in asthma involving eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. The roles of these inflammatory cells and their mediators in contributing to asthma pathogenesis are described.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction. Key features include recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough. It affects over 100 million people worldwide. The pathogenesis involves airway inflammation driven by mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages and T lymphocytes activated by environmental and genetic factors. This leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and recurrent episodes of chest symptoms and airflow limitation. A diagnosis is made based on clinical history and objective tests showing variable expiratory airflow limitation that improves with bronchodilators.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It involves intermittent and reversible airway obstruction, chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils, and increased mucus secretion. The hallmarks are bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperreactivity and excessive TH2 reactions against environmental allergens leading to airway remodeling. Characteristic morphologic changes in asthma include thickening of the airway wall, sub-basement membrane fibrosis, increased vascularity, and increased mucus production.
CAR-T cells are genetically modified T cells that are designed to target and destroy cancer cells. They contain chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that allow them to recognize specific antigens on tumor cells independently of the normal T cell receptor. The CAR is composed of an extracellular antigen recognition domain attached to transmembrane and co-stimulatory domains, allowing the modified T cells to directly bind and kill cancer cells upon antigen recognition and initiate an immune response against the tumor.
1. Blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma infect humans and cause schistosomiasis. The three main species that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium, which infect the large intestine, small intestine, and urinary bladder, respectively.
2. CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cells play an important protective role during schistosome infection through regulating immune responses like granuloma formation and antibody production. However, strong Th2 responses can also contribute to pathogenic changes like hepatic fibrosis.
3. A complex interplay between Th2 cells, regulatory macrophages, antibodies, and other immune factors controls infection and tissue
Bronchial asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction triggered by an immune response to allergens. It involves Th2 cells and IgE antibodies that activate mast cells and eosinophils, causing inflammation. Genetic and environmental factors influence its development and severity. Studies show dendritic cells play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance or launching attacks. Asthma phenotypes include eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and paucigranulocytic types with different pathology, severity, and treatment responses. Corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors are common therapies that reduce inflammation and relax airways.
This document discusses the immune response to helminth infections in three parts. It begins by describing the innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to rejection of helminths, including the roles of cytokines, antibodies, granulocytes, and T cells. It then explains how helminths evade and modulate the immune system to establish chronic infections, such as through regulatory T cells, alternatively activated macrophages, and cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β that suppress inflammation. Finally, it concludes that while immunomodulation benefits the host by reducing immune-mediated damage, it can also increase susceptibility to other pathogens.
This document summarizes research on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). It discusses how EIB is characterized by a reduction in lung function following exercise. While the exact mechanism is unclear, two leading hypotheses are that EIB results from cooling of the airways or loss of water from the airways during high ventilation from exercise. Inflammation likely plays a role, as EIB has been linked to mast cell degranulation and eosinophil levels. The document reviews the epidemiology of EIB and potential mediators involved like histamine and prostaglandins.
This document summarizes airway remodeling in asthma, including its histopathological features, mechanisms, clinical relevance, and effects of asthma therapy. Key points include:
- Airway remodeling involves structural changes like increased smooth muscle mass, fibrosis, angiogenesis.
- Inflammation from eosinophils and TH2 cytokines drives remodeling through growth factors. Epithelial injury and physical forces also contribute.
- Remodeling is associated with persistent airflow limitation and decreased lung function.
- Inhaled corticosteroids may partially reverse remodeling, but high doses are needed with risk of side effects. The effects of current asthma therapies on remodeling remain unclear.
Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A consequence of Immunological maladaptationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document provides an overview of asthma including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Key points include that over 334 million people worldwide currently suffer from asthma, environmental factors like allergens and infections contribute to its development, and treatment involves management of symptoms and inflammation.
The document discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of asthma. Some key points:
- Atopic allergy and allergy to common inhalants like house dust mites, pollens and molds contribute to 75-85% of asthma cases. Occupational allergens can also cause asthma.
- Pathophysiology involves airway smooth muscle contraction, epithelial secretions and inflammatory edema narrowing the airways. Early and late phase asthmatic reactions are mediated by IgE and inflammatory cells/mediators.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry, allergy tests and inflammation markers. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function
The document discusses the immune system and inflammation. It describes how the immune system protects the host from foreign molecules but can also result in problems like inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function. These signs are caused by changes in blood vessels and cells driven by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators released during inflammation. The document also examines the role of various immune cells, cytokines and other mediators in both innate and adaptive immunity as well as the pathogenesis of diseases like arthritis, asthma and cancer. It explores potential therapeutic approaches targeting these mechanisms.
Neonatal mice exposed to the phosphorylcholine epitope from pneumococcal bacteria had increased frequencies of PC-specific B cells in their lungs as adults. When later exposed to house dust mite, which contains a similar PC epitope, these mice showed decreased allergy symptoms including lower IgE production, reduced lung inflammation, and less airway hyperresponsiveness compared to control mice. Thus, early-life exposure to bacterial PC protected against the later development of house dust mite-induced allergic disease in adulthood by modulating the B cell response.
This document provides a review of the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic diseases. It discusses the complex factors involved in the development of allergic diseases, including genetics, environment, and immune function. The review covers the history and epidemiology of common allergic diseases like allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. It examines the molecular mechanisms and pathological processes involved in each disease. Recent developments in genetics and immunology are helping researchers better understand the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and develop new biological drug therapies.
Childhood asthma - etiopathogenesis,clinical manifestations and evaluationLokanath Reddy Mummadi
This document provides an overview of childhood asthma including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and evaluation. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough.
- Global prevalence has increased 50% per decade, with higher rates in Western countries and urban areas. India has an estimated prevalence of 3%.
- It results from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors such as viruses, allergens, air pollution and tobacco smoke.
- Pathogenesis involves chronic airway inflammation and remodeling driven by T helper 2 cells and eosinophils in response to triggers.
This document summarizes research on helminth infections and their effects on host immune regulation. It discusses how helminths compromise immunity to protect the host from immunopathology, leading to an immunoregulated state. Chronic infections induce antigen-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness correlated with regulatory cytokines and cells. Deficient acquired immunity fails to clear infections or protect against reinfection. The document examines regulatory cell populations and mechanisms, as well as impacts on vaccine responses and the hygiene hypothesis. Mouse models demonstrate Th2 polarization and regulatory responses to helminths like Schistosoma mansoni.
Similar to Asthma advances in pathophysiology (20)
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics