This document provides an overview of dental amalgam. It begins with a brief introduction, then discusses the history of amalgam use dating back to ancient China. The document outlines various classifications of amalgam and lists indications and contraindications for its use. Advantages include ease of use and strength, while disadvantages include esthetics and weakness of tooth structure. The document discusses the composition of amalgam, including the roles of individual components like silver, tin and copper. It also summarizes the amalgamation reaction and properties of amalgam like strength, creep and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses the role and development of dentine bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentine due to its structure and composition compared to enamel. Various generations of bonding agents are classified, from early phosphoric acid-based systems to modern multi-step etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives. Conditioning of the dentine surface and the role of priming agents are explained. Factors affecting the bonding process such as smear layer removal and acid etching duration are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses casting alloys used in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting alloys and their evolution since the 1900s. It then covers the key properties casting alloys must have including biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, hardness, castability and bonding to ceramics. The document classifies casting alloys and discusses commonly used types such as gold alloys, silver-palladium alloys, cobalt-chrome alloys and titanium alloys. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different alloy groups.
This document discusses stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. It provides details on the history and discovery of stainless steel. It describes the different types of stainless steel including their compositions and properties. Austenitic stainless steel such as 304 is commonly used due its corrosion resistance and ductility. The document discusses factors such as cold working, heat treatment, and sensitization that can impact the properties of stainless steel for orthodontic applications.
This document discusses acid etching of dental surfaces. It describes how acid etching was first proposed in 1955 to increase bond strength between composite resin and enamel. Acid etching removes enamel and creates an irregular porous surface that allows resin to penetrate through micromechanical interlocking, improving bond strength. Factors like acid type/concentration, etching duration, and fluoride levels can affect bonding. While acid etching is effective, some alternatives under investigation include crystal growth solutions, air abrasion, and lasers, but they have not achieved bond strengths as high as acid etching.
This document discusses restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. It defines restorative materials as synthetic components that can repair or replace tooth structure. Ideal materials should be biocompatible, restore aesthetics, maintain strength, prevent microleakage, bond permanently, and promote tissue repair. The document discusses various temporary and permanent restorative materials like glass ionomer cement, composite resin, amalgam, pit and fissure sealants, and stainless steel crowns. It provides the advantages and disadvantages as well as indications for use of each material in restoring primary and young permanent teeth in children. Selection of the appropriate material depends on factors like the child's age, caries risk, tooth type, and cooperation level.
Introduction & classification of removable partial dentureAbhinav Mudaliar
This document provides an introduction and overview of removable partial dentures (RPDs). It defines prosthodontics and discusses the different branches including removable prosthodontics. Removable prosthodontics involves replacing missing teeth and tissues with dentures that can be removed by the wearer. The document then examines various RPD classifications including Cummer's, Kennedy's, Applegate's modification, and Beckett and Wilson's classifications. It also outlines indications for RPDs and common terminology used in RPDs such as abutment, retainer, and temporary denture.
The document discusses the role and development of dentine bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentine due to its structure and composition compared to enamel. Various generations of bonding agents are classified, from early phosphoric acid-based systems to modern multi-step etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives. Conditioning of the dentine surface and the role of priming agents are explained. Factors affecting the bonding process such as smear layer removal and acid etching duration are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses casting alloys used in dentistry. It begins with a brief history of casting alloys and their evolution since the 1900s. It then covers the key properties casting alloys must have including biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, hardness, castability and bonding to ceramics. The document classifies casting alloys and discusses commonly used types such as gold alloys, silver-palladium alloys, cobalt-chrome alloys and titanium alloys. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of different alloy groups.
This document discusses stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. It provides details on the history and discovery of stainless steel. It describes the different types of stainless steel including their compositions and properties. Austenitic stainless steel such as 304 is commonly used due its corrosion resistance and ductility. The document discusses factors such as cold working, heat treatment, and sensitization that can impact the properties of stainless steel for orthodontic applications.
This document discusses acid etching of dental surfaces. It describes how acid etching was first proposed in 1955 to increase bond strength between composite resin and enamel. Acid etching removes enamel and creates an irregular porous surface that allows resin to penetrate through micromechanical interlocking, improving bond strength. Factors like acid type/concentration, etching duration, and fluoride levels can affect bonding. While acid etching is effective, some alternatives under investigation include crystal growth solutions, air abrasion, and lasers, but they have not achieved bond strengths as high as acid etching.
This document discusses restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. It defines restorative materials as synthetic components that can repair or replace tooth structure. Ideal materials should be biocompatible, restore aesthetics, maintain strength, prevent microleakage, bond permanently, and promote tissue repair. The document discusses various temporary and permanent restorative materials like glass ionomer cement, composite resin, amalgam, pit and fissure sealants, and stainless steel crowns. It provides the advantages and disadvantages as well as indications for use of each material in restoring primary and young permanent teeth in children. Selection of the appropriate material depends on factors like the child's age, caries risk, tooth type, and cooperation level.
Introduction & classification of removable partial dentureAbhinav Mudaliar
This document provides an introduction and overview of removable partial dentures (RPDs). It defines prosthodontics and discusses the different branches including removable prosthodontics. Removable prosthodontics involves replacing missing teeth and tissues with dentures that can be removed by the wearer. The document then examines various RPD classifications including Cummer's, Kennedy's, Applegate's modification, and Beckett and Wilson's classifications. It also outlines indications for RPDs and common terminology used in RPDs such as abutment, retainer, and temporary denture.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
This document discusses indirect composite restorations such as inlays and onlays. It begins by defining these terms and discussing indications, contraindications, and materials used. It then covers different classification systems for indirect composites based on fabrication method, curing method, and generation. Various commercial composite systems are described. The document discusses advantages like improved physical properties over direct composites, as well as disadvantages like increased time and cost. Fabrication techniques include direct, semidirect, and indirect methods. Steps for cavity preparation and cementation of indirect composites are outlined.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including its history, composition, manufacturing process, properties, and clinical use. Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin alloy. It has been used as a dental restorative material since the 1800s. The document discusses the various types of amalgam alloys, the chemical reactions involved in amalgam setting, and how properties like strength and creep vary between low-copper and high-copper amalgam formulations. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for using dental amalgam.
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including its composition, classification, setting mechanism, applications and uses, advantages/disadvantages, and modifications/advancements. Specifically:
- GIC is composed of fluoroalumino silicate glass powder and an ionic polymer of polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and polymer.
- GIC is classified based on its powder/liquid ratio and intended use, such as luting cement (Type I), restorative cement (Type II), or lining/base cement (Type III).
- The setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass powder, precipitation of salts, and hydration of
The cast metal restoration is versatile and is especially applicable to Class II onlay preparations. The process has many steps, involves many dental materials, and requires meticulous attention to prepration.
Tooth treatment planned to be restored with an intracoronal restoration, but the decay or fracture is so extensive that a direct restoration, such as amalgam or composite, would not be able to sustain or bear forces.
Additionally, when decay or fracture incorporate areas of cusp or remaining tooth structure that undermines perimeter walls of a tooth, an onlay might be indicated.
The document discusses complete denture impressions. It begins with an introduction stating there has been disagreement over impression procedures since 1850 due to many being developed empirically. It then defines key terms like impression, preliminary impression, final impression, and impression material.
The document reviews the literature on impression techniques dating back to the 18th century. It discusses early methods and materials used like beeswax, gutta percha, plaster of paris, and zinc oxide eugenol. The mucous membrane anatomy is explained. Biological considerations for maxillary and mandibular impressions are provided, highlighting important anatomical landmarks and structures.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document provides an overview of surveying and surveying tools used in the process of designing removable partial dentures (RPDs). It discusses the history and development of surveying, types of surveyors, principles of surveying including survey lines and path of insertion. The document outlines the step-by-step survey process including orienting the cast, tilting, marking survey lines, measuring undercuts, identifying interferences, and tripoding the cast for future reference. Various surveying tools such as the analyzing rod, carbon marker, undercut gauges, and wax trimmers are also described.
This document discusses various materials used for fabricating dental dies, including their properties and uses. It covers gypsum products like dental stone (Type III and high-strength Type IV and V stones), electroformed dies using copper or silver plating, epoxy resins, and flexible die materials like polyvinyl and polyurethane. Each material has advantages like detail reproduction, strength and disadvantages like shrinkage, toxicity or incompatibility with some impression materials. Newer ceramic and CAD/CAM die materials are also introduced that are strong and dimensionally stable.
This document discusses provisional restorations, including their definition, purpose, requirements, and fabrication methods. Provisional restorations are interim prostheses used for a limited time after tooth preparation until a permanent restoration can be placed. They protect the prepared tooth, maintain function and aesthetics, and allow the dentist to assess treatment. Ideal provisionals have biologic requirements like pulp protection and positional stability, mechanical requirements like strength and retention, and aesthetic requirements like color matching. They can be custom-made using various resin or metal materials or prefabricated. Direct, indirect, and combined fabrication techniques are described.
This document discusses different types of matrices used in restorative dentistry. It describes the purpose of matrices in confining restorative materials and establishing proper contacts and contours. Several common matrix types are outlined, including Tofflemire, copper band, and custom made matrices. The key components, indications, advantages and disadvantages of each matrix type are provided.
The document provides information on the procedure for amalgam restoration. It discusses the appropriate mercury to alloy ratio, which is typically 1:1. It describes the steps of trituration to mix the alloy and mercury using either hand mixing or mechanical mixing. Proper trituration is important to coat the alloy particles. The document also outlines the steps for condensing the amalgam into the cavity preparation using incremental layering and discusses carving and polishing the final restoration.
This document provides guidelines for preparing class II inlay restorations. It describes initial procedures like evaluating occlusion and administering anesthesia. It discusses preparing the occlusal outline, proximal box, bevels, and flares. Modifications for specific tooth shapes and situations are covered. Preparation variations like slices and flares are explained. Special considerations for abutment teeth and root surface lesions are also summarized. The document provides a thorough overview of class II inlay preparation techniques.
Classification of impression materials انواع مواد الطبعDenTeach
خاص بمادة Dental material
تقسيمة مختصرة ملمة بأنواع المواد المستخدمة في اخذ طبعة للفم والاسنان
SUBJECTIVE:- Dental Material
CHAPTER:- Impression Material
تمت مشاركته عبر: د. أحمد طه
This document provides information about inlay restorations, including definitions, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, materials used, tooth preparation design, and impression techniques. It begins with an introduction to inlays and their history. Key points covered include that inlays are cast restorations used to restore damaged teeth while preserving tooth structure. Proper tooth preparation design with features like taper, bevels, and flares are described to maximize retention and adaptation of the inlay restoration. The document provides details on tooth preparation for class II inlays.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
The document discusses dental casting alloys, including their history, desirable properties, composition, classification into noble metal alloys and base metal alloys. Key points covered include the importance of biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, aesthetics and thermal properties of alloys. Common metals used in alloys such as gold, palladium, silver and nickel are described.
Gingival finish lines in fixed prosthodonticsNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses different finish line designs used in fixed prosthodontics. It defines a finish line as the junction between prepared and unprepared tooth structure. Common finish line locations are subgingival, equigingival, and supragingival. Common designs include chamfer, shoulder, bevelled shoulder, and knife edge. A chamfer is the preferred design as it provides greater angulation than knife edge but less width than shoulder. Placement depends on factors like esthetics, plaque control, and periodontal health. Subgingival margins are not recommended but may be used when esthetics require. Equigingival placement at the gingival crest is optimal when possible.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including:
- A brief history of amalgam, noting its first uses dating back to the 7th century and widespread adoption starting in the 19th century.
- Details on the "amalgam wars" that occurred over concerns about the safety of mercury in amalgam in the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Descriptions of the composition, manufacturing processes, phases and properties of amalgam, as well as newer advances and ongoing controversies.
- It concludes by restating amalgam's position as one of the most commonly used dental restorative materials historically, while acknowledging alternatives and declining use due to safety questions.
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
This document discusses indirect composite restorations such as inlays and onlays. It begins by defining these terms and discussing indications, contraindications, and materials used. It then covers different classification systems for indirect composites based on fabrication method, curing method, and generation. Various commercial composite systems are described. The document discusses advantages like improved physical properties over direct composites, as well as disadvantages like increased time and cost. Fabrication techniques include direct, semidirect, and indirect methods. Steps for cavity preparation and cementation of indirect composites are outlined.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including its history, composition, manufacturing process, properties, and clinical use. Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin alloy. It has been used as a dental restorative material since the 1800s. The document discusses the various types of amalgam alloys, the chemical reactions involved in amalgam setting, and how properties like strength and creep vary between low-copper and high-copper amalgam formulations. It also outlines the indications and contraindications for using dental amalgam.
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement (GIC), including its composition, classification, setting mechanism, applications and uses, advantages/disadvantages, and modifications/advancements. Specifically:
- GIC is composed of fluoroalumino silicate glass powder and an ionic polymer of polyacrylic acid. It sets via an acid-base reaction between the glass and polymer.
- GIC is classified based on its powder/liquid ratio and intended use, such as luting cement (Type I), restorative cement (Type II), or lining/base cement (Type III).
- The setting reaction involves dissolution of the glass powder, precipitation of salts, and hydration of
The cast metal restoration is versatile and is especially applicable to Class II onlay preparations. The process has many steps, involves many dental materials, and requires meticulous attention to prepration.
Tooth treatment planned to be restored with an intracoronal restoration, but the decay or fracture is so extensive that a direct restoration, such as amalgam or composite, would not be able to sustain or bear forces.
Additionally, when decay or fracture incorporate areas of cusp or remaining tooth structure that undermines perimeter walls of a tooth, an onlay might be indicated.
The document discusses complete denture impressions. It begins with an introduction stating there has been disagreement over impression procedures since 1850 due to many being developed empirically. It then defines key terms like impression, preliminary impression, final impression, and impression material.
The document reviews the literature on impression techniques dating back to the 18th century. It discusses early methods and materials used like beeswax, gutta percha, plaster of paris, and zinc oxide eugenol. The mucous membrane anatomy is explained. Biological considerations for maxillary and mandibular impressions are provided, highlighting important anatomical landmarks and structures.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document provides an overview of surveying and surveying tools used in the process of designing removable partial dentures (RPDs). It discusses the history and development of surveying, types of surveyors, principles of surveying including survey lines and path of insertion. The document outlines the step-by-step survey process including orienting the cast, tilting, marking survey lines, measuring undercuts, identifying interferences, and tripoding the cast for future reference. Various surveying tools such as the analyzing rod, carbon marker, undercut gauges, and wax trimmers are also described.
This document discusses various materials used for fabricating dental dies, including their properties and uses. It covers gypsum products like dental stone (Type III and high-strength Type IV and V stones), electroformed dies using copper or silver plating, epoxy resins, and flexible die materials like polyvinyl and polyurethane. Each material has advantages like detail reproduction, strength and disadvantages like shrinkage, toxicity or incompatibility with some impression materials. Newer ceramic and CAD/CAM die materials are also introduced that are strong and dimensionally stable.
This document discusses provisional restorations, including their definition, purpose, requirements, and fabrication methods. Provisional restorations are interim prostheses used for a limited time after tooth preparation until a permanent restoration can be placed. They protect the prepared tooth, maintain function and aesthetics, and allow the dentist to assess treatment. Ideal provisionals have biologic requirements like pulp protection and positional stability, mechanical requirements like strength and retention, and aesthetic requirements like color matching. They can be custom-made using various resin or metal materials or prefabricated. Direct, indirect, and combined fabrication techniques are described.
This document discusses different types of matrices used in restorative dentistry. It describes the purpose of matrices in confining restorative materials and establishing proper contacts and contours. Several common matrix types are outlined, including Tofflemire, copper band, and custom made matrices. The key components, indications, advantages and disadvantages of each matrix type are provided.
The document provides information on the procedure for amalgam restoration. It discusses the appropriate mercury to alloy ratio, which is typically 1:1. It describes the steps of trituration to mix the alloy and mercury using either hand mixing or mechanical mixing. Proper trituration is important to coat the alloy particles. The document also outlines the steps for condensing the amalgam into the cavity preparation using incremental layering and discusses carving and polishing the final restoration.
This document provides guidelines for preparing class II inlay restorations. It describes initial procedures like evaluating occlusion and administering anesthesia. It discusses preparing the occlusal outline, proximal box, bevels, and flares. Modifications for specific tooth shapes and situations are covered. Preparation variations like slices and flares are explained. Special considerations for abutment teeth and root surface lesions are also summarized. The document provides a thorough overview of class II inlay preparation techniques.
Classification of impression materials انواع مواد الطبعDenTeach
خاص بمادة Dental material
تقسيمة مختصرة ملمة بأنواع المواد المستخدمة في اخذ طبعة للفم والاسنان
SUBJECTIVE:- Dental Material
CHAPTER:- Impression Material
تمت مشاركته عبر: د. أحمد طه
This document provides information about inlay restorations, including definitions, indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, materials used, tooth preparation design, and impression techniques. It begins with an introduction to inlays and their history. Key points covered include that inlays are cast restorations used to restore damaged teeth while preserving tooth structure. Proper tooth preparation design with features like taper, bevels, and flares are described to maximize retention and adaptation of the inlay restoration. The document provides details on tooth preparation for class II inlays.
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT AND ITS RECENT ADVANCES- by Dr. JAGADEESH KODITYALAJagadeesh Kodityala
This document provides an overview of glass ionomer cement, including its definition, history, composition, classification, setting reaction, properties, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Glass ionomer cement was invented in 1969 and first reported in 1971, consisting of a glass powder and aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.
- It is classified based on its intended use, such as luting cement, restorative cement, or liner/base material.
- The setting reaction involves an acid-base reaction between the glass powder and polyacrylic acid, forming bonds through a calcium polyacrylate matrix that continues to harden over time.
- Properties include adhesion to tooth structure, biocompatibility, fluoride
The document discusses dental casting alloys, including their history, desirable properties, composition, classification into noble metal alloys and base metal alloys. Key points covered include the importance of biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, aesthetics and thermal properties of alloys. Common metals used in alloys such as gold, palladium, silver and nickel are described.
Gingival finish lines in fixed prosthodonticsNAMITHA ANAND
This document discusses different finish line designs used in fixed prosthodontics. It defines a finish line as the junction between prepared and unprepared tooth structure. Common finish line locations are subgingival, equigingival, and supragingival. Common designs include chamfer, shoulder, bevelled shoulder, and knife edge. A chamfer is the preferred design as it provides greater angulation than knife edge but less width than shoulder. Placement depends on factors like esthetics, plaque control, and periodontal health. Subgingival margins are not recommended but may be used when esthetics require. Equigingival placement at the gingival crest is optimal when possible.
This document provides an overview of dental amalgam, including:
- A brief history of amalgam, noting its first uses dating back to the 7th century and widespread adoption starting in the 19th century.
- Details on the "amalgam wars" that occurred over concerns about the safety of mercury in amalgam in the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Descriptions of the composition, manufacturing processes, phases and properties of amalgam, as well as newer advances and ongoing controversies.
- It concludes by restating amalgam's position as one of the most commonly used dental restorative materials historically, while acknowledging alternatives and declining use due to safety questions.
Bonding is of 2 types 1 - Direct bonding (bonding done directly in the oral cavity) 2 - Indirect bonding (bonding done on a cast and then transferred to the oral cavity) An overview of history, advantages, method of direct bonding and limitations of direct bonding have been mentioned. Materials used in bonding - cements, bonding agents (evolution of bonding agents), composites, primers (including self etching primers) have been included This presentation also describes methods of bonding to artificial tooth surfaces and limitations of direct bonding
Mechanical properties
Key terms and concepts
Stainless Steel
History
Composition
Corrosion resistance
Manufacturing process
Types of Stainless Steel
Mechanical consideration and clinical implications.
References
Dental amalgam2 / rotary endodontic courses by indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Dental Casting and Soldering Alloys.pptxDR AKANKSHA
casting alloys are defined as metals containing two or more elements in which one of the metals and all of which are mutually soluble in a molten state
Dental amalgam has been used as a dental restoration material for over 165 years. It is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver-tin alloy powder. Amalgam has been the subject of controversy since the 19th century over its safety. However, recent studies and statements by organizations like the ADA and FDA indicate that amalgam is a safe, cost-effective, and long-lasting restorative material when used properly. Newer amalgam alloys have been developed with improved properties like reduced creep and corrosion. While alternatives like composites are growing in use, amalgam remains a valuable option for restoring teeth.
stainless steel crownDiscovered - Sheffield Metallurgist Harry Brearly, of the Brown Firth Research Lab., - noticed that a discarded steel sample was not rusting – Result was a chrome alloy steel. (Dated-4th June, 1912).
Two months later stainless steel was cast for first time in August 20, 1912.
Alloys that have a high content of gold or platinum, or base-metal
Withstand biting and chewing forces well and probably last the longest in terms of wear down.
Rarely chip or break.
The metallic color is the main drawback.
Good choice for out-of-sight molars and in primary molars.
Introduced – Rocky mountain – 1947
Familiarized - Humphrey and Engel in 1950s.
Humphrey published his article in 1950 about use of chrome steel.
Basic preparation of tooth was first published by Mink and Bennett in 1968.
Preformed metal crowns (also known as stainless steel crowns) are prefabricated metal crown forms that are adapted to individual teeth and cemented with a biocompatible luting agent (AAPD 2014)
Caries involving 3 or more surfaces
Rampant caries
Recurrent caries around existing restoration
After pulp therapy
Inherited or acquired enamel defects eg. Hypoplasia, amelogenesis imperfecta
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Fractures of permanent and primary incisors
Severe bruxism
Abutment teeth to a prosthesis
As part of a space maintainer
Primary molars close to exfoliation
Primary molars with more than half roots resorbed
Teeth that exhibit mobility
Teeth which are not restorable
Patient with known nickel allergy
According to trimming
Untrimmed crowns
Precontoured crowns
Pretrimmed crowns
According to composition
SSC 18-8
Ni-Cr crowns
According to position
Crown for posterior teeth
Crown for anterior teeth
According to company
Rocky mountain, Unitek, 3M, Iconel and Nusmile crowns
According to occlusal anatomy
Ion-compact occlusal anatomy
Unitek- best occlusal anatomy
Rocky mountain- small
Ormo- smallest and least occlusally carved
Braff (1975) reviewed 74 patients and concluded 88.7% of amalgam required replacement while only 30.3% SSC required remedial care
Dawson et al (1981) stated that 70% of multisurface amalgam restoration needed replacement with a SSC.
Randall et al in 2002 did a review and found that five clinical studies that compared the performance of crown restorations with that of multisurface amalgam and included 1210 crowns and 2201 amalgams that were followed for a minimum of 2 years to a maximum of 10 years.
In all five studies crown restorations were superior to amalgam in multisurface carious teeth
Seale (2002) stated that the protection from future decay provided by their full coverage and increased durability and longevity. Strong consideration should be given to use of SSC in children who require GA.
Burs and stones
No.169L or 69L
No. 6 or No. 8 R.A/ No. ½ round bur
N0. 330 F.G
No. 415 - 012 Flame shaped diamond
Tapered diamond F.G
Green stone or heatless stone
Wire wheel
Pliers and instruments
No.114 Johnson pliers
No. 800-417 crimping p
Stainless steel crowns are prefabricated crown forms that are adapted to individual teeth and cemented with a biocompatible luting agent. “The SSC is extremely durable, relatively inexpensive, subject to minimal technique sensitivity during placement, and offers the advantage of full coronal coverage.”
This document reviews implant biomaterials from ancient times to present. It discusses early implants made of stone, ivory and metals. In the modern era, materials include polymers, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, zirconia and newer titanium-zirconium alloys. Key properties for implant materials are reviewed like strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The document concludes that while significant advancements have been made in dental implants, further research is still needed.
This document provides an overview of the history and properties of dental amalgam. Some key points:
- Dental amalgam has been used for over 165 years, with early references found in Chinese medical texts from the 7th century describing a "silver paste" for filling teeth. Its modern formulation and widespread adoption is largely credited to the work of GV Black in the late 19th century.
- The document outlines the long development of amalgam, from early mixtures of mercury and coins through refinements of alloy composition and setting reactions. It discusses both traditional amalgam alloys and more recent advances in reducing creep and corrosion.
- While amalgam remains a cost-effective material with good longevity, alternatives based on ceramics and
This document discusses the preparation of inlays. It begins with an introduction and definitions. It then discusses the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of inlays. The document provides details on the initial preparation including creating an occlusal step and proximal box. It also discusses the final preparation such as removing infected dentin, pulp protection, and creating bevels and flares. The document lists various instruments used in inlay preparation and describes how to use different burs, chisels, and excavators to create specific features of the preparation such as proximal ditches, retention grooves, and bevels. In summary, the document provides an in-depth overview of how to properly prepare a tooth cavity for
This document discusses stainless steel crowns which are preformed metal crowns used to restore primary teeth. It provides background on their history, classification based on material and form, composition, indications and contraindications. The key advantages are their longevity, protection of tooth structure and low failure rate. The main disadvantage is their metallic appearance.
This document discusses stainless steel crowns which are preformed metal crowns used to restore primary teeth. It provides background on their history, classification based on material and form, composition, indications and contraindications. The key advantages are their longevity, protection of tooth structure and low failure rate. The main disadvantage is their metallic appearance.
Amalgam dental ppt for dental material studyPriyankaIppar
Dental amalgam is an alloy used in dental fillings that contains mercury and other metals such as silver, tin, and copper. It has been used for over 165 years but concerns over mercury safety and the development of alternative materials like composites have led to its decline. The document discusses the history of amalgam, including its first documented use in 659 AD by the Chinese and major developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. It also covers the composition of amalgam alloys, their manufacturing process, and the ongoing debate around the use of amalgam known as the "amalgam wars."
Ceramic inlays and onlays have improved as dental materials over time. They are indicated for small to moderate carious lesions, large lesions, endodontically treated teeth, and situations where metal is contraindicated. Contraindications include parafunction, poor oral hygiene, and inability to maintain isolation. Advantages include esthetics, strength, and biocompatibility, while disadvantages include cost, technique sensitivity, and inability to repair. Clinical procedures involve tooth preparation, impression, try-in, and cementation using bonding systems and resin cements to achieve adhesion between tooth and restoration.
Stainless steel is an alloy that contains at least 11-13% chromium which forms a protective oxide layer that prevents corrosion. It is commonly used in orthodontics for wires, brackets, and bands. The three main types are ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic stainless steels which are classified based on the crystal structure of the iron. Austenitic stainless steel containing 16-26% chromium and 6-22% nickel is most commonly used due to its corrosion resistance, ductility, and ability to be cold worked without fracturing. Stainless steel undergoes solid state phase transformations between ferrite, austenite, and martensite structures depending on temperature and carbon content.
This document discusses dental amalgam, which is an alloy used in dental restorations containing mercury, silver, copper, and tin. It provides information on the composition, properties, applications and classifications of dental amalgam. It also outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of using dental amalgam as a restorative material. While acknowledging its long history of use, the document concludes that the use of dental amalgam is declining due to aesthetic concerns, but it remains a viable option in some cases where aesthetics is not the primary factor.
09. Splinting.pptx periodontium and healthNitika588942
The joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed or removable restorations or devices”
“The joining of two or more teeth for the purpose of stabilization”
A Phoenician mandible from 500BC found in modern day Lebanon which has two carved ivory teeth attached to four natural teeth by gold wire
Findings from digging of Egyptians (3000 -2500 B.C.) show similar gold wiring
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
Mobility patterns of the teeth to be splinted
Crown to root ratio of involved teeth
Status of the remaining teeth in the arch
Nature and the extent of periodontal destruction
Method of therapy that will be employed
TEMPORARY SPLINTS
Essentially a diagnostic procedure; reversible
Mechanical stabilization – hypermobility reduction
Method chosen – simplest, least expensive, least time consuming, esthetically acceptable, and should meet patient needs
Aid in determining whether teeth with a borderline prognosis will respond to therapy
EXTRACORONAL SPLINTS
1. Wire Ligation
Most common
Easy to construct; sturdy
Limitation – only where coronal form permits
Greatest use in – mandibular incisors
Hirschfield – loop tied at cervical line
Orthodontic Bands
Stabilize both anterior & posterior teeth
Attention to the contours of the bands
Contacts between teeth must be opened
Acrylic over the bands
Common path of insertion
Removable Acrylic Appliances
Dimensional instability of material may cause distortions
Imperative to check these frequently & make necessary adjustments.
Vital to check the path
of insertion of appliance
Acrylic Bite Guards (Night Guards)
Treatment of bruxism and clenching
Most common – covers occlusal surface of teeth
For additional support – palate is covered
Removable Cast Appliances
Usually a rigid casting either of gold or of chrome cobalt
Friedman’s variation – double continuous clasp casting
One end is not joined but is left open so that the casting can be sprung over the undercuts and then ligated
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the distal end
The posterior end is continuous from the buccal to the lingual surface
Another modification is an interlocking attachment on the dista
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). It begins with definitions of TMD and discusses the history of terminology used to describe TMD. The anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and surrounding structures is described. Several etiological theories for TMD are discussed, including biomechanical, hormonal, traumatic, occlusal, and joint hypermobility theories. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, classifications, and various treatment approaches for TMD are also outlined. The document contains detailed information on TMD intended for healthcare professionals.
1. The document discusses various treatment approaches for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) including definitive treatments that address etiological factors and supportive treatments aimed at managing symptoms.
2. Definitive treatments include occlusal appliance therapy using stabilization, anterior positioning, anterior/posterior bite planes, and pivoting/soft appliances to modify occlusion. Other definitive treatments are selective tooth grinding and restorative/orthodontic procedures.
3. Supportive treatments involve physical therapies like heat/coolant therapy, ultrasound, TENS, acupuncture and manual techniques as well as pharmacological therapies.
This document provides an overview of biocompatibility testing for dental materials. It defines biocompatibility and outlines the historical background and requirements for biocompatible materials. The document discusses various in vitro and animal biocompatibility tests, including cytotoxicity, cell function, and mutagenesis assays. It notes that in vitro tests provide initial screening but cannot fully predict in vivo response, while animal tests are more comprehensive but also have limitations. The goal of biocompatibility testing is to systematically evaluate materials before clinical use to protect patients.
The document discusses the anatomy and histology of the root apex. It describes the development of root structures including the apical constriction, cementodentinal junction, and apical foramen. Variations in root apex morphology are discussed including accessory canals, resorption, and calcifications. The clinical significance of understanding root apex anatomy for procedures like working length determination, apical resection, and apexification are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the blood supply of the head and neck region. It begins with an introduction to circulation and the functional parts including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins. It then details the major arteries supplying the head and neck, including the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, and its branches like the lingual artery and facial artery. It also discusses the internal carotid artery and its branches. Finally, it briefly mentions the venous drainage and pulp vasculature before concluding.
This document discusses diagnosis and treatment planning for removable partial dentures. It begins by defining key terms like diagnosis, treatment planning, and removable partial denture. It emphasizes the importance of a thorough patient interview and medical/dental history to accurately diagnose issues and develop a treatment plan. The document outlines factors to consider in the patient interview and examining the patient's mouth, teeth and bone. It discusses how various medical conditions and medications can impact treatment and the need to consult physicians in some cases.
This document provides an overview of splinting of traumatized teeth. It discusses the history, definitions, rationale, principles, indications, objectives, and classifications of splinting. Various splint types are described in detail, including wire ligatures, arch bars, composite and wire, orthodontic wire and brackets, fibre, titanium trauma splints, and more. Flexible splints that allow physiological movement are preferred to rigid splints. The optimal duration of splinting depends on the specific injury but is typically 4-6 weeks. Longer immobilization can lead to bone loss from periodontal issues.
This document provides an overview of the structure and properties of enamel. It discusses the physical and chemical composition of enamel, including its high mineral content and hydroxyapatite crystals. It describes the microscopic structure of enamel, including enamel rods, interrod enamel, and surface features like striations of Retzius. It also summarizes the life cycle of ameloblasts and the process of amelogenesis. Bleaching effects on enamel and developmental disturbances are briefly covered.
The document discusses various aspects of wound healing, including definitions of regeneration, repair, and primary and secondary intention healing. It describes the process of regeneration as proliferation of parenchymal cells to restore original tissues, while repair involves proliferation of connective tissue elements and fibrosis. Primary intention healing occurs when a clean, surgically incised wound is approximated by sutures, resulting in re-epithelialization within 48 hours and scar formation over 4 weeks. Secondary intention healing applies to wounds with tissue defects that are left open to heal more slowly through granulation tissue formation and contraction over weeks.
This document provides information on bone structure and function. It begins with definitions of bone and its functions, which include providing shape and support, protecting organs, and storing minerals. It describes the various types of bone based on development and microscopic appearance. It discusses the anatomy of long bones and bone structure including lamellae, osteons, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals. It provides information on cells involved in bone remodeling including osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. It covers regulators of bone formation including hormones, proteins, and vitamins. It also discusses alveolar bone development, classification, and changes that occur after tooth extraction.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Classification
• Indications & contraindications
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Composition of amalgam
• Amalgamation reactions
• Properties of amalgam
• Manipulation of amalgam
• Mercury toxicity & various health
hazards
• Recent advances
• Conclusion
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
• Dental amalgam is an alloy made by mixing mercury with a silver tin
alloy to which varying amount of copper and small amount of zinc
has been added.
• According to Skinner’s, amalgam is a special type of alloy in which
one of its constituent is mercury.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
4. HISTORY
• Amalgam was 1st used by Chinese. There is a mention of silver mercury paste by Sukung
(659AD)
in the Chinese medical literature.
• 1826, M.Traveau is credited with advocating the first
form of amalgam paste , in France.
• 1833, Crawcour brothers introduced amalgam to US.
• 1895, To overcome expansion problems G.V. Black
developed a formula for modern amalgam alloy 67%
silver, 27% tin, 5% copper, 1% zinc.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
5. • 1946 - Skinner, added copper to the amalgam alloy composition in a
small amount. This served to increase strength and decrease flow.
• 1962 - A spherical particle dental alloy was introduced, by Demaree
and Taylor.
• The work of Innes and Youdeis (1963) has led to the development of
of high copper alloys.
• 1973 - first single composition spherical alloy named Tytin (Kerr) a
ternary system (silver/tin/copper) was discovered by Kamal Asgar of
the University of Michigan.
Skinner EW, Phillips RW. Skinner ́s science of dental materials 8 Ed. WB Saunders Company; 1982.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
6. AMALGAM WARS
• In 1845, American Society of Dental Surgeons condemned the use of all filling
material other than gold as toxic, thereby igniting "first amalgam war’.
• In mid 1920's a German dentist, Professor A. Stock started the so called "second
amalgam war".
• "Third Amalgam War” began in 1980 primarily through the seminars and
writings of Dr.Huggins, a practicing dentist in Colorado.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
7. CLASSIFICATION (MARZOUK)
• I. According to number of alloy metals
1. Binary alloys (Silver-Tin)
2. Ternary alloys (Silver-Tin-Copper)
3. Quaternary alloys (Silver-Tin-Copper-Indium).
• II. According to Presence of zinc
1. Zinc containing (more than 0.01%).
2. Non zinc containing (less than 0.01%).
Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative dentistry: modern theory and practice. Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1985.
8. • III. According to the shape of the powdered particles
1. Spherical shape (smooth surfaced spheres)
2. Lathe cut (Irregular ranging from spindles to shavings)
3. Combination of spherical and lathe cut (admixed)
• IV. According to Powder particle size
1. Micro cut
2. Fine cut
3. Coarse cut
• V. According to copper content of powder
1. Low copper content alloy - Less than 4%
2. High copper content alloy - more than 10%
• VI. According to addition of Nobel metals
Platinum, Gold, Pallidum
Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative dentistry: modern theory and practice. Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1985.
9. INDICATIONS OF AMALGAM
• Occlusal Factors
• Isolation Factors
• Operator Ability and Commitment Factors.
CLINICAL INDICATIONS
• Moderate to large Class I and II restorations.
• Temporary caries-control restorations
• Foundations
• Cuspal restorations
• Heavy occlusal contacts.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
10. CONTRA INDICATIONS OF AMALGAM
• Anterior teeth where esthetics is a prime concern.
• Esthetically prominent areas of posterior teeth.
• Small cavity designs.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative dentistry: modern theory and practice. Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1985.
11. ADVANTAGES
• Ease of use
• High compressive strength
• Excellent wear resistance
• Favorable long-term clinical research results
• Lower cost than for composite restorations
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative dentistry: modern theory and practice. Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1985.
12. DISADVANTAGES
• Noninsulating
• Nonesthetic
• Less conservative (more removal of tooth structure during tooth preparation)
• Weakens tooth structure
• More technique sensitive if bonded
• More difficult tooth preparation
• Initial marginal leakage
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
13. COMPOSITION OF AMALGAM
Composition of some typical commercial amalgam alloys
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Spherical alloy Lathe- cut alloy Admix alloy
14. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
Silver:
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Hardness and edge strength
Strength
Tarnishing
Creep
Setting time
Corrosion
15. Tin:
• Larger contraction
Mercury (pure form):
• Activates reaction
• Spherical alloys— less Hg.
• Admixed alloys— more Hg.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Corrosion
Plasticity
Setting time
Expansion
Rate of reaction
18. Schematic drawings that
illustrate the development
sequence of the amalgam
microstructure when lathe-
cut low-copper alloy
particles are mixed with
mercury. A, Dissolution of
silver and tin into
mercury. B, Precipitation of
γ1 crystals in the
mercury. C, Consumption of
the remaining mercury by
growth of γ1 and
γ2 grains. D, The final set
amalgam.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
20. Bullard RH, et al: Effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on microleakage, J Am Dent Assoc 116:871-874, 1988.
Vrijhoef MM, Letzel H: Creep versus marginal fracture of amalgam restorations, J Oral Rehabil 13:299-303, 1986.
Coefficient of thermal expansion-2.5 times greater than tooth
-closer to composite
Compressive strength- similar to tooth
Tensile strength - low
Amalgam- bulk fracture
High fracture toughness
Brittle and low edge strength
High-
copper
amalgams
All
amalgam
s
21. Compressive Strengths of Low-Copper and
High Copper Amalgam
Amalgam Compressive Strength
(MPa)
1 h 7 day
Low copper 145 343
Admix 137 431
Single
Composition
262 510
STRENGTH
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Product Tensile strength
(Mpa)
15min 7 days
LOW COPPER
ALLOYS
a) Lathe cut
b) spherical
3.2 51
4.7 55
HIGH COPPER
ALLOYS
a) Admixed
b) Unicompositional
3.0 43
8.5 56
Tensile Strengths of Low-Copper and
High Copper Amalgam
22. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
• When mercury is combined with amalgam it undergoes three distinct
dimensional changes.
• Stage -1: Initial contraction
• Stage -2: Expansion
• Stage -3: Limited delayed contraction.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Modulus of elasticity: 62 Gpa (max)
Knoop’s Hardness Number: 110 kg/mm2
23. MOISTURE CONTAMINATION
• Certain zinc containing low copper or high copper amalgam alloys
which get contaminated by moisture during trituration or condensation
results in delayed expansion or secondary expansion.
• Occur 3-5 days after insertion and continues for months reaching the
values greater than 400µm/cm (4%).
• Zinc reacts with water, forming zinc oxide and hydrogen gases.
• Main source od contamination— saliva.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
24. CREEP
• Time dependent plastic deformation.
• It is determined by placing a cylinder of set amalgam (4mm diameter 6mm long)
under a 36MPa compressive stress.
• Higher creep — greater degree of marginal deterioration.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Mahler DB, Van Eysden J: Dynamic creep of dental amalgam. J Dent Res 48:501–508, 1969.
25. CORROSION RESISTANCE
Excessive corrosion can lead to:
• Increased porosity.
• Reduced marginal integrity.
• Loss of strength.
• Release of metallic products in to the
oral environment.
Phases in decreasing order of corrosion resistance
Ag2Hg3 > Ag3Sn > Ag-Cu > Cu3Sn > Cu6Sn5 > Sn7-8Hg.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
27. MANIPULATION OF DENTAL AMALGAM
PROPORTIONING OF ALLOY MERCURY RATIO:
Eames technique/ No- squeeze cloth technique:
• This technique revolutionized the procedure in
constructing an amalgam restoration by use of
minimal amounts of mercury in the original mix.
• The mercury content of the lathe-cut alloy is about
50% by weight and that for spherical alloys is 42% by
weight.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Eames WB: Preparation and condensation of amalgam with a low mercury/alloy ratio. J Am Dent Assoc 58:78–83, 1959.
28. TRITURATION
• Process of mixing the amalgam alloy particles with mercury.
Mechanical amalgamators are available in the following speeds:
• Low speed: 32-3400 cpm.
• Medium speed: 37-3800 cpm.
• High speed: 40-4400 cpm.
• Spherical/irregular low-copper alloys – triturated at low speed
• High copper alloys – high speed
• Time of trituration – 3-30 seconds. Variations in 2-3 seconds leads to over or under
trituration.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
29. • Over-trituration( HOT MIX):
Alloy will be hot, hard to remove from the capsule, shiny
and soft.
More fluid consistency and appears flattened.
• Under-trituration( GRAINY MIX):
Alloy will be dry, dull and crumbly; will crumble if dropped
from approx 30 cm.
Low strength and poor resistance to corrosion.
• Normal Mix:
Round and smooth shiny appearance separates in a single
mass from the capsule.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
30. MULLING
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
• Continuation of trituration
• 2 ways - rubbed between the 1st finger and thumb- 2 to 5
seconds
- pestle free capsule for 2 to 3 seconds
MATRICING
31. CONDENSATION
• Refers to the incremental placement of the
amalgam into the prepared cavity and
compression of each increment into the others.
• Amalgam should be condensed into the cavity
within 3 min after trituration.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
32. • Average condensation pressures were 3.7+/-1.3 MPa for the small and 2.2+/-
0.9 MPa for the large instrument.
• The total working time required to fill a cavity was on average 131 s;
the amalgam was effectively condensed for 44 s.
Recommended Condensation pressure= 10 to 20 MPa
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Lussi A. Brimner M. Portmann P. Burgin W: Condensation pressure during amalgam placement in patients. Ew J Oral Sei 1995;
103: 388-393. Miinksgaard. 1995.
33. BURNISHING
First Burnish (Pre-carve Burnish):
• Carried out using a large burnisher for 15
seconds
• Use light force and move from the center of
the restoration outwards to the margins.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
34. CARVING
• Using remaining enamel as a guide, carve gently
from enamel towards the center and recreate the
lost anatomy of the tooth.
• A scarping or "ringing" (amalgam crying) should
he heard.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
35. Final Burnish (Post carve burnishing):
• Use a large burnisher at a low load and burnish outwards towards the margins.
• Improves smoothness
Clinical behavior of amalgam restorations found that pre-carved burnishing
improved the marginal integrity of lathe-cut alloys coupled with post-carved
burnishing, it was suggested as a viable substitute for conventional polishing.
If temp raises above 60C, causes release of mercury accelerates corrosion & fracture at
margins.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
May KN, Wilder AD, Leinfelder KF: Burnished amalgam restorations: A two-year clinical evaluation. J Prosthet Dent 49:193–197,
1983.
36. FINISHING & POLISHING
• Finishing can be defined as the process, which continues the carving
objectives, removes flash and overhangs and corrects minimal enamel
underhangs.
• Polishing is the process which creates a corrosion resistant layer by
removing scratches and irregularities from the surface.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
37. BIO-COMPATIBILITY –MERCURY TOXICITY
Mercury is available in 3 forms:
• Elemental mercury (liquid or vapor).
• Inorganic compounds.
• Organic compounds.
Estimated daily intake of mercury:
Source g Hg
vapour
g
inorganic
Hg
g methyl
Hg
Atmospher
e
0.12 0.038 0.034
Drinking
Water
--- 0.05 ---
Food &
Fish
0.94 --- 3.76
Food &
Non-Fish
--- 20.00 ---
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
38. CONCENTRATIONS OF MERCURY
• Clarkson TW (1997) – Lowest dose of mercury that elicits a toxic reaction – 3to7 g/kg body
weight.
• Mercury release has been quantified for a number of procedures:
Trituration: 1-2g
Placement of amalgam restoration: 6-8 g.
Dry polishing: 44 g.
Wet polishing: 2-4 g.
Amalgam removal under water spray & high velocity suction: 15-20 g
• Skare I et al (1990) – urine mercury level peak at 2.54 g/L 4 days after placing amalgam
restorations, return to zero after 7 days.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
39. • Maximum allowable level of mercury in blood is 3 g/L
• The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has set a TLV of
0.05 mg/m3 as the maximum amount of mercury vapor allowed in the
work place.
• Average Daily dose of mercury from dental amalgam for patients with
more than 12 restored surfaces has been estimated at up to 3 g.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
40. • An urticarial rash may be followed by dermatitis.
• Long-term response — oral lichen planus or lichenoid reactions
AMALGAM TATOO:
• Scraps of amalgam may fall into open surgical or extraction wounds.
• Excess amalgam may be left in the tissues following sealing the apex of a
root canal with a retrograde amalgam.
• Pieces of amalgam may be forced into the mucosa.
SENSITIVITY TO AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
41. SOURCES OF MERCURY EXPOSURE IN DENTAL
OFFICE
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
42. Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
DENTAL MERCURY HYGIENE
Well ventilated
Precapsulated alloy
use
Proper alloy: mercury ratio
Amalgamator
Non- absorbent floor coverings
Spilled mercury
No vaccum cleaner
Skin- soap and water
Urine analysis
Professional clothing
43. SCRAP AMALGAM DISPOSAL
• In a tightly closed container.
• Under radiographic fixer solution.
• Dispose mercury contaminated items in
sealed bags.
• Do not dispose mercury contaminated items
in medical waste containers or bags or
along with the waste that will be
incinerated.
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials. Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
44. RECENT ADVANCES
RESIN COATED AMALGAM:
• Mertz-fairhurst and others evaluated bonded and sealed composite restorations
placed directly over frank cavitated lesions extending into dentin versus sealed
conservative amalgam restorations and conventional unsealed amalgam
restorations.
• The results indicate that both types of sealed restorations exhibited superior
clinical performance and longevity compared with unsealed amalgam restorations
over a period of 10 years.
Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Curtis JW, Jr, Ergle JW, Rueggeberg RA, Adair SM. Ultraconservative and cariostatic sealed restorations: Results at year
10. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:55–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45. • The studies concluded that a fluoride containing amalgam may release fluoride
for several weeks after insertion of the material in mouth.
BONDED AMALGAM:
• The bond strengths recorded in studies have varied, approximately 12–15 Mpa.
• Using a spherical amalgam— mean bond strength of 27 Mpa.
• Bond strengths achieved with admixed alloys tend to be slightly lower than
those with spherical alloys.
FLUORIDATED AMALGAM:
Summitt JB, Burgess JO, Osborne JW, Berry TG, Robbins JW. Two year evaluation of amalgambond plus and pin-retained
amalgam restorations (abstract 1529) J Dent Res. 1998;77:297.
46. CONSOLIDATED SILVER ALLOY SYSTEM:
• It uses a fluoroboric acid solution to keep the surface of the silver alloy particles
clean.
• The alloy, in a spherical form, is condensed into a prepared cavity in a manner similar
to that for placing compacted gold.
GALLIUM – AN ALTERNATIVE TO AMALGAM:
• It was found that mixing gallium with either nickel or copper and tin
produced a pliable mass that could be condensed into a prepared
cavity, which, after setting, had physical properties suitable for a
restorative material.
Some physical properties of gallium-copper-tin alloys.CAUL HJ, SMITH DL, SWEENEY WT J Am Dent Assoc. 1956 Dec;
53(6):677-85.
47. AMALGAM ALTERNATIVES:
• Composites
• Glass- ionomer
• Cast gold alloys
AMALGAM SUBSTITUTES: equal or better properties than
amalgam
• Gallium alloys
• Cast alloys
• Mercury free direct filling alloy (ADA – NIST patented)
Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
48. CLINICAL STUDIES
Opdam, N. J. M., Bronkhorst, E. M., Loomans, B. A. C., & Huysmans, M.-C. D. N. J. M. (2010). 12-year Survival of Composite vs.
Amalgam Restorations. Journal of Dental Research, 89(10), 1063–1067.
This retrospective study shows that large composite restorations had a higher survival in the combined
population and in the low-risk group, and three-surface amalgams exhibited better survival in high-risk
patients.
49. • A study conducted by Letzel et al concluded that the leading mode of failure of
amalgam restorations was bulk fracture (4.6%), followed by tooth fracture (1.9%),
and marginal ridge fracture (1.3%).
Alcaraz MG, Veitz‐Keenan A, Sahrmann P, Schmidlin PR, Davis D, Iheozor‐Ejiofor Z. Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam
fillings for permanent or adult posterior teeth. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014(3).
50. CONCLUSION
There are certain advantages inherent with amalgam such as
technique insensitive, excellent wear resistance, less time consuming,
less expensive which are not present in the newer materials, these
factors will continue to make amalgam the material of choice for
many more years to come.
51. REFERENCES
• Phillips RW, Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Phillips' science of dental materials.
Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.
• Roberson T, Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ. Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier
Health Sciences; 2006 Apr 13.
• Skinner EW, Phillips RW. Skinner ́s science of dental materials 8 Ed. WB Saunders Company;
1982.
• Marzouk MA, Simonton AL, Gross RD. Operative dentistry: modern theory and practice. Ishiyaku
EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1985.
• Powers JM, Sakaguchi RL, Craig RG. Craig's restorative dental materials/edited by Ronald L.
Sakaguchi, John M. Powers. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby; 2012.
52. • Summitt JB, Burgess JO, Osborne JW, Berry TG, Robbins JW. Two year evaluation of
amalgambond plus and pin-retained amalgam restorations (abstract 1529) J Dent
Res. 1998;77:297.
• Some physical properties of gallium-copper-tin alloys.CAUL HJ, SMITH DL, SWEENEY WT J Am
Dent Assoc. 1956 Dec; 53(6):677-85.
• Fluoride release from a fluoride-containing amalgam in vivo.Skartveit L, Tveit AB, Ekstrand J
Scand J Dent Res. 1985 Oct; 93(5):448-52.
• Eichmiller FC, Giuseppetti AA, Hoffman KM. Acid activation of silver powder for cold-welding
(abstract 110) J Dent Res. 1998;77:119.
• Opdam, N. J. M., Bronkhorst, E. M., Loomans, B. A. C., & Huysmans, M.-C. D. N. J. M. (2010). 12-
year Survival of Composite vs. Amalgam Restorations. Journal of Dental Research, 89(10), 1063–
1067.
• Alcaraz MG, Veitz‐Keenan A, Sahrmann P, Schmidlin PR, Davis D, Iheozor‐Ejiofor Z. Direct
composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent or adult posterior teeth.
53. • Vrijhoef MM, Letzel H: Creep versus marginal fracture of amalgam restorations, J Oral Rehabil
13:299-303, 1986.
• Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Curtis JW, Jr, Ergle JW, Rueggeberg RA, Adair SM. Ultraconservative and
cariostatic sealed restorations: Results at year 10. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129:55–
66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Bullard RH, et al: Effect of coefficient of thermal expansion on microleakage, J Am Dent Assoc
116:871-874, 1988.
• Eames WB: Preparation and condensation of amalgam with a low mercury/alloy ratio. J Am Dent
Assoc 58:78–83, 1959.
• Lloyd CH, Adamson M: The fracture toughness of amalgam. J Oral Rehab 12:59–68, 1985.
• Clarkson TW. The toxicology of mercury. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences. 1997 Jan
1;34(4):369-403.
• Skare I, Bergström T, Engqvist A, Weiner JA. Mercury exposure of different origins among
dentists and dental nurses. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 1990 Oct
Editor's Notes
Strength and wear resistance than composites, heavy occlusal functioning area
Isolation of operating area is less critical, unless bonded amalgam used
Specific form with uniform depths and precise marginal form
Tin- mercury to form gamma 2 phase
Gamma- 30% strongest least corrosion
1- 70% 2nd strongest , matrix for unreacted alloy
2- weak, soft, most prone corossion
Highest compressive and least tensile and wear strength
Copm – 310 Mpa satisfactory
1- within 1st 20 min. upto 4.5 ucm
2- formation and growth of alloy crystals around the uncosumed alloy.
Automatic mechanical dispensers
400 600 800 1200- large
Objectives- form a workable mass in less time
Remove the oxide layer
Pulverize pellets in to particles- easily attacked by hg.
Keep gamma 2 phase at its minimum
Obj:
Adapt the amalgam to the margins, walls and line angles
Reduce voids and layering bw increments
Reduce hg content
Continuation of condensation, further reduce the size and number of voids
Bring the hg to surface that will be removed during carving
Adapt amalgam to cavosurface margin.
To produce : no underhangs
proper physiological contours.
minimal flash.
adequate, compatible marginal ridges.
proper size, location, extend and interrelationship of contact areas.
To overcome the limitation of microleakage with amalgams, a coating of unfilled resin over the
restoration margins and the adjacent enamel, after etching the enamel
Usually added to deal with recurrent caries
Bt fluoride is not released constantly
4 META- 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride
Any material that is used to restore a tooth instead of amalgam
Low mercury amalgams