Moving of a person into a group results in a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group.
When two groups argue (and crowd problems are often between groups), it is like two people arguing. This loss of individual is called deindividuation.
Moving of a person into a group results in a loss of individual identity and a gaining of the social identity of the group.
When two groups argue (and crowd problems are often between groups), it is like two people arguing. This loss of individual is called deindividuation.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Karen Horney's theory: Neurotic, Neurotic Needs,Coping Strategies, Self Theory and Womb envy.
Slides are made for educational purpose only.
Reference is included at the end of the slides.
Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people.
It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help,
But not obligated out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons.
Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism
Person who offering his own seats in a Bus to OLD/LADIES
Giving money to a Beggar
Offering blanket to the shivering person on the street.
But stories of grander cases of altruism becomes news
Generous donor giving thousands of Rs to a local charity.
Person /Corporate giving help in pandemic
Question is
“why it occurs?”
What inspires these acts of kindness?
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
This ppt provides a brief search about altruism and helping other sensations in psychology. This document can help undergraduate students to improve their academic results.
prosocialbehaviour
Voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals”
It is performed to benefit others by helping, sharing or comforting.
ALTRUISM:
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.
When one person helps another person for
no reward, and even at some cost to oneself. This cost can be time, energy, effort or wealth etc.
Altruism involves no benefit of helper and hence it is selfless help.
Karen Horney's theory: Neurotic, Neurotic Needs,Coping Strategies, Self Theory and Womb envy.
Slides are made for educational purpose only.
Reference is included at the end of the slides.
Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people.
It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help,
But not obligated out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons.
Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism
Person who offering his own seats in a Bus to OLD/LADIES
Giving money to a Beggar
Offering blanket to the shivering person on the street.
But stories of grander cases of altruism becomes news
Generous donor giving thousands of Rs to a local charity.
Person /Corporate giving help in pandemic
Question is
“why it occurs?”
What inspires these acts of kindness?
ALTRUISM AND HELPING OTHER SENSATION.pptxHaniJaleel
This ppt provides a brief search about altruism and helping other sensations in psychology. This document can help undergraduate students to improve their academic results.
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
Effective Altruism Essay
The Causes of Altruism Essay
Altruism In Nursing Essay
Reflection On Altruism
Altruism in Everyday Life Essay
What Is Altruism?
Introduction
Types of prosocial behaviour
Proactive
Reactive
Altruistic
Examples
Factors affecting proactive behaviour
External factors
Situational factors
Internal factors
Why do people fail to help in emergency
Bystander effect
Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit other people or society as a whole","such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors (such as stopping at a "Stop" sign or paying for groceries) are also regarded as prosocial behaviors. These actions may be motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns, such as one's social status or reputation, hope for direct or indirect reciprocity, or adherence to one's perceived system of fairness. It may also be motivated by altruism, though the existence of pure altruism is somewhat disputed, and some have argued that this falls into philosophical rather than psychological realm of debate. Evidence suggests that pro sociality is central to the well-being of social groups across a range of scales, including schools. Prosocial behavior in the classroom can have a significant impact on a student's motivation for learning and contributions to the classroom and larger community. In the workplace, prosocial behaviour can have a significant impact on team psychological safety, as well as positive indirect effects on employee's helping behaviors and task performance. Empathy is a strong motive in eliciting prosocial behavior, and has deep evolutionary roots.
Prosocial behavior fosters positive traits that are beneficial for children and society. It helps many beneficial functions by bettering production of any league and its organizational scale. Evolutionary psychologists use theories such as kin-selection theory and inclusive fitness as an explanation for why prosocial behavioral tendencies are passed down generationally, according to the evolutionary fitness displayed by those who engaged in prosocial acts. Encouraging prosocial behavior may also require decreasing or eliminating undesirable social behaviors.
Although the term "prosocial behavior" is often associated with developing desirable traits in children, the literature on the topic has grown since the late 1980s to include adult behaviors as well. The term "prosocial" has grown into a world-wide movement, using evolutionary science to create real-world pro-social changes from working groups to our whole culture.
Social PsychologyWe cannot live for ourselves alone. Al.docxjensgosney
Social Psychology
We cannot live for ourselves alone. All of our lives are connected by a thousand invisible threads…..
What is Social PsychologySocial Psychology: The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Social Psychologists: Explore the connections between people by scientifically studying how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Attribution TheoryPeople usually attribute others’ behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situation (is the behavior due to the person’s situation or disposition).
A teacher may wonder if a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality or a reaction to stress or abuse.
Problem: Fundamental Attribution Error (overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations)
Republican vs. Democrat (people vs. society / Katrina)
Attitudes and ActionsAttitudes are feelings, based on our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events.
If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act unfriendly.
Attitudes Affect Action and Vice VersaOur attitudes often affect our actions.
Example of Attitude affecting Action:
Democratic leaders didn’t agree with President Bush’s decision to attack Iraq but voted in support of it anyway because of overwhelming public support for Bush.
Similarly, our actions often affect our attitudes.
Example of Action affecting Attitude:
Cult involvement (Brainwashing)
Initially you disagree but you become involved and feel acceptance based on the actions of the cult leaders and end up forming a positive opinion of the cult.
Foot-In-The-Door PhenomenonThe tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one.
To get people to agree to something big, start small and build.
A small thing makes the next one, although slightly larger, seem “not so bad” (i.e. stealing / gangs).
Works for good things, too (contributions).
Role playing affects attitude (you’re a parent/student now)
Zimbardo Experiment of 1972
Social InfluenceWhy do things like suicides and school violence (Columbine, etc.) come in groups?
Answer…Conformity and Obedience:
Behavior is contagious (yawn/traffic gawkers)
We are natural mimics (our attempt at feeling the way others do – this is how we learn empathy)
We’re happy around happy people and sad around sad people.
Group Pressure and ConformityDefinition of Conformity: Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
When you are made to feel incompetent/insecure
When a group has at least three people
When the group is unanimous
When one admires the group’s status
When others in the group observe one’s behavior
i.e. sorority
Why Do We Conform?Normative Social Influence:
We are sensitive to social norms – understood rules for accepted and expected behavior – because the price we pay for being d.
12.1 AltruismTwo people decided to be altruistic and help .docxhyacinthshackley2629
12.1
Altruism
Two people decided to be altruistic and help pick up the fallen papers, rather than rushing off toward their own destinations. Why do you think they did this?
In the train station waiting for your scheduled departure you notice a woman drop her ticket. The man behind her picks it up and returns it to her. She accepts it with a smile of relief and hurries off to catch her train. This may be an ordinary occurrence, but it leaves us with the question of why the man helped the woman by returning her ticket. Was he hoping to make a connection and get her phone number? Was he hoping for a reward? Did he want to look like a hero? Or, even though he was a stranger and not helping would not have affected him, was he just trying to make sure she made her train? When we help others, do we help because we truly care about the welfare of the other person, or are we helping with the hope of helping ourselves? This is the basic question in the debate about altruism. Altruism occurs when our motive for our behavior is entirely for the interest of others and is not motivated by self-interest. On the other hand, when we do something entirely for self-interest, we are being egoistic.
Imagine you bought the person sitting next to you in the train station coffee and a bagel. If you bought those treats for your neighbor entirely because you wanted to make that person happy, you would have acted altruistically. Your ultimate goal was the happiness of the other person. An ultimate goal is the true goal, the end toward which one is aiming. In these types of situations we can also talk about another type of goal called an instrumental goal. Instrumental goals are the things we do to obtain our ultimate goal. Your instrumental goal was to buy the coffee and bagel and give them to your neighbor. As stepping stones toward our ultimate goals, instrumental goals may change depending on our ability to do them. If coffee and a bagel were not available, you might have told your neighbor a funny story or given him or her $5 to reach your ultimate goal of making that person happy.
When you engage in actions for altruistic motives, your ultimate goal is the welfare of the other person, not yourself. You might receive benefits for your action. The other person might show gratitude, your significant other might be impressed by your generosity and give you a kiss, or you might look good in front of your boss who is waiting in the train station with you. If you received benefits for an action, was your action still altruistic? Yes: when self-benefits are an unintended consequence of an action, that action may be truly altruistic. With altruism, the ultimate goal is still the welfare of others, and the action would have been done whether or not the self-benefits were present (Batson, 2010).
Using this terminology, actions undertaken for egoistic motives involve an ultimate goal of self-benefit (that kiss from your significant other) with the happiness of the other pe.
Social psychologists study the circumstances in which people offer help to others.Research shows that people are less likely to offer help to someone in distress if other people are also present and this is called the bystander effect.
Besides influences and reason for helping has also been discussed
Cognitive schemas can result in stereotypes and contribute to prejudice.
Stereotypes Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group. Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or occupation are common in many societies.
Then Prejudice has been discussed
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. What Is Altruism?
What causes people to jeopardize their own health and well-being to
help other people?
What is it that inspires individuals to give their time, energy, and money
to aid in the betterment of others, even when they receive nothing
tangible in return?
Altruism involves the unselfish concern for other people.
It involves doing things simply out of a desire to help, not because you feel
obligated to out of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons.
Everyday life is filled with small acts of altruism, from the person who offers
his own seats in a Bus OLD/LADIES to the person who gives money to a
Beggar or offering blanket to the shivering person on the street.
News stories often focus on grander cases of altruism, such as a man who
dives into an icy river to rescue a drowning stranger to a generous donor who
gives thousands of Rs to a local charity.
Though we may be familiar with altruism, social psychologists are
interested in understanding why it occurs.
What inspires these acts of kindness?
What motivates people to risk the Altruism is one aspect of what social
psychologists refer to as prosocial behavior.
3. What Is Altruism?
Prosocial behavior refers to any action that
benefits other people, no matter what the
motive or how the giver benefits from the
action.
However, pure altruism involves true
selflessness.
While all altruistic acts are prosocial , not all
prosocial behaviors are completely altruistic.
For example, we might help others for a
variety of reasons such as guilt, obligation,
duty, or even for rewards.
Psychologists have suggested a number of
4. Explanation for Altruism
Psychologists have suggested a number of different explanations for why
altruism exists, :
Biological Reasons:
Kin selection - We may be more altruistic towards those we are related to
because it increases the odds that our blood relations will survives and
transmit their genes to future generations.
Neurological Reasons:
Altruism activates reward centers in the brain.
Neurobiologists have found that when engaged in an altruistic act, the
pleasure centers of the brain become active.
Social Norms:
Society's rules, norms, and expectations can also influence whether or not
people engage in altruistic behavior.
Why should on risk own lives to save a complete stranger?
The norm of reciprocity- a social expectation in which we feel pressured
to help others if they have already done something for us.
For example, if your friend loaned you money few weeks ago, you will
probably feel compelled to reciprocate when he asks for loan of Rs
1000.
He did something for you, now you feel obligated to do something in
5. Explanation for Altruism
Cognitive Reasons:
While the definition of altruism involves doing for others without reward, there
may still be cognitive incentives that are not obvious.
For example, we might help others to relieve out own distress or because
being kind to others upholds our view of ourselves as kind, empathetic
people.
Some of the cognitive explanations:
Empathy: Researchers including Batson et al. (1981) suggest that people
are more likely to engage in altruistic behavior when they feel empathy for
the person who is in distress, a suggestion known as the empathy-altruism
hypothesis.
Batson suggests that both empathy and altruism are innate traits and other
researchers have found that children tend to become more altruistic as their
sense of empathy develops.
Helping Relieves Negative Feelings: Other experts have proposed that
altruistic acts help relieve the negative feelings created by observing
someone else in distress, an idea referred to as the negative-state relief
model.
Essentially, seeing another person in trouble causes us to feel upset,
distressed, or uncomfortable, so helping the person in trouble helps reduce
these negative feelings.
6. Explanation for Altruism
Comparing the Theories
The underlying reasons behind altruism as well as the question of whether
there is truly such a thing as "pure" altruism are two issues hotly contested by
social psychologists.
Do we ever engage in helpful actions for truly altruistic reasons, or are
there hidden benefits to the self that guide our altruistic behaviors?
Batson suggests that while people do often behave altruistically for selfish
reasons, he believes that true altruism is possible.
Cialdini and others have instead suggested that empathy for others is
often guided by a desire to help one's self.
In her text Social Psychology, author Catherine A. Sanderson notes:
"Although these models may seem to contradict one another, they do
agree that at times people engage in helping for egoistic reasons. The
main difference between these models is that the empathy-altruism
model describes the self-benefits of helping as unintended
consequences, yet the negative-state relief hypothesis describes these
benefits as the primary motivation for helping. What are the benefits to
the self? They can be grouped into three categories: reduction of
aversive arousal, fear of punishment for not helping, and desire for
reward."