Lowering of BOD and COD during pretreatment of cotton.using clay based scouring agent.

2. The textile industry is constantly searching for environmentally friendly solutions. Over the years a lot of chemical components have been replaced (Phosphates, Nonyl phenols etc) in the textile industry. The demand for low COD and BOD values, reduced levels of MBAS and BiAS and easily biodegradable products was the reason to search for alternative sources.

3. 8.32 kms crust % by weight in crust O = 49.2 Si = 25.7 Al = 7.5 Fe = 4.7 Ca = 3.4 Na = 2.6 K = 2.4 Mg = 1.9 other= 2.6 12500 km dia Geotechnical engineers are interested mainly in the top 100 metres of the earth crust. As you can see from the table, 82% of the elements are oxygen, silicon and aluminium.

4. Residual soil Transported soil ~ in situ weathering (by physical & chemical agents) of parent rock ~ weathered and transported far away by wind, water and ice. Parent Rock

6. ~ formed by one of these three different processes igneous sedimentary metamorphic formed by cooling of molten magma (lava) e.g., granite formed by gradual deposition, and in layers e.g., limestone, shale formed by alteration of igneous & sedimentary rocks by pressure/temperature e.g., marble

8. Clay minerals are made of two distinct structural units. 0.26 nm Silicon tetrahedron Aluminium Octahedron All clay minerals are made of two distinct building blocks: tetrahedrons and octahedrons. The tetrahedron on the left has oxygen atoms at the corners, and there is a silicon in the centre. Octahedron has six oxygen or hydroxyl atoms in the corners, and an aluminium or magnesium ion at the centre. oxygen 0.29 nm aluminium or magnesium hydroxyl or oxygen silicon 0.26 nm

16. Depending on the type and quantity of metal oxide, the ratio with SiO 2 and the specific crystalline structure, different types of CLAY are known such as: - Kaolin : Aluminium oxide - Smectite : Aluminium- and Magnesium oxide - Vermiculite : Aluminium- and Magnesium oxide - Illite : Aluminium-, Magnesium- and Potassium oxide - Hectorite : Magnesium- and Lithium oxide

17. Clay mainly consists of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 Other ions may be present Mg, Ca, Fe, Li, Mn,….. Some clays can stabilize H 2 O 2 bleaches

20. Mineral Specific surface (m 2 /g) C.E.C (meq/100g) Kaolinite 10-20 3-10 Illite 80-100 20-30 Montmorillonite 800 80-120 Chlorite 80 20-30

30. Clearly to see is that the silicon oil is not well emulsified . Altranol- GEO well disperse/emulsifies the silicon oil. 2g/l Altranol-GEO

37. Some practical results: Cotton on winches 95ºC – 60 mins; Customer’s standard: LNCI Basic white : 84 85 Total white : 155 158 S-factor : 0.36 0.32

38. Practical results continued: Knitted Cotton/EL on Thie  jet Customer’s standard: LNCI Basic white : 72 77 Total white : 144 156 S-factor : 0.2 0.1

40. Clay technology for pretreatment of elastane fibres

46. Soda ash pH 9-10 (1 g/l) Altranol- ELB 2 ml/l + 1 ml/l water 2-3 l/kg overflow 30°C Grey water 6-8 l/kg °C 30 30 80 80 80 60 40

47. 15 min @ 50°C Dyeing Refill and add Altranol-ELB 0.5 ml/l other dyeing auxiliaries dyestuffs Fill the machine and add Altranol-ELB 1–2 ml/l Soda ash 0.5 – 1 g/l Ratio 10:1

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