Root canal treatment involves removing the infected or damaged pulp from the inside of a tooth and filling/sealing the emptied pulp chamber and root canals. It is needed when the pulp is infected by deep decay or other damage. During the procedure, the dentist makes an opening, removes the pulp, cleans and shapes the canals, then fills them with gutta percha. A crown may then be placed to restore the tooth. While root canals often allow teeth to last many years, there are no guarantees as residual infection could cause problems over time. With proper dental care after treatment, root canals can save teeth that would otherwise need extraction.
This document discusses pits and fissure sealants. It explains that pits and fissures are difficult to clean and can accumulate plaque and debris, leading to caries development. Sealants were developed in the 1960s using acid etching to seal pits and fissures with resin. Children with special needs or extensive caries are indicated for sealants. Molars with localized occlusal caries confined to the outer third of dentin can be sealed, while deeper caries requires restoration first. Resin and glass ionomer based sealants are described, with resin being preferred. The application process involves cleaning, etching, washing, applying sealant and curing.
This document provides information about pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pit and fissure sealants as a cement or resin that forms a protective layer in tooth pits and fissures. It then discusses the classification of occlusal fissures and indications for sealant use, such as sealing teeth at high risk of decay. The document outlines contraindications and types of sealants including those based on generation, fillers, and color. It provides details on sealant preparation, application procedures, and factors affecting retention.
Anatomy of pulp cavity of maxillary teeth (2)Humaira Tamanna
This document discusses the anatomy of the pulp cavity of maxillary teeth. It describes the typical pulp chamber and root canal morphology of different maxillary teeth. The maxillary central incisor typically has a single root canal that is straight or curved distally. The lateral incisor commonly has a single curved canal as well, though it may occasionally have two canals. Factors like age, pathology, and developmental anomalies can influence the shape of the pulp cavity. Understanding normal dental anatomy helps ensure safe and effective root canal treatment.
CEMENTATION OF INLAY AND VARIOUS TECHNIQUE FOR TEMPORIZATIONms khatib
A provisional or temporary restoration is necessary when using indirect systems that require two appointments. it is important that the patient be comfortable and the tooth be protected and stabilized with an adequate temporary restoration. The temporary restoration should satisfy the following requirements: it should -
When properly made, the custom temporary restoration can satisfy these requirements and is the preferred temporary restoration.
Temporaries can be fabricated intraorally directly on the prepared teeth (direct technique) or outside of the mouth using a post-operative cast of the prepared teeth (indirect technique).
The indirect technique is not as popular as the direct technique because of the increased number of steps and complexity ; however, it is useful when making temporaries that might become “locked on” (e.g., intracoronal inlays) when using the direct technique
This document provides information on onlay restorations, including definitions, types, advantages, disadvantages, and preparation methods. It discusses cast metal onlays and esthetic onlay restorations. Preparation involves capping all cusps and includes details on marginal locations. Advantages are cuspal protection and being more conservative than a crown. Disadvantages include greater occlusal reduction and need for parallel walls. Fabrication involves impression taking and producing the restoration using various techniques like firing, pressing, or CAD/CAM milling.
Pits and fissures are enamel faults such as depressions or cracks that are vulnerable to dental caries. Fissure sealants are materials placed in pits and fissures to prevent caries. They have evolved from early dental cements to modern resin-based sealants cured with light. Sealants are indicated for teeth with deep fissures and those opposite teeth with caries. The procedure involves isolating and drying the tooth before applying the sealant. Preventive resin restorations integrate sealants with restorative resin to treat early caries in fissures.
Root canal treatment involves removing the infected or damaged pulp from the inside of a tooth and filling/sealing the emptied pulp chamber and root canals. It is needed when the pulp is infected by deep decay or other damage. During the procedure, the dentist makes an opening, removes the pulp, cleans and shapes the canals, then fills them with gutta percha. A crown may then be placed to restore the tooth. While root canals often allow teeth to last many years, there are no guarantees as residual infection could cause problems over time. With proper dental care after treatment, root canals can save teeth that would otherwise need extraction.
This document discusses pits and fissure sealants. It explains that pits and fissures are difficult to clean and can accumulate plaque and debris, leading to caries development. Sealants were developed in the 1960s using acid etching to seal pits and fissures with resin. Children with special needs or extensive caries are indicated for sealants. Molars with localized occlusal caries confined to the outer third of dentin can be sealed, while deeper caries requires restoration first. Resin and glass ionomer based sealants are described, with resin being preferred. The application process involves cleaning, etching, washing, applying sealant and curing.
This document provides information about pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pit and fissure sealants as a cement or resin that forms a protective layer in tooth pits and fissures. It then discusses the classification of occlusal fissures and indications for sealant use, such as sealing teeth at high risk of decay. The document outlines contraindications and types of sealants including those based on generation, fillers, and color. It provides details on sealant preparation, application procedures, and factors affecting retention.
Anatomy of pulp cavity of maxillary teeth (2)Humaira Tamanna
This document discusses the anatomy of the pulp cavity of maxillary teeth. It describes the typical pulp chamber and root canal morphology of different maxillary teeth. The maxillary central incisor typically has a single root canal that is straight or curved distally. The lateral incisor commonly has a single curved canal as well, though it may occasionally have two canals. Factors like age, pathology, and developmental anomalies can influence the shape of the pulp cavity. Understanding normal dental anatomy helps ensure safe and effective root canal treatment.
CEMENTATION OF INLAY AND VARIOUS TECHNIQUE FOR TEMPORIZATIONms khatib
A provisional or temporary restoration is necessary when using indirect systems that require two appointments. it is important that the patient be comfortable and the tooth be protected and stabilized with an adequate temporary restoration. The temporary restoration should satisfy the following requirements: it should -
When properly made, the custom temporary restoration can satisfy these requirements and is the preferred temporary restoration.
Temporaries can be fabricated intraorally directly on the prepared teeth (direct technique) or outside of the mouth using a post-operative cast of the prepared teeth (indirect technique).
The indirect technique is not as popular as the direct technique because of the increased number of steps and complexity ; however, it is useful when making temporaries that might become “locked on” (e.g., intracoronal inlays) when using the direct technique
This document provides information on onlay restorations, including definitions, types, advantages, disadvantages, and preparation methods. It discusses cast metal onlays and esthetic onlay restorations. Preparation involves capping all cusps and includes details on marginal locations. Advantages are cuspal protection and being more conservative than a crown. Disadvantages include greater occlusal reduction and need for parallel walls. Fabrication involves impression taking and producing the restoration using various techniques like firing, pressing, or CAD/CAM milling.
Pits and fissures are enamel faults such as depressions or cracks that are vulnerable to dental caries. Fissure sealants are materials placed in pits and fissures to prevent caries. They have evolved from early dental cements to modern resin-based sealants cured with light. Sealants are indicated for teeth with deep fissures and those opposite teeth with caries. The procedure involves isolating and drying the tooth before applying the sealant. Preventive resin restorations integrate sealants with restorative resin to treat early caries in fissures.
This document discusses the biological considerations of operative dentistry related to enamel, dentin, and the dentinoenamel junction. It provides details on the structure, composition, properties and clinical significance of enamel and dentin. Key points include that enamel is the hardest substance in the body but has no self-repair ability. Dentin lines the inner walls of teeth and contains tubules that connect to the pulp and determine permeability. The dentinoenamel junction is a critical area that provides strength between the two tissues.
Technological advancements have occurred in recent decades with respect to primary dental care. Few of those advanced technologies such as genetics, immunizations, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, information technology, etc., have been covered in this presentation. I hope it provides sufficient knowledge about the subject to the readers.
This document discusses common procedural errors that can occur during root canal treatment and provides recommendations for prevention and management. The main points are:
1) Common procedural errors include canal blockage, ledge formation, deviation from normal anatomy, instrument separation, and obstruction from previous obturating materials.
2) Prevention techniques include using smaller instruments first, maintaining patency, and recapitulating. Ledges can be prevented through proper access, assessment of curvature, and avoiding forcing instruments.
3) Separated instruments may require retrieval kits or ultrasonics to remove, while previous fillings need removal through instrumentation, heat, solvents, or ultrasonics to allow retreatment.
This document discusses isolation of the operative field in dentistry. Maintaining a dry field is important for operative procedures. Several techniques and materials can be used for isolation, including rubber dams, cotton rolls, high-volume evacuators, and throat shields. Rubber dams provide the best isolation but also have some disadvantages like taking time to apply. The goals of isolation are moisture control, retraction of soft tissues, and prevention of contamination. Proper isolation improves visibility, protects patients, and allows dental materials to perform as intended.
Methods characterized of caries removal.pptxMostafaElzaim
The document discusses various methods for removing dental caries, classified as mechanical, chemomechanical, and photoablation. Mechanical methods include use of carbide, polymer, and ceramic burs on low-speed handpieces as well as techniques like air abrasion and sonoabrasion. Chemomechanical caries removal uses solutions like sodium hypochlorite or enzymes like papain to dissolve carious dentin. Popular papain-based products are Papacarie and Brix3000. The document provides details on advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses endodontic mishaps that can occur during root canal treatment. It is presented by Sukesh Kumar from the 2007-2008 batch. Procedural errors are classified into those related to access opening, canal cleaning and shaping, obturation, and other miscellaneous errors. Specific errors like treating the wrong tooth, incomplete caries removal, perforations, ledge formation, zipping, and instrument separation are described. Prevention and management of these errors are also discussed.
Intracanal medicaments are agents used as adjuncts to cleaning and shaping teeth during root canal treatment. Their primary functions are antisepsis and disinfection to help prevent or treat apical periodontitis. Secondary functions include controlling pain, exudation, swelling, and resorption during and after treatment by eliminating infection in the root canal system. Common intracanal medicaments include antibiotics, disinfectants like sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hydroxide, which has antibacterial properties due to its high pH and can physically restrict bacterial colonization in the root canal.
This document discusses techniques for endodontic access that minimize damage to tooth structure. It emphasizes maintaining a 360 degree "soffit" or roof around the pulp chamber to strengthen the tooth. Traditional access using round burs is described as damaging, while a new tapered bur technique called "Ninja preparation" aims to create smoother walls and minimize gouges. References are provided on topics like moisture loss in root canal treated teeth, their increased brittleness, and concepts of minimally invasive endodontics.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of dentin. It discusses the different types of dentin - primary, secondary, tertiary - and their locations and functions. It also describes odontoblasts, the cells responsible for dentin formation, and dentinal tubules, the structures that span the thickness of dentin.
Dentin dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that affects dentin formation, resulting in abnormal dentin and pulpal morphology. There are two types: type 1 affects the roots and causes them to be short and conical, while type 2 affects the crowns and causes bulbous or rounded crowns. Symptoms include premature loss of teeth due to extreme mobility from short roots or wearing away of rounded crowns. Radiographs show obliterated pulp chambers in primary teeth and crescent-shaped remnants in permanent teeth for type 1, while type 2 shows "thistle tube"-like enlarged pulp chambers in permanent tooth crowns. There is no treatment for the disease other than dental monitoring and extraction of mobile teeth.
Python Tricks That You Can't Live WithoutAudrey Roy
Audrey Roy gave a presentation on Python tricks for code readability and reuse at PyCon Philippines 2012. She discussed writing clean, understandable code by following PEP8 style guidelines and using linters. She also explained how to find and install reusable Python libraries from the standard library and PyPI, and how to write packages and modules to create reusable code.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Wl determination & anatomy of the root apexMahavosh
This document discusses methods for determining working length in endodontic treatment. It defines working length and important anatomical landmarks at the root apex, including the apical constriction, apical foramen, and cementodentinal junction. The key methods described for determining working length are radiographic examination, use of electronic apex locators, tactile sensation with files, and assessing moisture on paper points. The document emphasizes that accurately determining working length is critical for successful cleaning, shaping and obturation of the root canal system.
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. It is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in rods (prisms) that run from the dentin-enamel junction to the outer enamel surface. The basic structural unit of enamel is the enamel rod, which is hexagonal or oval in cross-section. Between the rods is the interrod enamel. Enamel gains its strength through the interweaving of tightly packed hydroxyapatite crystals in parallel alignment within the rods.
This document discusses benign odontogenic tumors. It provides a classification system for these tumors based on their histological features. Several specific tumor types are then described in detail, including ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastic fibroma, odontoma, and cementoblastoma. For each tumor, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, and typical treatment approach are summarized. Surgical treatment methods for jaw lesions such as enucleation, marsupialization, and resection are also outlined.
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation and involves four main stages: secretory, transition, maturation, and protective. During the secretory stage, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that form an organic scaffold for enamel mineralization. In the transition stage, ameloblasts transition from a secretory to resorptive phenotype. During maturation, ameloblasts facilitate enamel crystal growth and remove enamel proteins. Finally, in the protective stage, ameloblasts protect mature enamel but have a reduced metabolic activity.
This document provides information on dental caries (tooth decay). It defines dental caries as a multifactorial disease characterized by demineralization of tooth structure. Two bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, are responsible for initiating caries. Untreated caries can lead to pain, tooth loss, infection, and in severe cases death. The document discusses risk factors for caries like diet, fluoride exposure, socioeconomic status and behaviors. It also covers classifications of caries, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments.
Yağ atık tankı paleti,Kimyasal taşıma kapları,Asit sıçrama saçılma önleme paleti,Asit tavası karteri,Varil toplama küveti,Taşma kabı karterleri,Taşma karter küveti,Taşma paleti tepsisi,Kimyasal taşırma kapları,Damlama paleti,Tekerlekli varil taşıma paleti,Varil iş güvenliği paleti,Döküntü toplama paletleri,Döküntü toplama paleti,Kimyasal çevre koruma küvetleri
Alquat CLA is a bleach bath accelerator designed to catalyze the faster formation of active bleaching species from sodium hypochlorite, improving productivity and reducing the amount of hypochlorite needed. As a cationic surfactant, Alquat CLA minimizes backstaining. It can reduce the chlorine bleach concentration by over 50% and processing time in half, lowering fabric damage and reducing quantities of antichlor and peroxide required in subsequent steps. This leads to a more eco-friendly and cost-effective bleaching process. Alquat CLA is also beneficial when bleaching tencel blends, reducing damage to the fabric and fibrillation of tencel fibers.
This document discusses the biological considerations of operative dentistry related to enamel, dentin, and the dentinoenamel junction. It provides details on the structure, composition, properties and clinical significance of enamel and dentin. Key points include that enamel is the hardest substance in the body but has no self-repair ability. Dentin lines the inner walls of teeth and contains tubules that connect to the pulp and determine permeability. The dentinoenamel junction is a critical area that provides strength between the two tissues.
Technological advancements have occurred in recent decades with respect to primary dental care. Few of those advanced technologies such as genetics, immunizations, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, information technology, etc., have been covered in this presentation. I hope it provides sufficient knowledge about the subject to the readers.
This document discusses common procedural errors that can occur during root canal treatment and provides recommendations for prevention and management. The main points are:
1) Common procedural errors include canal blockage, ledge formation, deviation from normal anatomy, instrument separation, and obstruction from previous obturating materials.
2) Prevention techniques include using smaller instruments first, maintaining patency, and recapitulating. Ledges can be prevented through proper access, assessment of curvature, and avoiding forcing instruments.
3) Separated instruments may require retrieval kits or ultrasonics to remove, while previous fillings need removal through instrumentation, heat, solvents, or ultrasonics to allow retreatment.
This document discusses isolation of the operative field in dentistry. Maintaining a dry field is important for operative procedures. Several techniques and materials can be used for isolation, including rubber dams, cotton rolls, high-volume evacuators, and throat shields. Rubber dams provide the best isolation but also have some disadvantages like taking time to apply. The goals of isolation are moisture control, retraction of soft tissues, and prevention of contamination. Proper isolation improves visibility, protects patients, and allows dental materials to perform as intended.
Methods characterized of caries removal.pptxMostafaElzaim
The document discusses various methods for removing dental caries, classified as mechanical, chemomechanical, and photoablation. Mechanical methods include use of carbide, polymer, and ceramic burs on low-speed handpieces as well as techniques like air abrasion and sonoabrasion. Chemomechanical caries removal uses solutions like sodium hypochlorite or enzymes like papain to dissolve carious dentin. Popular papain-based products are Papacarie and Brix3000. The document provides details on advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses endodontic mishaps that can occur during root canal treatment. It is presented by Sukesh Kumar from the 2007-2008 batch. Procedural errors are classified into those related to access opening, canal cleaning and shaping, obturation, and other miscellaneous errors. Specific errors like treating the wrong tooth, incomplete caries removal, perforations, ledge formation, zipping, and instrument separation are described. Prevention and management of these errors are also discussed.
Intracanal medicaments are agents used as adjuncts to cleaning and shaping teeth during root canal treatment. Their primary functions are antisepsis and disinfection to help prevent or treat apical periodontitis. Secondary functions include controlling pain, exudation, swelling, and resorption during and after treatment by eliminating infection in the root canal system. Common intracanal medicaments include antibiotics, disinfectants like sodium hypochlorite, and calcium hydroxide, which has antibacterial properties due to its high pH and can physically restrict bacterial colonization in the root canal.
This document discusses techniques for endodontic access that minimize damage to tooth structure. It emphasizes maintaining a 360 degree "soffit" or roof around the pulp chamber to strengthen the tooth. Traditional access using round burs is described as damaging, while a new tapered bur technique called "Ninja preparation" aims to create smoother walls and minimize gouges. References are provided on topics like moisture loss in root canal treated teeth, their increased brittleness, and concepts of minimally invasive endodontics.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of dentin. It discusses the different types of dentin - primary, secondary, tertiary - and their locations and functions. It also describes odontoblasts, the cells responsible for dentin formation, and dentinal tubules, the structures that span the thickness of dentin.
Dentin dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that affects dentin formation, resulting in abnormal dentin and pulpal morphology. There are two types: type 1 affects the roots and causes them to be short and conical, while type 2 affects the crowns and causes bulbous or rounded crowns. Symptoms include premature loss of teeth due to extreme mobility from short roots or wearing away of rounded crowns. Radiographs show obliterated pulp chambers in primary teeth and crescent-shaped remnants in permanent teeth for type 1, while type 2 shows "thistle tube"-like enlarged pulp chambers in permanent tooth crowns. There is no treatment for the disease other than dental monitoring and extraction of mobile teeth.
Python Tricks That You Can't Live WithoutAudrey Roy
Audrey Roy gave a presentation on Python tricks for code readability and reuse at PyCon Philippines 2012. She discussed writing clean, understandable code by following PEP8 style guidelines and using linters. She also explained how to find and install reusable Python libraries from the standard library and PyPI, and how to write packages and modules to create reusable code.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Wl determination & anatomy of the root apexMahavosh
This document discusses methods for determining working length in endodontic treatment. It defines working length and important anatomical landmarks at the root apex, including the apical constriction, apical foramen, and cementodentinal junction. The key methods described for determining working length are radiographic examination, use of electronic apex locators, tactile sensation with files, and assessing moisture on paper points. The document emphasizes that accurately determining working length is critical for successful cleaning, shaping and obturation of the root canal system.
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body. It is composed primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals arranged in rods (prisms) that run from the dentin-enamel junction to the outer enamel surface. The basic structural unit of enamel is the enamel rod, which is hexagonal or oval in cross-section. Between the rods is the interrod enamel. Enamel gains its strength through the interweaving of tightly packed hydroxyapatite crystals in parallel alignment within the rods.
This document discusses benign odontogenic tumors. It provides a classification system for these tumors based on their histological features. Several specific tumor types are then described in detail, including ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, ameloblastic fibroma, odontoma, and cementoblastoma. For each tumor, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, and typical treatment approach are summarized. Surgical treatment methods for jaw lesions such as enucleation, marsupialization, and resection are also outlined.
Amelogenesis is the process of enamel formation and involves four main stages: secretory, transition, maturation, and protective. During the secretory stage, ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins that form an organic scaffold for enamel mineralization. In the transition stage, ameloblasts transition from a secretory to resorptive phenotype. During maturation, ameloblasts facilitate enamel crystal growth and remove enamel proteins. Finally, in the protective stage, ameloblasts protect mature enamel but have a reduced metabolic activity.
This document provides information on dental caries (tooth decay). It defines dental caries as a multifactorial disease characterized by demineralization of tooth structure. Two bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, are responsible for initiating caries. Untreated caries can lead to pain, tooth loss, infection, and in severe cases death. The document discusses risk factors for caries like diet, fluoride exposure, socioeconomic status and behaviors. It also covers classifications of caries, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments.
Yağ atık tankı paleti,Kimyasal taşıma kapları,Asit sıçrama saçılma önleme paleti,Asit tavası karteri,Varil toplama küveti,Taşma kabı karterleri,Taşma karter küveti,Taşma paleti tepsisi,Kimyasal taşırma kapları,Damlama paleti,Tekerlekli varil taşıma paleti,Varil iş güvenliği paleti,Döküntü toplama paletleri,Döküntü toplama paleti,Kimyasal çevre koruma küvetleri
Alquat CLA is a bleach bath accelerator designed to catalyze the faster formation of active bleaching species from sodium hypochlorite, improving productivity and reducing the amount of hypochlorite needed. As a cationic surfactant, Alquat CLA minimizes backstaining. It can reduce the chlorine bleach concentration by over 50% and processing time in half, lowering fabric damage and reducing quantities of antichlor and peroxide required in subsequent steps. This leads to a more eco-friendly and cost-effective bleaching process. Alquat CLA is also beneficial when bleaching tencel blends, reducing damage to the fabric and fibrillation of tencel fibers.
The document discusses the use of clay minerals as environmentally friendly alternatives in the textile industry. It describes how clay minerals can be used as stabilizers for hydrogen peroxide bleaching, providing benefits like reduced COD and BOD levels in wastewater. The document also examines the application of specific clay-based products for bleaching cotton and pre-treating fabrics containing elastane fibers.
Altranol GEO.Natural Clay based cotton pretreatmentKetan Gandhi
The document discusses the use of minerals, particularly clays, in the textile industry. It notes that clays have properties that make them useful as thickeners, absorbers of oils and inks, and stabilizers for hydrogen peroxide bleaches. It then describes a new clay-based product called Altranol-GEO that can be used to stabilize hydrogen peroxide for bleaching cotton and prescouring synthetic fabrics like polyester and polyamide/elastane blends. Altranol-GEO provides bleaching and cleaning without additional auxiliaries while reducing biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and pollution in waste effluent. Test results show it improves whiteness and brightness compared to standard bleach methods
Haiku Deck is a presentation tool that allows users to create Haiku style slideshows. The tool encourages users to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentations which can be shared on SlideShare. In just a few clicks, users can design beautiful, minimalist slideshows.
Me and Z's Restaurant is a Mexican restaurant located in Rio Grande, CA that focuses on serving homemade Mexican dishes using high quality ingredients. The restaurant has a relaxing atmosphere suitable for dining alone, with family or for any occasion. Me and Z's offers breakfast, lunch and dinner with options like soup and ice cream. They can accommodate groups and take reservations.
The document discusses a financial analysis of improving electronic medical record (EMR) interoperability between Health Alliance Hospital and affiliated physician practices. It finds that developing interfaces between key inpatient areas like labs and radiology with outpatient practices would result in cost savings from efficiencies. Continuing and expanding the EMR connectivity project is recommended, especially while partial hospital subsidies are available due to restrictions from the Stark Law.
Refurbishmernt and interior idea of Japanese wooden house. Three parts of space in the two storeies house have been expressed with three colours. Interior image: Fusion Style. Concept: Welcome Rooms, Welcome Colours
La familia Rosero-Herrera desea una feliz Navidad y comparte consejos sobre el significado de la temporada navideña. La Navidad representa alegría, paz, encuentro, dar, humildad, conversión, gracia, luz, perdón y amor.
This short document promotes creating presentations on Haiku Deck and sharing them on SlideShare. It includes photos taken by three different photographers and a call to action encouraging the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation.
This presentation illustrates the research I conducted to explore the racial and ethnic disparity that exists in the technology industry. I found that without these diverse perspectives, innovation would be threatened.
Rio Grande CA, Me and Z’s focuses on serving tasty and appetizing dishes that will suit your taste buds. Why not stop in and choose one of our delicious menu items; we are certain that you will find something that will interest you.
Geri dönüşüm kutularında biriktirdiğimiz metal ambalaj atıklarımız geri kazanım tesislerinde ilk önce büyük mıknatıslar aracılığıyla içerisinde bulunan kapak vb. metal dışı yabancı cisimlerden ayrılırlar...
BEBKA ve TTGV işbirliğinde yürütülen "Bursa, Eskişehir ve Bilecik Endüstriyel Simbiyoz Programı" kapsamında gerçekleştirilen "Bursa Bilgilendirme Toplantısı ve Çalıştayı"nda BEBKA Planlama Programlama ve Koordinasyon Birimi Başkanı Jülide Alan'ın bölgede yapılacak çalışmalara yer verdiği sunumu...
2. BÖLÜM I
PROJENİN TANIMI ve AMACI
1.1 Proje Konusu Yatırımın Tanımı, Ömrü, Hizmet
Maksatları, Önem Ve Gerekliliği
Tekstil endüstrisi, hammadde üretimi (suni elyaf), yarı
işlenmiş ürün üretimi (iplik, dokuma ve örme kumaşlar ile
terbiye işlemleri) ve nihai ürünlerin üretiminde (halı, ev tekstili,
giyim ve endüstriyel kullanım için tekstil) tüm üretim döngüsünü
kapsayan geniş sayıda alt sektörlerden oluşmaktadır.
Tekstil sektörü imalat sanayinde en uzun ve en karmaşık
endüstriyel zincirlerden biridir. 3 ana sektör altında toplanmıştır.
1-Giyim 2- Mobilya 3- Endüstriyel Kullanım
3. 1.1 Proje Konusu Yatırımın Tanımı, Ömrü, Hizmet
Maksatları, Önem Ve Gerekliliği
AB üretiminin% 80'inden fazlasını gerçekleştiren
ülkelerden İtalya Avrupa'nın önde gelen tekstil üreticisidir ve
diğerleri Almanya, İngiltere, Fransa ve İspanyadır (bu sırayla).
Belçika, Fransa, Almanya ve İngiltere‘de halı sektöründe ana
Avrupa üreticileridir.
2000 yılında Avrupa tekstil ve konfeksiyon sektörü, AB
imalat sanayi cirosunun % 3.4‘ünü, katma değerin % 3.8’ini ve
sanayi istihdamının % 6.9’unu ortaya koymuştur.
4. Bugün Avrupa’nın üçüncü büyük tekstil ihracatçısı olan
Türkiye, dünyanın altıncı en büyük hazır giyim ihracatçısı.
Günümüzde dünya tekstil ihracatının büyüklüğü 300 milyar dolar
civarında. Hazır giyim ihracatı ise 500 milyar dolara yaklaşıyor.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 100. yaşında, yani 2023 yılında dünya
tekstil ticaretinin 550 milyar dolara, hazır giyim ticaretinin ise 740
milyar dolara ulaşacağı tahmin ediliyor.
6. Tekstil ve hazır giyim, sanayileşme sürecinin önemli yapı
taşını oluşturan ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kalkınmasına ciddi
katkılar sağlayan emek yoğun sektörlerin başında gelmektedir.
Dünyada rekabetin en yoğun yaşandığı bu sektörde,
kotaların kalkmasıyla hem arz hem de talep yönünde rekabet
daha da keskin hale gelmiştir. Bu çerçevede tekstil ve hazır
giyimde markalaşma büyük önem arz etmeye başlamış, nitekim
sektörün güç kaybetmesi soncunda bazı ülkelerin markalaşmaya
yöneldikleri görülmüştür.
1.1 Proje Konusu Yatırımın Tanımı, Ömrü, Hizmet
Maksatları, Önem Ve Gerekliliği
7. 1.1 Proje Konusu Yatırımın Tanımı, Ömrü, Hizmet
Maksatları, Önem Ve Gerekliliği
Şekil 1.1. Türkiye'nin tekstil hammadde sanayi haritası
8. BÖLÜM II
PROJE İÇİN SEÇİLEN YERİN KONUMU
2.1. Proje Yer seçimi
Proje uygulama alanı Afyon ilinin Organize Sanayi
Bölgesidir.
Şehirden 6 km uzaklıkta olup, alt yapı sorunu yoktur.
Kumaş üretiminde kullanılan ana hammadde ipliktir.
İplikte en önemli faktörü oluşturduğundan bunun temini
Uşak ilinden yapılacaktır. Hem Afyon iline yakın olmasından
hem de iplik alanında gelişmiş olmasından Uşak ili seçilmiştir.
9. 2.1. Proje Yer seçimi
Talep ve dağıtım olanakları açısından pazar elverişliği
Hammadde ve yardımcı madde kaynaklarının şimdiki ve
gelecekteki durumu
Yan sanayi kuruluşları
Enerji ve yakıt kaynaklarının yoğunluk ve maliyetleri açısından
ulaşım olanakları
Miktar, kalite ve ücret açısından işgücü kaynakları
Fabrikanın faaliyetlerini ve personelin yaşantısını
etkileyebilecek iklim koşulları
Su ve atıkları giderme tesisleri
Devletin yasalarla belirlediği kısıtlayıcı veya teşvik edici
faktörler
Proje için yapılan yer seçimi çalışmalarında aşağıda belirtilen
kriterler dikkate alınmıştır.
10. Projemizde makineler zemin katta olmak üzere
planlanmıştır. Bu makineler için 2.400 m2 alan ön görülmüş.
İşletmenin ön tarafında makineler ve donanımlar arka
tarafında ise iplik ve kumaş deposu, yönetim birimi, tuvalet ve
soyunma odası bulunmaktadır. İşletmenin 2.800 m2 si kapalı
alandır.
2.1. Proje Yer seçimi
12. 2.2. Proje Kapsamındaki Faaliyet Ünitelerinin Konumu
• Hammade Depo(İplik) • Çözgü
Çözgü: dokumacılıkta atkıların geçirildiği, dokunacak kumaşın
uzunluğunu oluşturan uzunlamasına iplerdir.
13. 2.2. Proje Kapsamındaki Faaliyet Ünitelerinin Konumu
• Dokuma Salonu • Jakar Kesme
Jakar dokuma tezgahlarında, çözgü tellerini kaldırmak ve aralarından
renkli iplikleri geçirme işi otomatik olarak yapılmakta ve bu sayede en
karışık nakışlı kumaşlar bile tek bir işçi tarafından dokunabilmektedir.
15. Herhangi bir projenin ÇED Yönetmeliği kapsamında yer alıp
almadığını belirlemek için eleme prosedürü yerine getirilir. Eleme prosedürü
için öncelikle Ek I listesi kontrol edilir. Proje Ek I listesinde yer alıyorsa ÇED
Raporu hazırlanması gerekir.
Projenin EK II listesinde yer alması durumunda ÇED raporunun
hazırlanması zorunlu olan tekstil fabrikaları yönetmelikte aşağıdaki gibi yer
almaktadır (EK I- Madde 27 ):
- Terbiye işlemlerinden kasar (haşıl sökme, ağartma, merserizasyon,
kostikleme v.b.) veya boyama birimlerini içeren iplik, kumaş veya halı
fabrikaları (3.000 ton/yıl ve üzeri),
BÖLÜM III
3.1 ÇEVRE İZİN YÖNETMELİKLERİ VE İZİN SÜREÇLERİ
16. 3.1. ÇEVRE İZİN YÖNETMELİKLERİ İZİN SÜREÇLERİ
ÇED Raporu hazırlanmasının gerekli olup olmadığı ile ilgili karar
verilen Ek II listesindeki tekstil fabrikaları yönetmelikte aşağıdaki gibi yer
almaktadır (EK II- Madde 10):
− Boyama (kimyasal veya kök boya kullanılarak), kasar veya baskı işlemi
yapan iplik, kumaş veya halı fabrikaları,
− Yün veya tiftiğin ovalanması, yağının alınması veya ağartmasının yapıldığı
endüstriyel tip tesisler
− Denim (kot) veya konfeksiyon ürünleri yıkama tesisleri
17. Yeni kurulacak tesisler için 29 Nisan 2009 tarihli ve 27214 sayılı Resmi
Gazete’ de yayımlanan Çevre Kanununca Alınması Gereken İzin ve Lisanslar
Hakkında Yönetmelik hükümleri kapsamında, çevre izni alınması aşamasında
yapılacak başvurularda onaylı temiz üretim planları sunulacaktır.
Tebliğde belirtilen iş ve işlemleri tekstil üreticisi, 12 Kasım 2010 tarihli
ve 27757 sayılı Resmi Gazete ‘de yayımlanan Çevre Görevlisi ve Çevre
Danışmanlık Firmaları Hakkında Yönetmelikte belirlenen çevre danışmanlık
firmalarına ve/veya çevre görevlisine yaptırmakla yükümlü olacaktır.
3.1. ÇEVRE İZİN YÖNETMELİKLERİ İZİN SÜREÇLERİ
18. BÖLÜM IV
PROJENİN EKONOMİK ve SOSYAL BOYUTLARI
4.1. Projenin Gerçekleşmesi İle İlgili Yatırım Programı
ve Finans Kaynakları
İmalat sanayisindeki tekstil sektörlerinin gayri safi milli hâsılaya(üretilen bir
malın para karşılığı olarak değeri) oranları:
—İmalat sanayi içindeki istihdam payı %26,2’dir
—Toplam istihdam içindeki payı %10,3 tür.
—500 büyük sanayi firması içindeki tekstil firmalarının oranı %20'dir.
—Son 10 yılda 50 milyar dolar olmak üzere son 20 yılda 150 milyar dolarlık
yatırım yapılmıştır
19. 4.1. Projenin Gerçekleşmesi İle İlgili Yatırım Programı
ve Finans Kaynakları
İşletme giderleri tablosu
• Personel giderleri = 906.000 TL
• Bakım onarım giderleri = 60.000 TL
• Yakıt enerji giderleri = 1.080.000TL
• Genel giderler = 5.000 TL
• Amortismanlar = 1.800 TL
• Kira giderleri = 90.000 TL
• TOPLAM = 2.142.800 TL
İşletme Gelirleri
Triko’nun kilosu = 17 TL
Bir makinenin kapasitesi(günlük) = 15 kg
15 kg X 60 (makine) = 900 kg (günlük)
17 X 900 = 15.300 TL (günlük kazanç)
15.300 X 360(gün) = 5.508.000 TL
TOPLAM=5.508.000 TL
20. BÖLÜM V
PROJEDEN ETKİLENECEK ALANIN BELİRLENMESİ ve BU ALAN
İÇERİSİNDEKİ ÇEVRESEL ÖZELLİKLERİN AÇIKLANMASI
5.1 Fiziksel ve Biyolojik Çevrenin Özellikleri ve Doğal Kaynakların Kullan
5.1.1Meteorolojik ve İklimsel Özellikler
İklimsel Özellikler
Bölge üzerinde arazini değerlendirilmesi, uygulamalı veya temel
bir perspektif içerisinde araştırılmak istendiğinde çevre, dolayısı ile
bunun başlıca faktörlerinden biri olan iklim başta gelmektedir.
İklim, dolaylı ve dolaysız etkileri ile canlıların bir yerde yerleşme
ve yaşama imkanlarını sağlayan önemli bir faktördür. Bu nedenle, bir
yerin çevresel özellikleri incelenirken, gerek bölgesel gerekse yerel
ölçekteki iklim özellikleri önem taşımaktadır.
21. 5.1.2 Hidrojeolojik Özellikler
DOĞAL AFET DURUMU
Depremsellik:
Proje kapsamındaki tüm inşaat
çalışmaları; T.C. Bayındırlık İskan
Bakanlığı’nın 02.07.1998 tarih ve
23390 sayılı Resmi Gazete’de
yayımlanarak yürürlüğe
giren “Deprem Bölgelerinde
Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında
Yönetmelik“ hükümlerine uygun
olarak yapılacaktır.
23. Toprağın kimyasal özellikleri
Enerji ve su tüketimi
Atık su içeriği (pH, sıcaklık, Renk (Pt-Co birimi), BOİ, KOİ, AKM, yağ ve gres,
ağır metaller, diğer askıdaki bileşiklerle, bakteri ve patojenler)
Kurutma prosesleri ve yıkama suyunun, boyama suyunun ve atık suyun
buharlaştırılması sonucu ortaya çıkan hava emisyonları
Havalandırma, bacalar ve nakliyeden kaynaklanan kirlilik
Tekstil fabrikasının yakın çevresinde yer alan yerleşim birimleri ve duyarlı
bölgelerde koku ve tesis içi önlemler
Biyota (kirleticilerin mümkün olan birikimlerinin tanımlanmasının yanında
hava kirliliği ve su kirliliğinden kaynaklanan etkiler)
Çalışanların çalışma kalitesi (güvenlik tedbirleri ve koruma kıyafetleri)
BÖLÜM VI
PROJENİN ÖNEMLİ ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİ VE ALINACAK ÖNLEMLER
6.1 Proje İçin Kullanılacak Alan
24. 6.2 Kirleticilerin Miktarı, (Atmosferik Koşullar İle Kirleticilerin
Etkileşimi) Çevreye Rahatsızlık Verebilecek Olası Sorunların
Açıklanması Ve Atıkların Minimizasyonu
Tekstil fabrikalarından kaynaklanan çevresel etkiler; inşaat
ve işletme aşamaları olarak ayrılabilmektedir. Ayrıca Azaltıcı
önlemler olarak incelenecektir.
Hava Kirliliği
Gürültü
Su Kullanımı
Su kirliliği
Atık
Koku
25. 6.2.1 İnşaat Aşamasında Olası Çevresel Etkiler
Hava Kirliliği
Etrafa yayılan toz; saha çalışmaları, yol yapım çalışmaları ve
ulaşımdan kaynaklanmaktadır (malzeme ve ekipman taşıyan kamyonlar).
Motorinle çalışan iş makinelerinin ve araçların kullanılması hava kalitesini
azaltan diğer unsurladır. İşçiler, yakın yerleşim yerlerinde ikamet eden
insanlar ve bununla birlikte duyarlı bölgelerde yaşamını sürdüren bitki ve
hayvan türleri hava kalitesinden olumsuz olarak etkileneceklerdir.
Gürültü
İnşaat aşamasındaki gürültü etkileri başlıca yakın çevrede
bulunan yerleşim birimlerinde yaşayan insanları ve bölgedeki fauna
popülasyonu etkileyecektir.
26. 6.2.1 İnşaat Aşamasında Olası Çevresel Etkiler
Su Kullanımı
Saha çevresinde yapılacak kazı çalışmalarında yürütülen susuzlaştırma
işlemi kısa vadede yer altı su seviyesinin düşmesine neden olacaktır. Düşen yeraltı
suyu seviyesi civardaki su kaynaklarının azalmasına neden olup, bu durum yerleşim
birimlerini, diğer endüstrileri ve tarımsal sulama faaliyetlerini etkileyebilecektir.
Su Kirliliği
İnşaat aşamasındaki susuzlaştırma faaliyetlerinden çıkan su, askıda katı
madde, yağ ve gres içermektedir. Yakıtların ya da diğer tehlikeli maddelerin kaza
sonucu dökülmesi kıyı ve iç suların kirlenmesine neden olabilmekte ve alıcı
ortamdaki su kalitesini ve buna bağlı olarak alıcı ortamda yaşamlarını sürdüren
flora ve faunayı etkileyebilmektedir.
Atık
Binaların ve tesislerin inşası, inşaat atıklarının (hafriyat) oluşmasına neden
olmaktadır. Toprağa karışan kirleticiler yerel flora ve faunayı etkileyebilmektedir.
27.
28. 6.2.2 İşletme Aşamasında Olası Çevresel Etkiler
Hava Kirliliği
Tekstil fabrikalarına olduğu kadar, fabrikalardan dışarı yapılan
nakliyat faaliyetleri hava emisyonlarının oluşumuna neden olacaktır. Isıtma
faaliyetleri için gaz ve kömürün birlikte kullanımı; CO, CO2, NOx, O3, toz ve
PM (partikül madde) emisyonlarının yüksek miktarda oluşmasına neden
olmaktadır.
Koku
Klor ve kükürt gibi kimyasalların kullanımı kokunun artmasına
neden olmaktadır.
Gürültü
Gürültü etkisi tekstil fabrikalarında genellikle tüm işlemlerin
kapalı binalar içerisinde gerçekleştirilmesi nedeniyle çevreye herhangi bir
etkisi olmamaktadır.
29. Su Kullanımı
Tekstil fabrikalarında yüksek miktarlarda su kullanılmakta, yeraltı
ve/veya yüzey su seviyelerinin azalmasına neden olmakta, bu durumda çevreye
olumsuz etkilemektedir.
Su Kirliliği
Tekstil sanayideki en önemli hususlardan biri atık sudur. Kimyasal içeriği
yüksek bu atık suyun alıcı ortama deşarj edilmeden önce uygun arıtımdan
geçirilmesi şarttır. Atık su yüksek düzeylerde biyokimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ),
askıda katı madde (AKM) (örn. lif ve yağ), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ), TÇK
(toplam çözünmüş katılar) ve organik halojenler gibi kimyasal parametrelere
sahiptir.
Yüksek KOİ, sülfür ve sülfit nedeniyle rahatsız edici kokuya neden
olmaktadır. Ayrıca, atık su genellikle sıcak, bazik, kötü kokulu ve boyama
işleminde kullanılan kimyasal maddeler sebebiyle renklidir.
6.2.2 İşletme Aşamasında Olası Çevresel Etkiler
30.
31. 6.2.3 Azaltıcı Önlemler
Hava Kirliliği
Proseslerden kaynaklanan toz, yağ ve asit buharı ve kazanlardan
çıkan gazlar, kullanılacak filtreler yardımıyla azaltılabilmektedir. Proses
aşamasında ortaya çıkarak havaya karışan pamuk toz; havalandırma
sistemleri (makineler için) yada filtrelerin kullanımı ile azaltılabilmektedir.
Koku
Proseslerden kaynaklanan klor ve kükürt gibi gazların oluşturduğu
koku çıkan havanın ozon toplayıcılardan ya da filtrelerden geçirilmesi ile
giderilebilir.
Su kullanımı
Su kullanımı otomatik kapanan muslukların ve yüksek basınçlı su
sistemlerinin kullanım ile azaltılabilmektedir. Fabrika, proses suyu için bir
yönetim planına sahip olmalıdır ve mümkün olduğu durumlarda arıtılan ya da
içerik bakımından uygun olan atık su tekrar prosese döndürülmelidir.
32. Su Kirliliği
Tekstil endüstrisinde en önemli çevresel etkiler oluşan atık su ile ilgilidir. Suyun
çevreye verilmeden önce arıtılması önemli bir husus olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Büyük
miktarlarda kimyasal madde ve bileşikleri içeren proseslerden kaynaklanan atık sular,
tesiste arıtılarak alıcı ortama verilmelidir.
Tekstil sanayi atık sularının alıcı ortama veriliyor ise deşarj standartları Su
Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Yönetmeliği göre yapılmalıdır.
Atık
Atık miktarları, atık yönetim planlarının uygulanmasıyla
azaltılabilmektedir. Malzemelerin verimli kullanımı kaynakta azaltma gibi
işlemlerle az miktarda atık oluşumuna sebep olacaktır.
6.2.3 Azaltıcı Önlemler