The document discusses various alternative and innovative teaching methods including inquiry-based learning, project-based learning, analogy method, storytelling method, and discussion method. Inquiry-based learning involves posing questions for students to explore, and has four types - confirmation, structured, guided, and open inquiry. Project-based learning involves students learning through real-world projects over an extended period. The analogy method compares unfamiliar concepts to familiar ones. Storytelling can be used to teach values and culture. Discussion method involves group interaction between teacher and students to define problems and solutions.