The document discusses the differences between null and alternative hypotheses. A null hypothesis posits that there is no relationship between the variables being studied, while an alternative hypothesis states that a relationship does exist. Qualitative research methods do not typically use hypotheses because they are exploratory rather than designed for hypothesis testing. The author then provides their own hypothesis for a research proposal on extraterrestrial life, which is that aliens have influenced human evolution.

1. All follow-up responses should require 250-300 words.
#1
For this weeks forum posting, we are to discuss the differences
between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. In
addition, I will explain why the qualitative methods studies
seldom hold a hypothesis.
According to Ellis, Hartley, and Walsh, (2009), a hypothesis is
a tentative statement about empirical reality, that may or may
not be true. A Null Hypothesis simply posits that no
relationship or difference exists in whatever is being studied. In
other words, a null hypothesis, with two or more variables, the
scientists are hypothesizing that the variables are not related,
and/or, there are no differences between the two or more groups
with reference to the variables under scrutiny (p. 63,64).
The main difference between a null hypothesis and an
alternative or research hypothesis is that the null hypothesis is
usually implied, rather than stated. Scientists typically state and
test the alternative or research hypothesis. The research
hypothesis states the differences or relationships among
whatever variables are being studied. If the null hypothesis is
accepted, then the alternative hypothesis is rejected. If the
alternative hypothesis is accepted, then the null hypothesis is
rejected (Ellis, Walsh, Hartley, p. 64). According to Ratnesar
and Mackenzie, a null hypothesis is not used in the qualitative
research method, because qualitative research is not designed
for hypothesis testing. Rather, it is used to explore an area
which can later be hypothesized with a quantitative approach.

2. (p. 505)
Research Proposal Hypothesis:
For my research proposal, I am in the process of editing and
determining the content. One of the first methods I plan on
using is a hypothesis. For my research proposal, I choose
“Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Ancient Civilizations and Modern
Scientific Discoveries”. The hypothesis, for this proposal, will
include many aspects of what technology and biology have been
discovered, that may contain extraterrestrial life/intelligence.
My hypothesis, is that Extraterrestrial life has had a hand in
shaping the evolution of man from the very beginning. With the
discovery of possible alien remains in Peru, multiple human
skeletons over 12ft in height all over the world, non-cranial
deformation with skulls containing 30% more mass without a
sagittal suture, as well as the universal donor O- blood type.
These four reasons listed above, I believe, are ample reasons
that a hypothesis is in good working order of this research
proposal. There are hundreds, if not thousands of religions
around the world. It is predicted and prophesized that there will
be a one world religion in the future. I can see and understand
how this can come to fruition. Every religion, weather
Abrahamic, Hindu, Norse, Egyptian, or Greek, have some basis
of mythology in reality. Each religions mythology tells of a
remarkably similar story, just with different names.
Lee Ellis, Richard Hartley, Anthony Walsh. “Research Methods
in Criminal Justice and Criminology: An Interdisciplinary
Approach”. Rowman & Littlefield. 15 December, 2009. [Date
Accessed] 31 December, 2018.
https://ebookcentral-proquest-
com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=500811

3. Nimal Ratnesar, Jim Mackenzie. “The Quantitative-Qualitative
Distinction and the Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Procedure”. Journal of Psychology of Education, Vol. 40, No, 4,
2006. [Date Accessed] 31 December, 2018.
https://www.academia.edu/1429308/The_Quantitative_Qualitati
ve_Distinction_and_the_Null_Hypothesis_Significance_Testing
_Procedure
#2
This week we looked at the hypothesis. The hypothesis is one
of the most important parts of certain research studies as it
initially describes the guestimate, thought, or idea that is being
studied. As an initial concept, the hypothesis is a belief that is
not always true. Within many styles of research, you will find a
null hypothesis and an alternate hypothesis. This part of the
research is important as the researcher because it helps to push
past initial beliefs to find the truth while still giving value to
the initial belief.
A hypothesis “enables the researcher to select facts that are
relevant and pertinent to their research, making his or her task
much easier, simpler, and less frustrating. Once the direction
and points are identified, the researcher can eliminate irrelevant
facts and concentrate only on those that will be the most helpful
in solving the research problem.” (Lesson Five, 2019).
Researchers need to be careful when they are conducting their
study as to not only choose information that is biased to their
hypothesis. When identifying information, the researcher will
either come upon a null hypothesis or an alternate hypothesis.

4. The difference between the two is that in a null hypothesis the
relationship between the variables is just a coincidence. For
example, a person could believe that that there is a relationship
between income and crime. Someone could believe that in low-
income societies more crime occurs, they would propose that
there is absolutely no relationship between the two and that the
crime occurs more in low-income societies is a coincidence. In
the hypothesis, the variables are tested to identify if the
correlation is true or untrue. The research is designed to
provide examples or evidence to reject a null hypothesis.
On the other hand, the alternate Hypothesis absolutely suggests
that there is a direct relationship between the variables being
tested. The relationship is proven to be a common occurrence
and not by chance. In this study, there would be absolute proof
that there is a relationship between crime and low-income
societies. In this hypothesis it would be proposed that in higher
income communities are more content with their lives, thus
having no reason to commit crimes. Here it would be no
coincidence that less crime occurs within communities of higher
income. We find that if the null hypothesis is rejected or
proven wrong, the alternate hypothesis is accepted. During the
research, the null hypothesis is what it is tested.
In the research proposal that I am conducting, I believe that
there is there is no correlation between restricting the sales of
“assault rifles” and gun violence decreasing. Violence has
occurred long before the invention of the semi-automatic rifle.
Throughout history, since the creation of the gun, gun violence
has been conducted. My belief is that the only way gun
violence will be mitigated is by stricter penalties for gun crimes
and stopping the trafficking of guns through our borders. Until
we can fully control all avenues that a person has to access the
purchase and use of guns, we will continue to have a problem

5. with crimes involving guns.
References:
https://edge.apus.edu/access/content/group/security-and-global-
studies-common/Universal/SSGS/300/elf/lesson-
5/elf_index.html