Concrete durability and resistance to deterioration over time depends on low permeability and penetrability to prevent intrusion of harmful substances. Alkali-silica reaction occurs when alkali in cement reacts with silica in certain aggregates to form an expansive gel, causing cracking. Key factors for ASR are reactive aggregates, high alkali content, and moisture. ASR symptoms include map cracking. Prevention strategies include limiting moisture, selecting non-reactive aggregates, minimizing alkalis, and using mineral admixtures to reduce permeability and alkalinity.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Mechanism of different chemical attacks in a concrete like chloride attack, sulfate attack , which causes corrosion and spalling. Other reactions are alkali aggregate reaction , alkali silica reaction in concrete etc.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Mechanism of different chemical attacks in a concrete like chloride attack, sulfate attack , which causes corrosion and spalling. Other reactions are alkali aggregate reaction , alkali silica reaction in concrete etc.
White Paper: Flatline Alkali-Silica Reaction with Pumice-Blended CementHess Pumice Products
There is no way to stop ASR once such chemically-flawed concrete has been placed. The solution? Mitigate it in the concrete mix design with economical, quantifiable pumice-blended cement.
a brief research about permeability & durability of concrete with helpful images for civil engineering students
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
3. Concrete Durability:
Concrete is considered as one of the most non-
homogeneous and demanding engineering material.
The durability of concrete is defined as the ability to
withstand damaging effects of environment without
deterioration for a certain period of time.
The durability of concrete involves resistance to
frost, corrosion, permeation, carbonation, stress
corrosion, chemical attack, and so on.
4. Causes of Inadequate Durability
Deterioration
Concrete deterioration can be due to adverse
mechanical, physical, or chemical causes.
In fact, in terms of deterioration of concrete due to
physical or chemical causes, the mobility of
fluids or gases through the concrete are nearly
always involved.
The overall penetrability of a concrete structure,
especially when compounded by additional
environmental or exposure challenges, is the key to
its ultimate serviceability and durability.
5. Low porosity / permeability /
penetrability of concrete to moisture and
gas is the first line of defense against:
acid attack, sulfate attack, corrosion of
steel reinforcements, carbonation, alkali-
aggregate reaction, and efflorescence
to name a few of the most prominent
concrete ailments.
Causes of Inadequate Durability
10. ALKALI SILICA REACTION (ASR)
A chemical reaction develops between the
reactive silica contained in the aggregates
and the alkalis (Na2O and K2O) within the
cement paste known as Alkali-Silica
Reaction.
ASR also known as “Concrete Cancer”
11. INTRODUCTION
In most concrete, aggregates are more or less chemically inert.
However, some aggregates react with the alkali hydroxides in
concrete, causing expansion and cracking over a period of
many years. This alkali-aggregate reaction has two forms—
alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and alkali-carbonate reaction
(ACR).
ASR is the most common form of alkali-aggregate reaction
(AAR) in concrete.
12. How ASR takes place…..???
Alkali-silica reaction is one of the most recognized deleterious phenomena in
concrete.
Various types of silica present in aggregates react with the hydroxyl ions present in
the pore solution in concrete. The silica, now in solution, reacts with the sodium
(Na+) and potassium (K+) alkalis to form a volumetrically unstable alkali silica gel.
Water absorbed by the gel can be water not used in the hydration reaction of the
cement,
free water from rain,
snowmelt,
rivers
water condensed from air moisture .
13. The reaction is followed by expansion / swelling of
the aggregate particles due to the formation of
alkali-silicate gel that absorbs water and tends to
increase in volume. Since the gel is confined by the
cement paste, it builds up pressure causing
expansion, due to which multidirectional cracking
(map cracking) appears on surface of concrete.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ASR
14. In general, the reaction can be viewed as a two-step process
:
Step 1:
Silica + alkali alkali-silica gel (sodium silicate)
SiO2 + 2NaOH + H2O Na2SiO3.2H2O (2KOH can
replace 2NaOH)
15. Step 2
Gel reaction product + water expansion
Since the gel is restrained by the surrounding mortar,
an internal pressure is generated by the swelling. Once
that pressure is larger than the tensile strength of the
concrete, cracks occur leading to additional water
migration or absorption and additional gel swelling.
16. Conditions required for ASR…..
The conditions required for ASR to occur are:
A sufficiently high alkali content of the cement (or alkali
from other sources)
A reactive aggregate, such as chert
Water - ASR will not occur if there is no available water in
the concrete, since alkali-silica gel formation requires
water.
17. SYMPTOMS OF ASR
√ Visual examination of those concrete structures
that are affected will generally show :-
map or pattern cracking
a general appearance that indicates that the
concrete is swelling.
23. ASR MITIGATION MEASURES
Preventing deleterious expansions caused by the alkali-
silica reaction can be achieved by
1. Limiting moisture
2. Selecting Non-Reactive Aggregates
3. Minimizing Alkalis
4. Mineral Admixtures
5. Chemical Admixtures
6. Air Entrainment
24. 1. Limiting moisture:
The alkali-silica reaction will not take place in a concrete
structure if the internal relative humidity of the concrete is
lower than 80%.
As a result, keeping the concrete dry will prevent the
reaction from occurring. However, this is practically
impossible for exterior structures.
Lowering the permeability of concrete by reducing the
water-cement ratio reduces the internal moisture and delays
the reaction. However, a low water-cement ratio results in a
higher cement content, higher alkali content, and a reduced
pore space which could lead to higher expansions .
25. 1. Limiting moisture:
Lowering the permeability of concrete using
mineral admixtures is a more workable
approach to reduce the deleterious effects of
ASR.
Applying a protective coating to concrete is a
good solution provided that the coating is
correctly installed. Because of the high cost of
concrete coatings, this method has been used
on a limited basis.
26. 2. Selecting Non-Reactive Aggregates:
Using a non-reactive aggregate in concrete and
avoiding reactive aggregates will prevent ASR
damage. This demands an accurate testing
correctly predicting the ASR reactivity of
aggregates.
Such tests exist but need more refining and
improvements . This is not economical in some
regions where all locally available aggregates
are considered reactive.
27. 3. Minimizing Alkalis:
The most commonly used mitigation method is to
control the alkali content in the concrete.
Cement is the major source of alkali in the concrete.
Alkalis are also provided, in smaller amounts, from fly
ash, mixing water, chemical admixtures, aggregates, and
external sources such as seawater.
Controlling the alkali content of the cement has been
proved to decrease the expansions caused by ASR. A
proposed limit of 0.60% has been recommended for the
alkali content of cement to be used in concrete to reduce
ASR expansions.
28. 4. Mineral Admixtures:
Ever since the alkali-silica reaction was discovered, researchers
have reported on the effectiveness of mineral admixtures in
reducing its deleterious effects on concrete.
Effective mineral admixtures include fly ash, silica fume, ground
granulated slag, and calcined clay reduce ASR expansions by
one or more of the following mechanisms:
1. Reducing the alkali content of the concrete mix.
2. Reducing the pH of the concrete pore solution.
3. Consuming the calcium hydroxide, which might result in
lower swelling.
4. Reducing concrete permeability.
29.
30. ASR test…..
The concrete microbar test was proposed by Grattan-
Bellew et al. (2003) as a universal accelerated test for
alkali-aggregate reaction.
The Portland Cement Association recommends
analyzing the aggregate according to ASTM C 295,
"Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of
Aggregates for Concrete
31. If the aggregate contains more than the following quantities
of any of these reactive minerals, it is considered potentially
reactive:
Optically strained, microfractured, or microcrystalline quartz
exceeding 5.0%
Chert or chalcedony exceeding 3.0%
Tridymite or crystobalite exceeding 1.0%
Opal exceeding 0.5%
Natural volcanic glass in volcanic rocks exceeding 3.0%
32.
33. Test Methods for Alkali-Silica Reactivity
ASTM C 227,
Potential alkali-reactivity of cement-aggregate
combinations (mortar-bar method)
ASTM C 289,
Potential alkali-silica reactivity of aggregates
ASTM C 294,
Constituents of natural mineral aggregates
ASTM C 295,
Petrographic examination of aggregates for concrete