Mental state representation: insights from non-human primates, Alia Martin

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Monkeys reason about perceptions - they recognize that perception leads to knowledge No evidence that monkeys represent false beliefs - similar pattern of findings in other nonhuman primates (chimpanzees)

Science

Mental state representation
insights from non-human primates
Alia Martin
Harvard University
Lecturer, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2016)

How do monkeys reason about
the world around them?

How do monkeys reason about
mental states?

Flombaum & Santos (2005)
Reasoning about visual perception

Facing

MONKEY

Compe8tor

Facing

AWAY

Compe8tor

Results

Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006)
Reasoning about auditory perception

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
NOISY

SILENT

# of
Monkeys
Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006)
Results
*

Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006)
Results
*

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
# of
Monkeys

NOISY

SILENT

Monkeys reason about
perceptions…
What about beliefs?

False Beliefs in Infants
False BeliefTrue Belief
EXPECTED EXPECTEDUNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED

Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
LookingTime(s)
expected unexpected expected unexpected
TRUE BELIEF FALSE BELIEF
*
*

Do monkeys reason about
beliefs to predict behavior?

Can monkeys represent false beliefs?
True Belief False Belief
EXPECTED EXPECTEDUNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED

NOW: Monkey Results
.
1
2
3
4
5
0
FALSE BELIEFTRUE BELIEF
EXPECTED UNEXPECTED EXPECTED UNEXPECTED
DURATIONOFLOOKING
(SECONDS)
*

Monkeys reason about
perceptions…
What about beliefs?
Not to predict behavior…
Do they show any sensitivity to
beliefs?

Automatic Belief Processing
Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010)

Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010)
Automatic Belief Processing

Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome
empty empty empty
empty empty
empty empty
empty
EXPECTED
Automatic Belief Processing

Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome
empty empty empty
empty
empty empty
empty empty
EXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
Automatic Belief Processing

Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome
empty empty empty
empty
empty empty
empty empty
EXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
Automatic Belief Processing

Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome
empty empty empty
empty
empty empty
empty empty
EXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
UNEXPECTED
Automatic Belief Processing

Are monkeys automatically
influenced by others’ beliefs?

Automatic Beliefs in Monkeys?
Monkey TRUE BELIEF
Human TRUE BELIEF
Monkey FALSE BELIEF
Human FALSE BELIEF
TEST
Monkey TRUE BELIEF
Human FALSE BELIEF
Monkey FALSE BELIEF
Human TRUE BELIEF

0
1
2
3
4
Monkey TB Monkey FB
LookingTime(s)
Agent TB
Agent FB
Results
Human TB
Human FB

Conclusion
Monkeys reason about perceptions
- they recognize that perception leads to
knowledge
No evidence that monkeys
represent false beliefs
- similar findings in other nonhuman
primates (e.g., chimpanzees)

Spatial Dual-path Model - Object-based pointers and visual heuristics support meaning - Infant physical/social cognition (e.g., old-goals have approach information) - Thematic relations (e.g., caused motion = approach + separation) - Language uses these spatial mechanisms and representations - Eyes move when we understand language (e.g., eye tracking in the visual world) - Spatial biases and errors in development (e.g. FROM passives) - Powerful generalization abilities have been used to argue for innate language knowledge - Critics have argued that domain-general statistical learning can explain language abilities - Language evolved on top of preexisting visual/spatial mechanisms

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1. Mental state representation insights from non-human primates Alia Martin Harvard University Lecturer, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2016)

2. Cognitive Origins

5. How do monkeys reason about the world around them?

7. cameraperson presenter monkey

8. How do monkeys reason about mental states?

9. Reasoning about visual perception

10. Flombaum & Santos (2005) Reasoning about visual perception

11. Facing MONKEY Compe8tor Facing AWAY Compe8tor Results

12. Flombaum & Santos (2005)

13. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Reasoning about auditory perception

14. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Reasoning about auditory perception

15. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Reasoning about auditory perception

16. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Reasoning about auditory perception

17. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 NOISY SILENT # of Monkeys Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Results *

18. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Reasoning about auditory perception

19. Santos, Nissen, & Ferrugia (2006) Results * 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 # of Monkeys NOISY SILENT

20. Monkeys reason about perceptions… What about beliefs?

21. Monkeys reason about perceptions… What about beliefs?

22. False Beliefs in Infants False BeliefTrue Belief EXPECTED EXPECTEDUNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED

23. Results 0 5 10 15 20 25 LookingTime(s) expected unexpected expected unexpected TRUE BELIEF FALSE BELIEF * *

24. False Beliefs in Monkeys?

25. Do monkeys reason about beliefs to predict behavior?

26. Can monkeys represent false beliefs? True Belief False Belief EXPECTED EXPECTEDUNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED

27. NOW: Monkey Results . 1 2 3 4 5 0 FALSE BELIEFTRUE BELIEF EXPECTED UNEXPECTED EXPECTED UNEXPECTED DURATIONOFLOOKING (SECONDS) *

28. Monkeys reason about perceptions… What about beliefs? Not to predict behavior… Do they show any sensitivity to beliefs?

29. Automatic Belief Processing

30. Automatic Belief Processing Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010)

31. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) Automatic Belief Processing

32. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) Automatic Belief Processing

33. Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty EXPECTED Automatic Belief Processing

34. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) Automatic Belief Processing

35. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) ? Automatic Belief Processing

36. Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty EXPECTED UNEXPECTED Automatic Belief Processing

37. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) Automatic Belief Processing

38. Kovacs, Teglas, & Endress (2010) ? Automatic Belief Processing

39. Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty EXPECTED UNEXPECTED Automatic Belief Processing

40. Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty EXPECTED UNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED Automatic Belief Processing

41. Baby Thinks Agent Thinks Outcome empty empty empty empty empty empty empty empty EXPECTED UNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED UNEXPECTED Automatic Belief Processing

42. Are monkeys automatically influenced by others’ beliefs?

43. Automatic Beliefs in Monkeys?

44. Procedure

45. Familiarization 1

46. Familiarization 2

47. Automatic Beliefs in Monkeys? Monkey TRUE BELIEF Human TRUE BELIEF Monkey FALSE BELIEF Human FALSE BELIEF TEST Monkey TRUE BELIEF Human FALSE BELIEF Monkey FALSE BELIEF Human TRUE BELIEF

48. 0 1 2 3 4 Monkey TB Monkey FB LookingTime(s) Agent TB Agent FB Results Human TB Human FB

49. Conclusion Monkeys reason about perceptions - they recognize that perception leads to knowledge No evidence that monkeys represent false beliefs - similar findings in other nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzees)

50. Conclusion Monkeys reason about perceptions - they recognize that perception leads to knowledge No evidence that monkeys represent false beliefs - similar findings in other nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzees)

51. Conclusion Monkeys reason about perceptions - they recognize that perception leads to knowledge No evidence that monkeys represent false beliefs - similar findings in other nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzees)

52. Conclusion Monkeys reason about perceptions - they recognize that perception leads to knowledge No evidence that monkeys represent false beliefs - similar pattern of findings in other nonhuman primates (chimpanzees)

53. Thank you Laurie Santos CPRC

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