Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes
Deformation of the Crust: Continental Drift Theory
Learning Competencies
The learners shall be able to explain how the continents drift (S11/12ESId-20), and cite evidence that support continental drift (S11/12ES-Id-21).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory; and
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents.
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes
Deformation of the Crust: Continental Drift Theory
Learning Competencies
The learners shall be able to explain how the continents drift (S11/12ESId-20), and cite evidence that support continental drift (S11/12ES-Id-21).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory; and
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents.
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
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3. Wegener’s Theory
A revolutionary theory by Alfred Wegener, a
german meteorologist and geophysicist
changed the world’s perspective of the Earth.
This theory was proposed between 1912 and
1915. His theory was that the continents were
once joined together and gradually moved apart
over millions of years. It offered an explanation
for the existence of similar fossils and rocks on
continents. However, this theory took a long
time to be accepted, due to the lack of
evidence.
Pangaea
4.
5. From Pangaea to Gondwana and
Laurasia
Pangaea was the supercontinent that included almost all of Earth’s landmasses
and spread across nearly ⅓ of Earth’s surface. The global ocean that
surrounded it was called Panthalassa ocean. Pangaea became fully assembled
around 270 million years ago and then around 200 million years ago, it began
to split apart.
It was then theorised that the supercontinent divided into two land masses
called Gondwana and Laurasia. The division occurred approximately 200
million years ago.
Gondwana was the Southern Landmass and consisted of the current
continents: Australia, Africa, South America, New Zealand, Madagascar, India
and Antarctica.
Laurasia was the Northern Landmass and it consisted of the current continents:
North America, Europe and Asia.
6. Continental Drift
- Geological theory states that the positions of the continents on Earth have moved to
different positions over time. This movement was called ‘Continental Drift’.
Continental Drift is a result of large convection currents in the earth’s mantle. There
is now, much evidence to support this theory of the continents moving. Similar plant
and animal fossils can be found on the shores of various continents, further implying
that they were all once joined. For example: a crocodile fossil was found in both
Brazil & South Africa, another reptile’s fossils were found in South America, Africa
and Antarctica. In addition, there is also some living evidence—species of some
earthworm families found on South America and Africa. Therefore the theory was
proved by three main pieces of evidence :
- Landforms
- Fossils
- Climate
7. Evidence Alfred Wegener single-handedly demolished the theory that large land
bridges once connected the continents that had sunk into the sea as
part of a general cooling and contraction of the Earth. He proved that
the continents are made of various, lesser dense rock than the volcanic
basalt that makes up the deep-sea floor in which Wegener proposed
that the continents floated like icebergs in water.
He discovered that land bridges once connected the continents and
that they have since sunk to the ocean bottom as a part of a general
cooling and contraction of the Earth.
Continents that are made up of less dense rock (granite) rather than the
volcanic basalt that makes up the deep-sea floor. Wegener proposed
that continents floated in the ocean like icebergs.
If continent sized land bridges had once existed and had somehow
been forced to the ocean bottom, they would have “bobbled up” again
when force was released.