The document discusses how the nature of library collections and user needs have changed dramatically with the rise of digital resources and the web. It makes three key points: 1) The old model of large print collections housed in libraries that users had to visit has been replaced by digital collections that are available anytime, anywhere. Now over 50% of library budgets go to electronic resources. 2) User expectations and behaviors have changed as well, shaped by Google and other web search engines. Users want quick, self-sufficient searching across all library resources from a single search box. 3) In response, libraries are adopting "discovery services" that aim to provide a unified search experience for all library resources similar to web search

1. Focus on the Item:
Understanding the end-user perspective
… or The OPAC is Dead !!
NISO/BISG Forum on the Changing Standards Landscape
Jane Burke
Senior Vice President, ProQuest

2. Research Library Model

3. Old Model of Library Use is Gone
 Old model resulted from $$$ of the ’60’s
60 s
 Built BIG print collections
 Users had to come to the collections

4. Nature of collections has changed
 50+% spent o e esou ces is not u usua
50 % spe t on e-resources s ot unusual
 Underutilized
 Collections are much more volatile
 e-journals
 Open Access journals
 e-book collections
 e-music
 Institutional repository
 Online reference resources
 Datasets

5. It’s all about the Users
The Web has changed how we deliver and
b as a g d o d a d
consume information
 The shift from physical to digital delivery of information
has created new requirements and opportunities for
delivering effective library experiences
Th Web has profoundly transformed the
The W b h f dl f d h
nature of library collections
 The majority of new acquisitions are Web-based
 Collections have increased dramatically and content is
available anytime, anywhere
 Web
W b search engines compete with libraries
h i t ith lib i

6. Publication structures are disintegrating
• Articles, not journals
• Chapters, not books
• Graphs, not dissertations

7. OPAC is really dead!
 Collections are primarily digital
 Hundreds of “databases”
 Articles not represented
 50% + is spent on e-resources
 “Special” collections are also digital
Special

8. The Net-Generation or
“Millennials”
“ ll l ”
 Want to be self-sufficient
 They do NOT ask questions
 They want to be anonymous
 They expect all search
systems to behave like
Google, Bing, and other
Ope
Open Web search e g es
eb sea c engines
 Today’s student =
Tomorrow’s faculty
y
8

9. Project Information Literacy
a large-scale study about early adults and their research habits
g y y
 Students are very busy !
y y
 Article – or chapter -- is the information
object of choice
 Research is conducted “just in time”
 Students will try the Library 1st.
y y
 Students start a research project by inputting
a few search terms in the search engine of a
g
database that had brought them “luck” on a
previous assignment.
http://projectinfolit.org/

10. Old Model - What the Patron Sees
Where
should I
h ld
begin?
Charleston 11-07

11. Perceived Value of the Library’s Role
 The importance of the role of the library
as a gateway for locating information has
fallen over time
 The library is increasingly disintermediated
from the actual research process
Source: Housewright, R., & Schonfeld, R. (Aug2008).

12. How Do You Know That?
An Investigation of Student
est gat o o Stude t
Research Practices in the
Digital Age
Randall McLure and Kellian Clink
Portal: Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2009)
“It is also clear from teacher and student responses in the study that the
library is seen as an intimidating and inconvenient place, especially and
interestingly in its primary purpose – supporting student research and often
assisting students in the identification, location and evaluation of sources ”
identification location, sources.
“We also concede it is understandable that students are drawn to using
search engines on the Internet to conduct academic research These
research.
engines are easy to use, available to anyone with an Internet connection,
and quick and bountiful in their returns.”

13. Not just the Library Market
 Free vs fee content
 Newspapers as the stalking horse
 Metadata as a commodity
 Traditional publishers face disintermediation
disintermediation is the removal
of intermediaries in a supply chain:
"cutting out the middleman".
MNLC

14. New offerings to Libraries
 Reacting to the overall trends in information
 Disrupting the traditional library access tools
 OPAC s
OPAC’s – print inventory
 Federated search – database oriented
 “Discovery”:
Discovery :
Single interface for finding all the information.
Users are no longer forced to search in
multiple systems for different media types—
books, e-books, print and electronic articles,
digital media, and other types of resources.

15. Discovery Layer
 Improved search of catalog and local resources
 Keyword
 Facets
 Visualization
 Locally installed
 Highly customizable
 Social information tools – tagging etc.
tagging, etc
 2 types of players
 Commercial – vendor supplied
 Open Source – library efforts

16. Commercial

17. Open Source
 Summa -- State and University Library, Denmark
 Villa Nova University
 University of Rochester +
partners
 Blacklight – University of Virginia Library

18. “Web Scale Discovery
Web Discovery”
 Access Trend to deal with “object” level
object
discovery
 Google-like architectures allow very large
Google like
indexes at the object level
 Further disintegration of the old package
g p g
model

19. The World is Flat
Each object is on an equal level
Search

20. Web Scale Discovery
Attributes:
 Hosted
 Pre-harvested
Pre harvested
 Pre-coordinated
 Contributions directly from publishers
 Coverage
 Collection and ingest capabilities
 Local catalog updates
 Scale !!

21. Web Scale Discovery
Discovery Service
Central

22. How big is big?
Number of Records
Average Catalog
PubMed
Library of Congress
Summon
Summon
22

23. Web Scale Discovery redefines
the Library’s collection
Library s
 Dartmouth 231,332,304
 Arizona State 160,007,795
160 007 795
 North Carolina State 166,367,072
 Grand Valley State 158,835,800
158 835 800
 Rollins College 172,249,116

24. The World is Flat
Each object is on an equal level
Search
ASIDC 3-08

25. Packaging for sale vs.
consumption
 End user consumption is NOT by package
 All formats are alike
 Best book vs. best article
vs
 Item identifiers are critical
 But … end users won’t care about them
won t
 MARC records don’t/won’t work
 Massive supply chain disruption:
Gotta love it to survive

26. Hurry Up !!
 This is a time of “revolution” – not evolution
revolution
 Move quickly in order to avoid
disintermediation
 Challenge the Standards Process