The document provides detailed information on calcaneal fractures, including epidemiology, classification systems, imaging, treatment approaches, and complications. Some key points:
- Intra-articular fractures account for approximately 75% of calcaneal fractures.
- Sanders classification is most commonly used, dividing fractures into 8 types based on number of fragments and location of fracture lines seen on CT scan.
- Goals of treatment are to restore calcaneal height, width, and alignment as well as achieve anatomic reduction of joints. Treatment may include closed reduction, ORIF, external fixation, or arthrodesis.
- Common complications include wound healing issues, post-traumatic arthritis, nerve damage, and mal
Can read freely here
https://sethiortho.blogspot.com/
Challenges and Solutions in
Management of Distal Humerus Fractures
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Classification
Controversies and Recent studies
Approach
Implants selection
Plate configuration
Ulnar nerve transposition
Role of total elbow arthroplasty in DHF
Role of hemiarthroplasty in DHF
Metaphyseal comminution –
Anatomic complexity of the distal humerus
Positioning of the plates
TBW –
Skin closure
Osteoporotic nature of the bone –
Less BMD/Thin metaphysis
Screw Pullout strength is low
DHF account for 2% of all adult fractures
The common pattern of fracture
Intraarticular and involves both columns
Bimodal distribution
Peak incidence in young male and in older female patients
Young male – High-velocity injury
Older female - Osteoporosis
The distal humerus is flattened and expanded bony structure
It is composed of lateral and medial columns with the trochlea situated between these columns.
The location of the trochlea is central rather than medial
Formed by Medial SCR + M/Epicondyle
The distal end has 450 angulation with humeral shaft
M/ Epicondyle gives attachment for MCL & Common Flexor Origin
The MCL originates from the undersurface of the medial epicondyle where it is vulnerable to excessive dissection
Ulnar nerve
Formed by Lateral SCR and L/Epicondyle and Capitulum
Distal end has 200 with humeral shaft
L/ epicondyle gives attachment for LCL & common extensor origin
Its posterior surface is non articular and can be used as a site for a plate fixation
The lateral column curves anteriorly
Placement of a straight plate on the posterolateral surface of the humerus risks straightening of distal humerus.
The medial column including the medial epicondyle is in line with the humeral shaft.
It forms the center of the triangle
It has 30 - 80 – external rotation & 250 anterior divergent with the shaft
It forms a 40 - 80 degree valgus direction
X-ray -
Anterior-posterior view
lateral View
Traction View – This can help to define articular fragments and aid in pre-operative classification of the fracture.
NCCT – Elbow
Articular surfaces
Position of the fracture fragments
useful for identifying impacted fracture fragments that make reduction challenging
Olecranon Osteotomy Approach – 52-57%
Triceps sparing VS Olecranon osteotomy approach
The lateral column was often the first to fail as a result of excessive varus forces acting on the elbow during normal activities of daily living. Small anterior-posterior diameter
Smaller diameter of the humerus, permitting only one or two short screws for fixation.
Interruption of blood supply to the lateral column
blood supply to the lateral column is also derived from posterior segmental vessels. Sagittal plane plating has less risk of injuring these structures, which may improve the chances of union
Osseous anatomy, Types of approaches(Position,landmarks,Incision,Superficial and Deep surgical dissection) , structures at risk, Extensile approaches with diagrams and eponymous .
OSTEOLYSIS AND LOOSENING OF total hip arthroplasty IMPLANTS.pptx by dr vasu ...Vasu Srivastava
Aseptic Loosening of implants is caused by osteolysis. It is most significant factor limiting longevity of THA. Revision for loosening is 4x higher than next leading cause (dislocation at 13.6%), and its particularly problematic in younger patients [2].
Osteolysis is bone resorption caused by the body’s response to particulate debris generated as the THA implant wears out. Motion between any two components of the prosthesis (ie the femoral head and the acetabuluar liner, the head-neck junction of the femoral stem, or the liner and shell of the acetabulum) generates debris that floats around the joint. This debris stimulates a host response. Particles of metal, poly, or cement can all cause osteolysis, albeit different types of reaction. Osteolysis is important because it leads to implant loosening and/or periprosthetic fractures.
While osteolysis is the primary cause of loosening, infection must be part of the differential diagnosis.
Historical Perspective: Osteolysis was first described by Harris in 1976 and it was attributed to “cement disease” [3], because it was observed around the femoral component, and this was what started the drive for cementless implants. Yet after significant R&D, and development of cementless implants, osteolysis was still seen around the implants [4], and the histology was similar between cemented [5] and cementless implants [6]. Surgeons then looked for another cause of osteolysis and recognized that it was produced by wear particles.
STAGES OF OSTEOLYSIS
1) Debris production (ie poly wear) is the initial stage (we talk about metal debris in a separate section because it behaves totally differently, see section). Particulate debris in THA is produced by Abrasive and Adhesive wear (whereas the TKA produces delaminating wear: small fissures form within the poly).
▪ Adhesive wear is two surfaces bonding together causing the softer material to “peel” off as a thin film onto the harder surface during motion.
Volumetric wear is a specific type of adhesive wear, and it occurs as the femoral head articulates with the cup liner, and the amount of wear is proportional to the femoral head radius squared (therefore larger femoral head = more wear..this is why the initial Charnley implants, which used conventional poly, used a size 22 femoral head). Linear wear is caused by focused stress on a isolated part of the poly due to abnormal loading.
▪ Abrasive wear occurs when a harder surface (which is never completely smooth) cuts or ploughs through a softer surface, like a cheese grater. Both cause particle formation. Most wear occurs superiorly in the cup (or at the rim in cases of impingement).
The conventional PE wear from articulating with a Cobalt-chrome head is 0.10 mm/year. The ultramolecular weight poly (UMWPE, also known as highly-crosslinked poly) wear is about 0.02 mm/year. What is the difference between conventional and UMWPE?
Can read freely here
https://sethiortho.blogspot.com/
Challenges and Solutions in
Management of Distal Humerus Fractures
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Classification
Controversies and Recent studies
Approach
Implants selection
Plate configuration
Ulnar nerve transposition
Role of total elbow arthroplasty in DHF
Role of hemiarthroplasty in DHF
Metaphyseal comminution –
Anatomic complexity of the distal humerus
Positioning of the plates
TBW –
Skin closure
Osteoporotic nature of the bone –
Less BMD/Thin metaphysis
Screw Pullout strength is low
DHF account for 2% of all adult fractures
The common pattern of fracture
Intraarticular and involves both columns
Bimodal distribution
Peak incidence in young male and in older female patients
Young male – High-velocity injury
Older female - Osteoporosis
The distal humerus is flattened and expanded bony structure
It is composed of lateral and medial columns with the trochlea situated between these columns.
The location of the trochlea is central rather than medial
Formed by Medial SCR + M/Epicondyle
The distal end has 450 angulation with humeral shaft
M/ Epicondyle gives attachment for MCL & Common Flexor Origin
The MCL originates from the undersurface of the medial epicondyle where it is vulnerable to excessive dissection
Ulnar nerve
Formed by Lateral SCR and L/Epicondyle and Capitulum
Distal end has 200 with humeral shaft
L/ epicondyle gives attachment for LCL & common extensor origin
Its posterior surface is non articular and can be used as a site for a plate fixation
The lateral column curves anteriorly
Placement of a straight plate on the posterolateral surface of the humerus risks straightening of distal humerus.
The medial column including the medial epicondyle is in line with the humeral shaft.
It forms the center of the triangle
It has 30 - 80 – external rotation & 250 anterior divergent with the shaft
It forms a 40 - 80 degree valgus direction
X-ray -
Anterior-posterior view
lateral View
Traction View – This can help to define articular fragments and aid in pre-operative classification of the fracture.
NCCT – Elbow
Articular surfaces
Position of the fracture fragments
useful for identifying impacted fracture fragments that make reduction challenging
Olecranon Osteotomy Approach – 52-57%
Triceps sparing VS Olecranon osteotomy approach
The lateral column was often the first to fail as a result of excessive varus forces acting on the elbow during normal activities of daily living. Small anterior-posterior diameter
Smaller diameter of the humerus, permitting only one or two short screws for fixation.
Interruption of blood supply to the lateral column
blood supply to the lateral column is also derived from posterior segmental vessels. Sagittal plane plating has less risk of injuring these structures, which may improve the chances of union
Osseous anatomy, Types of approaches(Position,landmarks,Incision,Superficial and Deep surgical dissection) , structures at risk, Extensile approaches with diagrams and eponymous .
OSTEOLYSIS AND LOOSENING OF total hip arthroplasty IMPLANTS.pptx by dr vasu ...Vasu Srivastava
Aseptic Loosening of implants is caused by osteolysis. It is most significant factor limiting longevity of THA. Revision for loosening is 4x higher than next leading cause (dislocation at 13.6%), and its particularly problematic in younger patients [2].
Osteolysis is bone resorption caused by the body’s response to particulate debris generated as the THA implant wears out. Motion between any two components of the prosthesis (ie the femoral head and the acetabuluar liner, the head-neck junction of the femoral stem, or the liner and shell of the acetabulum) generates debris that floats around the joint. This debris stimulates a host response. Particles of metal, poly, or cement can all cause osteolysis, albeit different types of reaction. Osteolysis is important because it leads to implant loosening and/or periprosthetic fractures.
While osteolysis is the primary cause of loosening, infection must be part of the differential diagnosis.
Historical Perspective: Osteolysis was first described by Harris in 1976 and it was attributed to “cement disease” [3], because it was observed around the femoral component, and this was what started the drive for cementless implants. Yet after significant R&D, and development of cementless implants, osteolysis was still seen around the implants [4], and the histology was similar between cemented [5] and cementless implants [6]. Surgeons then looked for another cause of osteolysis and recognized that it was produced by wear particles.
STAGES OF OSTEOLYSIS
1) Debris production (ie poly wear) is the initial stage (we talk about metal debris in a separate section because it behaves totally differently, see section). Particulate debris in THA is produced by Abrasive and Adhesive wear (whereas the TKA produces delaminating wear: small fissures form within the poly).
▪ Adhesive wear is two surfaces bonding together causing the softer material to “peel” off as a thin film onto the harder surface during motion.
Volumetric wear is a specific type of adhesive wear, and it occurs as the femoral head articulates with the cup liner, and the amount of wear is proportional to the femoral head radius squared (therefore larger femoral head = more wear..this is why the initial Charnley implants, which used conventional poly, used a size 22 femoral head). Linear wear is caused by focused stress on a isolated part of the poly due to abnormal loading.
▪ Abrasive wear occurs when a harder surface (which is never completely smooth) cuts or ploughs through a softer surface, like a cheese grater. Both cause particle formation. Most wear occurs superiorly in the cup (or at the rim in cases of impingement).
The conventional PE wear from articulating with a Cobalt-chrome head is 0.10 mm/year. The ultramolecular weight poly (UMWPE, also known as highly-crosslinked poly) wear is about 0.02 mm/year. What is the difference between conventional and UMWPE?
Posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint Samir Dwidmuthe
Missed posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint is a common cause for failure of ACL and PCL reconstruction only next to malpositioned tunnels.
Isolated PLC injuries are uncommon, making up <2% of all acute knee ligamentous injuries. Covey JBJS 2001
Incidence of PLC injuries associated with concomitant ACL and PCL disruptions are much more common (43% to 80%). Ranawat JAAOS 2008
A recent (MRI) analysis of surgical tibialplateau fractures demonstrated an incidence of PLC injuries in 68% of cases. Gardner JOT 2005
Take home message
PLC injuries to be ruled out in every case of ACL& PCL rupture.
Neurovascular integrity to be checked in every case.
Grade I & II can be managed conservatively.
Grade III Acute- Repair.
Grade III Chronic- Anatomic PLC recon.
Beware of varus knee alignment.
Posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint Samir Dwidmuthe
Missed posterolateral corner injuries of knee joint is a common cause for failure of ACL and PCL reconstruction only next to malpositioned tunnels.
Isolated PLC injuries are uncommon, making up <2% of all acute knee ligamentous injuries. Covey JBJS 2001
Incidence of PLC injuries associated with concomitant ACL and PCL disruptions are much more common (43% to 80%). Ranawat JAAOS 2008
A recent (MRI) analysis of surgical tibialplateau fractures demonstrated an incidence of PLC injuries in 68% of cases. Gardner JOT 2005
Take home message
PLC injuries to be ruled out in every case of ACL& PCL rupture.
Neurovascular integrity to be checked in every case.
Grade I & II can be managed conservatively.
Grade III Acute- Repair.
Grade III Chronic- Anatomic PLC recon.
Beware of varus knee alignment.
its a presentation done in AIIMS rishikesh on pediatric fracture around elbow
includes supracondylar humerus fracture, lateral and medial condyle fracture monteggia fracture, neglected monteggia fracture pulled elbow, TRASH lesions around elbow
28,000 ankle sprains occur daily in the US (Kaminski 2013)
Ankle is the 2nd most commonly injured body site. (Ferran 2006)
Ankle sprains are the most common type of ankle injury. (Ferran 2006)
A sprained ankle can happen to athletes and non-athletes,
children and adults.
Inversion injury most common mechanism (Ferran 2006)
Only risk factor is previous ankle sprain (Ferran 2006)
Sex , generalized joint laxity or anatomical foot types are
not risk factors. (Beynnon et al. 2002 )
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. AJM Sheet:
The standard trauma work-up again
applies with primary and secondary
surveys. The following describes
unique subjective findings,
objective findings, diagnostic
classifications and treatment
considerations.
3. SUBJECTIVE
Demographics:
• Men > Women: Age range generally 30-60
• Account for ~2% of all fractures: 2-10% are
bilateral
10% associated with vertebral fracture (most
commonly L1)
1% associated with pelvic fracture and
urethral trauma.
4. Common
mechanisms of
injury
Direct axial load
Vertical shear force/fall from height
MVC
Gastroc contraction
Stress fracture
Ballistics
Iatrogenic surgical fracture
5. OBJECTIVE
Physical Exam:
Pain with palpation to heel
Short, wide heel
Mondor’s Sign: Characteristic ecchymosis extending
into plantar medial foot
Hoffa’s sign: Less taut Achilles tendon on involved
side
Inability to bear weight
Must rule out compartment syndrome
6. IMAGING
Plain film Imaging: demonstrate loss of calc.
height/width
• Calcaneal Axial View: Demonstrates lateral
widening and varus orientation
7. IMAGING
• Bohler’s Angle: Normally 25-40 degrees.
[Decreased with fracture]
• Critical Angle of Gissane: Normally 125-140
degrees [Increased with fracture]
8. Broden’s View: Internally rotated oblique
views to view the middle and posterior facets
Isherwood Views: 3 oblique views to view all
facets.
IMAGING
9. Isherwood Views:
3 oblique views to view all facets:
• Medial Oblique
• Visualizes anterior face
• Medial Oblique axial
• Visualizes middle facet
• Lateral Oblique axial
• Visualizes posterior face
IMAGING
12. Sanders
Classification
Type “number” describes the # fragments formed
with fracture
A, B and C represent the location of fracture lines
A– Lateral
B – Center
C— Medial
Associated readings:
[Koval KJ, Sanders R. The radiographic evaluation of calcaneal fractures.
CORR. 1993 May; 290: 41-6.]
[Sanders R. Displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. JBJS-Am.
2000 Feb; 82(2): 225-50.]
13.
14.
15.
16. Essex-Lopresti
Classification
Extra-articular (~25%)
Intra-articular (~75%)
• Tongue-type
• Joint depression
• fractures
Both intra-articular fractures
Have the same primary force, but different secondary
exit points.
[Essex-Lopresti P. The mechanism, reduction technique, and results in fractures of the os calcis.
Br J Surg 1952; 39: 395-419.]
17. Zwipp Classification
Assigns 2-12 points based
on:
• Number of fragments
• Number of involved
joints
• Open fracture or high
soft tissue injury
• Highly comminuted
nature, or associated
talar, cuboid, navicular
fractures [Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and
recent developments. Injury 2004; 35(5): 443-61.]
18. Treatment of
calcaneal
fractures
Goals of therapy are to:
• Restore calcaneal height
• Decrease calcaneal body widening (reduce
lateral wall blow-out)
• Take calcaneus out of varus
• Articular reduction.
19. AJM Sheet:
Appreciate the debate in the literature
between cast immobilization vs.
percutaneous reduction vs. ORIF vs.
primary arthrodesis. Possible use of
delta frame to allow for closed reduction
and balancing of soft tissue swelling pre-
operatively.
[Barei DP, et al. Fractures of the calcaneus. Orthop Clin North Am. 2002 Jan;
33(1): 263-85.]
Review the lateral extensile surgical approach
[Benirschke SK, Sangeorzan BJ. Extensive intraarticular fractures of the foot. Surgical
management of calcaneal fractures. CORR. 1993 Jul; 292: 128-134.]
24. What three factors
determine the
pattern of
comminution and
location of the
fracture lines?
Position of the foot at impact
Force at impact
Bone quality
25. Describe the
Rowe
classification.
• Ia: plantar tuberosity fracture
• Ib: sustentaculum tali fracture
• Ic: anterior process fracture
• IIa: fracture of the posterior aspect of the
calcaneus not involving the Achilles tendon;
‘beak fracture’
IIb: avulsion fracture of the posterior aspect
of the calcaneus
• III: fracture of the body without STJ
involvement
• IV: fracture of the body with STJ involvement
• V: comminution of the body of the calcaneus
26. Describe the
Essex-Lopresti
classification?
Intra-articular fracture classification only
• Tongue type fracture: primary fracture line
runs superior to inferior and secondary
fracture line exits from the posterior aspect
of the calcaneus.
• Joint depression: primary fracture line runs
superior to inferior with a second fracture
line surrounding the STJ (posterior facet)
27. Describe
Sanders
classification.
I: All non displaced articular fractures
irrespective of the fracture lines
II: Two part fracture of the posterior
facet
III: Three part fracture of the posterior
facet with central joint depression
IV: Four part articular fracture; often
more pieces and highly comminuted
28. How many
stages are in the
Sander’s
classification
(including
subtypes)?
Eight (I, IIA, IIB, IIC, IIIAB, IIIAC, IIIAB,
IIIAC, IV)
29. On which imaging
modality is the
Sanders
classification
based and what
slice is used?
CT imaging
Based on the widest section of the
sustentaculum tali in 3 mm coronal slices
31. The ecchymosis
seen in calcaneal
fractures is known
as what?
Mondour’s sign; this usually occurs
plantarly but can also occur distal to
both malleoli
32. Where are fracture
blisters most
commonly located
in calcaneal
fractures?
The medial side because during the
fracture there is predominantly
shearing and stretching of the soft
tissues on the medial side of the
foot.
33. What two
important angles
are associated
with calcaneal
fractures?
Bohler’s angle: Normally 20 – 40 degrees;
decreases with depression of the posterior STJ
Gissane’s angle: Normally 120 – 140 degrees;
will increase with the depression of the joint
34. What plain film
views would you
order and what
would you see on
each?
Lateral foot: see joint depression; evaluate
the two angles in the question above; check
for loss of height of the posterior STJ
AP foot: to evaluate all other foot bones for
additional fractures/pathology
Harris-Beath and/or Broden view: to evaluate
the posterior facet of the STJ
Lateral oblique: anterior process of the
calcaneus to check for CC joint involvement
35. What is a
Broden’s view
and how is it
taken? (Broden
projection I)
A way to evaluate the posterior STJ on plain
films.
Patient is supine with cassette under the foot;
leg is internally rotated 30 – 40 degrees.
X-ray beam is centered over the malleoli and
four consecutive projections are made with
the tube angled at 40, 30, 20 and 10 degrees
toward the head of the patient.
36. What are the
fragments
usually seen in
calcaneal
fractures?
• Superomedial fragment (Constant or
sustentacular fragment)
• Posterior facet fragment
(superolateral, semilunar or comet
fragment)
• Tuberosity fragment (main fragment)
• Anterior process fragment Anterior STJ
fragment
• The three important fragments that
must be reduced.
37. What are the
goals of ORIF
with calcaneal
fractures?
1. Restoration of length, width and
height of the calcaneus
2. Anatomic reduction of all involved
joint surfaces
3. Restitution of function by stable
osteosynthesis without joint trans-
fixation.
38. PEARL
• In July 2000 in the Journal of Orthopedic
Trauma there was a report of using
injectable bone cement for augmentation of
ORIF of calcaneal fractures. The authors
report using an injectable cement in the area
of the neutral triangle under the posterior
facet. This will allow for good resistance
from compression that ORIF alone can’t give.
At the end of their study, they were having
patients fully weight bear at 3 weeks post
op. This is about 10 weeks earlier than some
authors report. This could potentially be a
great tool for augmentation or internal
fixation in these fractures.
39. What are the
four ways to
treat calcaneal
fractures?
•Non-operative
•ORIF
•Ex-fix
•Primary STJ arthrodesis
40. What else should
be evaluated
when dealing
with calcaneal
fractures?
1. Proximal injuries (lower
back, spine, neck and head)
2. Bladder rupture
42. What is the
‘wrinkle test’?
A way to evaluate if the soft tissue
swelling has reduced enough for
surgical intervention
Dorsiflex and evert the foot and the
skin on the lateral side of the foot
will wrinkle
43. What are the
locations for the
incisions of ORIF
and the
advantages of
each?
• Lateral extensile, Modified Ollier
• Easy visualization of posterior facet and
calcaneocuboid joint
• Avoids neurovascular bundle
• Medial
• Initially popularized by McReynolds
• Easy reduction of the sustentacular fragment
• Seligson’s lateral extensile
Described by Giouild (F&A, 1984)
Some authors use both approaches so each
fragment can be adequately visualized Many
authors also use the lateral approach for which
there are many variations.
45. Name ten
complications of
treatment of
calcaneal
fractures.
1. Nerve damage
2. Post traumatic arthritis
3. RSD
4. Compartment syndrome
5. Nerve entrapment
6. Wound dehiscence (with or without
calcaneal osteomyelitis)
7. Malposition after fixation
46. Name ten
complications
of treatment of
calcaneal
fractures.
8. Calcaneal malunion
Classified by Stephens and Sanders
Type I: large lateral exostosis with or without
extremely lateral arthrosis of the STJ
Type II: a lateral exostosis combined with major
arthrosis across the width of the STJ
Type III: a lateral exostosis, severe arthrosis of the
STJ and malunion of the calcaneal body with the
hindfoot in varus or valgus angulation
9. Peroneal tendonitis/subluxation
10. Heel pad pain, Damage to the fatty plantar heel
pad
47. What is the most
frequent post-op
complication with
ORIF of calcaneal
fractures?
• Wound dehiscence (cited numerous
places in the literature)
48. NOTE
There seems to be a large discrepancy in
outcomes following treatment of intra-
articular calcaneal fractures. This is seen
between those injuries suffered while at work
and those that are not. Since this injury
frequently occurs in the working population, it
is difficult not to include these subjects in
studies. Recently, there have been reports
alluding to this idea so hopefully in the future
we will see studies on injuries that are not
sustained at work.