airportlightssignsandmarkings-110118113918-phpapp01.ppt

• MANDATORY Holding Position Sign:
Denotes entrance to runway from a
taxiway. Located on the left side of the
taxiway within 10 feet of hold position
markings.

• MANDATORY Holding Position Sign for
runway approach areas: Used to protect
the approach or departure area of a
runway so that taxiing aircraft or vehicular
traffic do not interfere with the operations
on that runway.

• MANDATORY ILS Holding Position
Sign: Denotes entrance to area to be
protected for an ILS signal or approach
airspace.

• MANDATORY No Entry Sign: Denotes
where aircraft entry is prohibited.

• Taxiway Location Sign: The inscription is
the designation of the taxiway on which
the aircraft or vehicle is located. These
signs are installed along taxiways, either
by themselves or in conjunction with
direction signs.
A

• Runway Location Sign: The inscription is
the designation of the runway on which the
aircraft is located. These signs are
intended to complement the information
available to pilots through their magnetic
compass. Typically, they are installed
where the proximity of two or more
runways to one another could cause pilots
to be confused as to which runway they
are on.

• Runway Approach Area Boundary Sign:
This sign, which faces the runway and is
visible to the pilot exiting the runway, is
located adjacent to the holding position
marking on the pavement. The sign is
intended to provide pilots with another
visual cue which they can use as a guide
in deciding when they are “clear of the
runway”.

• ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign:
Indicates when you are safely clear of the
ILS critical area. It is located directly
beside the ILS holding position markings.
While ILS approaches are in use, taxi past
the sign before stopping on the taxiway.

• Runway Exit Direction Sign: This sign
will indicate the approaching taxiway while
on the runway. In this example, taxiway
Alpha is approaching to the right.
A

• Outbound Destination Sign: Runways
27 and 33 are to your right.
• Never co-located or combined with other
signs.

• Inbound Destination Sign: The military
installation is to your right. Other
information signs are Cargo, Term
(Terminal), Ramp, etc.

• Taxiway Ending Marker: This sign
indicates the termination of the taxiway. It
is located at the far end of the intersection.

• Runway Distance Remaining Sign: have
a black background with white numbers.
The numbers indicate the distance of the
remaining runway in thousands of feet.

• Runway Holding Position Marking: The
solid lines are always on the side where
the aircraft and vehicles are to hold. They
are located on all taxiways that intersect
runways approximately 300’ from the
runway centerline.

• ILS Holding Position Marking : These
markings identify where aircraft and
vehicles are to stop when instructed to
hold short of the ILS critical areas.

• Taxiway/Taxiway Holding Position
Marking : Denotes location on taxiway or
apron where aircraft hold short of another
taxiway.

• Non – Movement Area Boundary
Marking : Delineates movement area
under control of ATCT, from non-
movement area. The solid line is located
on the Non-Movement Area side while the
dashed line is located on the Movement
Area side.

• Taxiway Centerline Marking : Solid
yellow line that provides a visual cue for
taxiing along a designated path.

• Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Marking :
Provides visual cue to help identify
location of hold position. (150 feet in
length).

• Taxiway Edge Marking : used to define
the edge of the taxiway. They are
primarily used when the taxiway edge
does not correspond with the edge of the
pavement.

• Vehicle Roadway Marking : “Zipper
Stripes” mark areas intended for vehicle
traffic. Solid white stripes may also be
used to define vehicle roadways located
on an aircraft apron area.

• Closed Runway and Taxiway Marking -
Located at both ends of permanently
closed runways and at 1,000-foot intervals.
It is also placed at taxiway entrances if
they are permanently closed.

32
• Apron Entry Point (AEP) : A unique
system of identifying the numerous
taxilanes that lead from the ramps onto the
taxiways.

36
R
Runway Edge Marking
(36” wide)
Runway Centerline Marking
(120’ long, 36” wide)
Touchdown Zone Marking
(75’ long)
Fixed Distance Marking
(Aiming Point)
(150’ long)
Runway Designation
Threshold Marking
(150’ long)
Threshold Bar
Chevron
20’
500’
1000’
1500’
2000’
2500’
3000’
R
U
N
W
A
Y
M
A
R
K
I
N
G
S

D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
D
T
H
R
E
S
H
O
L
D
L
13
Demarcation Bar
3’ wide
Demarcation Bar -
delineates a runway with a
displaced threshold from a
blast pad, stopway or
taxiway that precedes the
runway.

R
U
N
W
A
Y
L
I
G
H
T
I
N
G
36
R
• Edge Lights
– Spaced approximately
200’ apart.
– White
– Amber the last 2000’
• Centerline Lights
– Spaced approximately
50’ apart.
– White
– Alternating Red/White
3000’ – 1000’
– Solid Red from 1000’
to end

Runway Entrance Lights REL’s

Precision Approach Path Indicator
Too Low
Slightly Low
Correct
Approach
Angle
Slightly High
Too High
A light system positioned beside the runway that consists of four boxes of
lights that provide a visual indication of an aircraft's position on the glidepath
for the associated runway. The PAPI is usually located on the left side of the
runway and can be seen up to five miles during the day and twenty miles at
night.

• Runway Guard Lights : These lights are
intended to alert vehicles and aircraft of a
runway/taxiway intersection and are
located on either side of the holding
position marking.

T
A
X
I
W
A
Y
L
I
G
H
T
I
N
G
• Edge Lights
- Blue
- 200’ apart.
• Center Lights
- Green
- 50’ apart.
• Intersection
- (1) Amber
• Denied Access
- Red
X

Instrument Landing System
A ground-based instrument approach system that provides
precision guidance to an aircraft approaching a runway,
using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases,
high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during
instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low
ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
The ILS consists of:
• the localizer transmitter;
• the glide path transmitter;
• the marker beacons
• the approach lighting system.

Localizer Antenna
The localizer provides
runway centerline guidance
to aircraft. The Localizer is
placed about 1,000 feet on
the far end of the
approached runway.

Glideslope Antenna
The Glide Slope is the
signal that provides vertical
guidance to the aircraft
during the ILS approach.
The standard glide-slope
path is 3° downhill to the
approach-end of the
runway. Follow it faithfully
and your altitude will be
precisely correct when you
reach the touchdown zone
of the runway.

ALSF-2 Runway
• A high intensity approach lighting system
that provides a visual lighting path for
landing aircraft on Cat II and Cat III
Runways.
• Lights are spaced 100’ apart starting from
the runway threshold. Usually a 2400-
foot-long array of lights but can be longer
or shorter depending on local terrain and
requirements.
• System control of the sequence flashing
lights is accomplished through the master
controller selecting one of three light
intensities: low, medium, or high. Both the
sequence flashing and the steady burning
light systems provide for either local or
remote control.

MALSR Runway
• Medium intensity approach lighting system
that provides a visual lighting path for
landing aircraft.
• Lights are spaced 200’ apart starting from
the Runway Threshold. Usually 2400 foot-
long array of lights but can be longer or
shorter depending on local terrain and
requirements.
• System control of the sequence flashing
lights is accomplished through the master
controller selecting one of three light
intensities: low, medium, or high. Both the
sequence flashing and the steady burning
light systems provide for either local or
remote control.

Wind Sock
Lighted and frangible
mounted wind socks must
be installed near the
approach end of each
runway, preferably opposite
the 1,000 foot mark and
150 feet off the left side of
the runway.

East Side Runways
17R / 35L 17C / 35C 17L / 35R 13L / 31R
Length 13,400’ 13,400’ 8,500’ 8,375/9,000’
Width 200’ 150’ 150’ 200’
Shoulders 25’ 35’ 35’ 25’
Visual Slope
Indicator
4 Light PAPI 4 Light PAPI 4 Light PAPI 4 Light PAPI
Approach
Lights
17R – MALSR
35L - MALSR
17C – ALSF2
35C – ALSF2
17L – ALSF2
35R – ALSF2
31R - MALSR
NOTE: 13L length accounts for 625’ displaced threshold

West Side Runways
18L / 36R 18R / 36L 13R / 31L
Length 13,400’ 13,400’ 9300’
Width 200’ 150’ 150’
Shoulders 25’ 35’ 35’
Visual Slope Indicator 4 Light PAPI 4 Light PAPI 4 Light PAPI
Approach Lights 18L – MALSR
36R - MALSR
18R – ALSF2
36L - MALSR
13R - MALSR

Oshkosh Striker
• Water – 4500 gallons
• Foam – 525 gallons 3% AFFF
• Dry Chemical – 450 lbs Purple K
• Water Pump – Waterous, 1950 gpm
• Foam System
– Around the Pump Proportioner
• Roof Turret
– Flow – 375 - 750 gpm
– Reach – 200’
• Bumper Turret
– Flow – 600 - 1200 gpm
– Reach – 240’
– Dry Chemical @ 16 pps
• Under Truck Nozzles
– (5) @ 19 gpm
• Dual Agent Handline

TRIMAX
• Water – 150 gallons
• Foam – 5 gallons 3% AFFF
• Dry Chemical – 450 lbs
• Foam System - CAFS
• Bumper Turret
– Reach – 150’
– Aux Agent @ 16 pps
• Dual Agent Handline –

• Air Carrier Aircraft - an aircraft that is being operated by
an air carrier and is categorized as either a large air carrier
aircraft if designed for at least 31 passenger seats or a
small air carrier aircraft if designed for more than 9
passenger seats but less than 31 passenger seats.
• Air Carrier Operation - Air carrier operation means the
takeoff or landing of an air carrier aircraft and includes the
period of time from 15 minutes before until 15 minutes
after the takeoff or landing.
§ 139.5 Definitions

• Airport Operating Certificate - a certificate, issued under
this part, for operation of a Class I, II, III, or IV airport.
– Class I - an airport certificated to serve scheduled operations of
large air carrier aircraft that can also serve unscheduled passenger
operations of large air carrier aircraft and/or scheduled operations
of small air carrier aircraft.
• Average Daily Departures - the average number of
scheduled departures per day of air carrier aircraft
computed on the basis of the busiest 3 consecutive
calendar months of the immediately preceding 12
consecutive calendar months.

• Movement Area - the runways, taxiways, and other areas
of an airport that are used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing
of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and aircraft parking
areas.
• Surface Movement Ground Control System (SMGCS) –
A plan for U.S. Airports where scheduled Air Carriers are
authorized to conduct operations when the visibility is less
than 1,200 feet runway visual range (RVR)

• Theoretical Critical Fire Area
(TCA) - serves as a means of
categorizing aircraft in terms of
the magnitude of the potential
fire hazard in which they may
become involved.
• Practical Critical Fire Area
(PCA) – two thirds of the TCA
§ Miscellaneous Definitions

§ Miscellaneous Definitions
• Control Time - the time required from the arrival of the
first fire fighting vehicle and the beginning of agent
discharge to reduce the initial intensity of the fire by 90
percent. The equipment and techniques to be used should
be capable of controlling the fire in the PCA in 1 minute.
• Extinguishment Time - the time required from the
application of the agent of the first fire fighting vehicle to
the time the fire is extinguished.

• Runway Safety Area (RSA) – Safety areas for Runways
are 500’ wide or 250’ either side of the runway centerline
and 1000’ beyond each end of the runway.
• Taxiway Safety Area (TSA) – Safety Areas for Taxiways
constructed before January 1, 1988 are 200’ wide or 100’
from the taxiway centerline. Taxiway Safety Areas at DFW
constructed after January 1, 1988 are 214’ wide or 107’
from the centerline
• Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) – a volume of airspace
centered above the runway that is 400’ wide and extends
200’ beyond each runway end.

• Index is determined by a combination of -
– The length of air carrier aircraft and the average daily departures of
air carrier aircraft.
– The longest aircraft with an average of five or more daily
departures determines the Index required for the airport.
• Index A includes aircraft less than 90’
• Index B includes aircraft 90’ – 126’
• Index C includes aircraft 126’ – 159’
• Index D includes aircraft 159’ – 200’
• Index E includes aircraft over 200’
§ 139.315 Index Determination

• Index A: One vehicle carrying at least―
– 500 pounds of sodium-based dry chemical, halon 1211, or clean
agent; or
– 450 pounds of potassium-based dry chemical and water with a
commensurate quantity of AFFF to total 100 gallons for
simultaneous dry chemical and AFFF application
§ 139.317 Equipment and Agents

• Index B: Two vehicles―
– One vehicle carrying at least 500lbs of sodium-based dry chemical,
halon 1211, or clean agent or 450 lbs. of potassium based dry
chemical.
– One vehicle carrying an amount of water and the commensurate
quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production
carried by both vehicles is at least 1,500 gallons.

• Index C: Three Vehicles
chemical.
– Two vehicles carrying an amount of water and the commensurate
quantity of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production
carried by both vehicles is at least 3,000 gallons.

• Index D: Three vehicles –
chemical.
of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried
by all three vehicles is at least 4,000 gallons.

• Index E: Three vehicles –
chemical.
of AFFF so the total quantity of water for foam production carried
by all three vehicles is at least 6,000 gallons.

• Foam Discharge Capacity
– Apparatus with a capacity of at least 500 gallons of water for foam
production must be equipped with a turret. Vehicle turret discharge
capacities must be as follows:
Water Tank Capacity Turret Discharge Rate
500 – 2000 gallons 500 – 1000 gpm
> 2000 gallons 600 – 1200 gpm

• Agent Discharge Capacity
– Apparatus that is required to carry dry chemical, halon 1211, or
clean agent for compliance with Index requirements must meet one
of the following minimum discharge rates for the equipment
installed:
Hand Line 5 lbs. per second
Turret 16 lbs. per second

• AFFF quantity requirements
– Each vehicle required to carry AFFF must carry AFFF in an
appropriate amount to mix with twice the water required to be
carried by the vehicle.

• Vehicle Communications
– Each vehicle must be equipped with two-way voice radio
communications that provide for contact with at least-
• All other required emergency vehicles
• The air traffic control tower
• Fire stations.
§ 139.319 Operational Requirements

• Vehicle marking and lighting
– Each vehicle must:
• Have a flashing or rotating beacon; and
• Be painted or marked in colors to enhance contrast with the
background environment and optimize daytime and nighttime
visibility and identification

• Vehicle readiness
– Any required vehicle that becomes inoperative to the extent that it
cannot perform as required must be replaced immediately with
equipment having at least equal capabilities. If replacement is not
available immediately, the certificate holder must notify the
Regional Airports Divisional Manager and each air carrier using the
airport. If the required index level of capability is not restored within
48 hours, the airport operator, must limit air carrier operations on
the airport to those compatible with the index corresponding to the
remaining operative rescue and firefighting equipment

• Response requirements
– Within 3 minutes from the time of the alarm, at least one required
aircraft rescue and firefighting vehicle must reach the midpoint of
the farthest runway serving air carrier aircraft from its assigned post
or reach any other specified point of comparable distance on the
movement area that is available to air carriers, and begin
application of extinguishing agent.
– Within 4 minutes from the time of alarm, all other required vehicles
must reach the point specified above from their assigned posts and
begin application of an extinguishing agent.

• Personnel
– All rescue and firefighting personnel must participate in at least one
live-fire drill prior to initial performance of rescue and firefighting
duties and every 12 consecutive calendar months thereafter.
– At least one individual, who has been trained and is current in
basic emergency medical services. Training must be at a minimum
40 hours in length and cover the following topics.
Bleeding Injuries to the skull, spine,
chest and extremities
CPR
Shock Moving patients
Primary patient survey Burns
Internal injuries Triage

Length 65’
Wingspan 70’
Fuel (gal) 849
Doors / Emergency Exits 2 / 2
Passengers 34
Crew 2 + 1
Battery Location Aft of the wings both sides
Ext. APU Fire Control
SAAB - 340

Length 89’
Wingspan 89’
Fuel (gal) 1585
Passengers 62 - 74
Crew 2 + 2
Battery Location Cockpit behind pilot
Ext. APU Fire Control n/a
ATR - 72

Length 87’
Wingspan 66’
Fuel (gal) 1373
Passengers 37
Crew 2 + 1
Battery Location Left side below cockpit
window
Embraer ERJ-135

Length 93’
Wingspan 66’
Fuel (gal) 1373
Passengers 44
Crew 2 + 1
window
Embraer ERJ-140

Length 98’
Wingspan 66’
Fuel (gal) 1373
Passengers 50
Crew 2 + 1
window
Embraer ERJ-145

Length 88’
Wingspan 70’
Fuel (gal) 1746
Doors / Emergency Exits 2 + 2
Passengers 50
Crew 2 + 1
Battery Location Between radome and
cockpit window
CRJ-200

Length 107’
Wingspan 76’
Fuel (gal) 3034
Passengers 70
Crew 2 + 2
cockpit window
CRJ-700

Length 119’
Wingspan 82’
Fuel (gal) 2975
Passengers 90
Crew 2 + 2
cockpit window
CRJ-900

Length 119’
Wingspan 82’
Fuel (gal) 3435
Doors / Emergency Exits 2 + 2 or 4
Passengers 90
Crew 2 + 2
Battery Location FWD L-1 Door
Ext. APU Fire Control FWD of the nose gear
E -170, -175, -190, -195
Embraer ERJ

Length 102’ – 138’
Wingspan 117’
Fuel (gal) 7,837
Passengers 148 - 189
Crew 2 + 3
Battery Location Fwd E&E Compartment
Ext. APU Fire Control Right Wheel Well
Boeing 737
600/700/800/900

Length 103’ – 146’
Wingspan 112’
Fuel (gal) 7,842
Doors / Emergency Exits 4 / 2 - 4
Crew 2 + 3
Battery Location FWD of the nose gear
Ext. APU Fire Control AFT of the nose gear
Airbus
A318, A319, A320, A321

Length 105’ – 133’
Wingspan 90’ - 94’
Fuel (gal) 4260
Doors / Emergency Exits 2 + 1 (Rear) / 4
Passengers 80 - 139
Crew 2 + 2
Ext. APU Fire Control Left Rear Fuselage
Douglas DC-9

Boeing 717
Length 124’
Wingspan 94’
Fuel (gal) 4400
Crew 2 + 2

Length 130’ – 147’
Wingspan 107’
Fuel (gal) 5,840
Crew 2 + 3
MD -80 Series

Length 153’
Wingspan 108’
Fuel (gal) 9,806
Crew 3 + 2
Ext. APU Fire Control Left Wheel Well
Boeing 727

Length 155’
Wingspan 125’
Fuel (gal) 12,115
Doors / Emergency Exits 6 / 2 - 6
Crew 2 + 3
Ext. APU Fire Control Nose Gear
Boeing 757

Length 150’
Wingspan 142’
Fuel (gal) 17,500
Crew 3
Battery Location Right Wheel Well
Douglas DC-8

Length 159’ – 201’
Wingspan 156’ – 170’
Fuel (gal) 23,980
Crew 2 + 6
Boeing 767

Length 177’
Wingspan 147’
Fuel (gal) 16,380
Crew 2 + 10 - 12
Airbus A300

Length 153’
Wingspan 144’
Fuel (gal) 14,603
Passengers 240
Crew 2 + 6 - 8
Airbus A310

Length 164’ – 178’
Fuel (gal) 31,600
Doors / Emergency Exits 8
Crew 3 + 8
Battery Location Behind lower galley
Ext. APU Fire Control Mid ship under belly
Lockheed L-1011

Length 182’
Fuel (gal) 36,650
Crew 2 + 8
Battery Location Center E&E Compartment
Ext. APU Fire Control Mid-Ship Under Belly
McDonnell Douglas DC-10

Length 192’ – 208’
Wingspan 198’
Fuel (gal) 36,750
Crew 2 + 6 - 8
Airbus A330

Length 194 - 247
Wingspan 197 - 208
Fuel (gal) 54,023
Crew 2 + 6 - 8
Airbus A340

McDonnell Douglas MD-11
Length 201’
Wingspan 170’
Fuel (gal) 38,615
Crew 2 + 8
Battery Location Center E&E Compartment
Ext. APU Fire Control Mid-Ship Under Belly

Length 209’ – 242’
Fuel (gal) 53,515
Crew 2 + 8
Boeing 777

Length 186’ – 206’
Fuel (gal) 36,693
Crew 2 + 8
Ext. APU Fire Control Nose Gear ?
Boeing 787

Length 232’ – 250’
Fuel (gal) 63,705
Crew 2 - 3 + 2 - 8
Battery Location Fwd E & E
Ext. APU Fire Control Right Wheel Well
Boeing 747

Airbus 380
Crew 2
Length 240’
Wingspan 262’
Fuel 81,890
Battery Location
Ext APU Fire Control

Regional Jets
• Embraer – ERJ 135, 145, 170/75, 190
• Bombardier – CRJ 200, 600, 700, 900
• Crew - 2
• Passengers - < 100
– ERJ – Passenger Capacity is last two numbers
of model.
– CRJ – Passenger capacity is first two numbers
of model (except CRJ 200 has 40 passengers)
• Fuel – 2000 – 2500 gallons
• Master Switch – Middle top panel
• Batteries – Left Side or Top Front

Narrow Body Aircraft
• Airbus – A319, 320, 321
• Boeing – 717, 727, 737, 757
• DC-9
• MD-80 thru MD 90
• Crew - 2
• Passengers - <200
• Fuel – 5,000 – 10,000 gallons
• Batteries – Fwd E&E compartment
NOTE - 757 follows wide body rules

Wide Body Aircraft
• Airbus – A300/310, 330/340
• Boeing – 747 , 767, 777, 787
• DC-10, L-1011, MD-11
• Crew - 2
• Passengers - >200
• Fuel – >10,000 gallons
• Batteries – Fwd E&E compartment (on old
wide body aircraft located fwd of main gear
in middle)
NOTE - Boeing 747 Series 100, 200, 300 – crew of 3

Aircraft System Identification
ROCKET
CAT
AL
YST
ROCKET
CAT
AL
YST
ROCKET
CAT
AL
YST
ROCKET
CAT
AL
YST
B
REAT
HING
OXYGEN
B
REAT
HING
OXYGEN
B
REAT
HING
OXYGEN
B
REAT
HING
OXYGEN
COOLANT
COOLANT
COOLANT
COOLANT
FIRE
PROT
ECTION
FIRE
PROT
ECTION
FIRE
PROT
ECTION
FIRE
PROT
ECTION
SOL
VENT
SOL
VENT
SOL
VENT
SOL
VENT
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
DE-ICING
AIR
CONDITION
AIR
CONDITION
AIR
CONDITION
AIR
CONDITION
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
MONO
PROPELLANT
MONO
PROPELLANT
MONO
PROPELLANT
MONO
PROPELLANT
PNEUMATIC
PNEUMATIC
PNEUMATIC
PNEUMATIC
INERT
ING
INERT
ING
INERT
ING
INERT
ING
ELECT
RICAL
CONDUIT
ELECT
RICAL
CONDUIT
ELECT
RICAL
CONDUIT
ELECT
RICAL
CONDUIT
COMPRESSED
GAS
COMPRESSED
GAS
COMPRESSED
GAS
COMPRESSED
GAS
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC
LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION
WATER
INJECTION
WATER
INJECTION
WATER
INJECTION
WATER
INJECTION
ROCKET
FUEL
ROCKET
FUEL
ROCKET
FUEL
ROCKET
FUEL
INSTRUMENT
AIR
INSTRUMENT
AIR
INSTRUMENT
AIR
INSTRUMENT
AIR
ROCKET
OXIDIZER
ROCKET
OXIDIZER
ROCKET
OXIDIZER
ROCKET
OXIDIZER

Characteristics of Aviation Fuels
Type Flash Point Auto Ignition Temperature Flame Spread
Avgas - 49° F n/a 700 – 800 ft/min
Jet A 100° F 475° F - 500° F 100 ft/min
Jet B - 10° F 470° F - 480° F 700 – 800 ft/min

Universal Light Gun Signals
Cleared to proceed
STOP!
Clear Runway / Taxiway
Return to starting point
Exercise extreme caution

Emergency Hand Signals
Recommend Evacuation - Arm extended from
body, and held horizontal with hand upraised at
eye level. Execute beckoning arm motion
angled backward. Non-beckoning arm held
against body.
Night - same with wands.

Recommend Stop – Arms in front of head –
Crossed at wrists.

Emergency Contained – Arms extended
outward and down at a 45 degree angle. Arms
moved inward below waistline simultaneously
until wrists crossed, then extended outward to
starting position (umpire’s “safe” signal).

AOA Frequencies
West Tower 124.15
West Ground 121.85
13R/31L 134.9
DEF 135.7
East Tower 126.55
East Ground 121.65
121.80
13L/31R
17L/35R
127.5
East Side West Side

ICAO Phonetic Alphabet
A – Alpha J - Juliett S - Sierra
B - Bravo K – Kilo T - Tango
C - Charlie L - Lima U - Uniform
D - Delta M - Mike V - Victor
E - Echo N - November W - Whiskey
F - Foxtrot O – Oscar X – X-ray
G - Golf P - Papa Y - Yankee
H - Hotel Q - Quebec Z - Zulu
I - India R - Romeo

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