AIRPORT RUNWAY AND GENERAL LIGHTING SYSTEM.pptx
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This document discusses various factors related to airport lighting, including airport classification, traffic levels, available power, aircraft types, night operations plans, and weather conditions. It describes the standardization of airport light colors and arrangements to guide pilots at unfamiliar airports. Regular maintenance is needed to keep thousands of lights clean and functioning properly, with emergency backup power in case of outages. The key elements of airport lighting are identified, such as beacons, approach lighting, apron lighting, and different types of runway and taxiway lighting. Specific details are provided about airport beacon systems, approach lighting arrangements, and the Calvert system for approach lighting guidance.
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Airport lighting
This document discusses the various lighting systems used at airports to guide pilots and provide safety. It describes 9 key elements: airport beacon, approach lighting, threshold lighting, runway lighting including edge and centerline lights, PAPI lights, taxiway lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, and lighting for the wind direction indicator. For each element, it provides details on the purpose, configuration, colors used, and specifications to achieve standardization and ensure pilot guidance.
AIRPORT 06.pptx
The document discusses factors that affect airport lighting and the various elements of airport lighting systems. It describes key components like airport beacons, approach lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, runway edge lights, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. The types, placement, and functions of different lights are explained to provide guidance to pilots for takeoffs and landings during nighttime and low visibility conditions. Standardization of lighting systems, maintenance, and emergency backup power are also covered.
airportlighting.pptx
The document discusses factors that affect airport lighting and the various elements of airport lighting systems. It describes the different types of lights used at airports including approach lights, runway lights, taxiway lights, threshold lights, and more. Key considerations for airport lighting include the airport classification, weather conditions, and providing emergency backup power in case of outages. Standards are in place to ensure uniform lighting arrangements that pilots can easily understand.
Airport lighting
This document discusses the various factors that affect airport lighting and describes the different types of lights used at airports. It notes that airport lighting must be standardized to guide pilots and must be well-maintained. The key elements of airport lighting discussed include airport beacons, approach lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, runway edge lights, taxiway lights, and threshold lights. The purpose and design of each type of lighting is explained.
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This document discusses the various factors that affect airport lighting and describes the different types of lights used at airports. It explains that airport lighting needs to be standardized to guide pilots landing at unfamiliar airports. The key elements of airport lighting discussed include airport beacons, approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. Precise patterns and configurations are used for different types of lights to clearly identify runways, taxiways, and other areas to pilots during nighttime and low visibility conditions. Maintenance of airport lights is also an important consideration.
Airport lighting
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
Airport lighting
1) Early airports used flood lighting but now use runway edge lights, taxiway centerline lights, and approach lighting to guide pilots.
2) Runway lights form a narrow channel to eliminate the "black hole effect" and provide visual guidance. Taxiway lights have blue edges and green centers.
3) Threshold lights identify the beginning of the runway and are green on the landing side and red on the opposite side.
Instrument landing system (ils)
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides precision guidance to aircraft during instrument approaches and landings. It uses radio signals from an antenna array installed at the end of runways to provide lateral and vertical guidance. The ILS allows aircraft to land safely during low visibility conditions. It consists of localizer and glide slope components that guide the aircraft to the runway centerline and a 3 degree glide path for landing. Marker beacons also help pilots locate distances from the runway threshold. The ILS enables categories of instrument approaches with minimum visibility and decision height requirements.
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Airport lighting
This document discusses the various lighting systems used at airports to guide pilots and provide safety. It describes 9 key elements: airport beacon, approach lighting, threshold lighting, runway lighting including edge and centerline lights, PAPI lights, taxiway lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, and lighting for the wind direction indicator. For each element, it provides details on the purpose, configuration, colors used, and specifications to achieve standardization and ensure pilot guidance.
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The document discusses factors that affect airport lighting and the various elements of airport lighting systems. It describes key components like airport beacons, approach lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, runway edge lights, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. The types, placement, and functions of different lights are explained to provide guidance to pilots for takeoffs and landings during nighttime and low visibility conditions. Standardization of lighting systems, maintenance, and emergency backup power are also covered.
airportlighting.pptx
The document discusses factors that affect airport lighting and the various elements of airport lighting systems. It describes the different types of lights used at airports including approach lights, runway lights, taxiway lights, threshold lights, and more. Key considerations for airport lighting include the airport classification, weather conditions, and providing emergency backup power in case of outages. Standards are in place to ensure uniform lighting arrangements that pilots can easily understand.
Airport lighting
This document discusses the various factors that affect airport lighting and describes the different types of lights used at airports. It notes that airport lighting must be standardized to guide pilots and must be well-maintained. The key elements of airport lighting discussed include airport beacons, approach lighting, apron and hangar lighting, boundary lighting, runway edge lights, taxiway lights, and threshold lights. The purpose and design of each type of lighting is explained.
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This document discusses the various factors that affect airport lighting and describes the different types of lights used at airports. It explains that airport lighting needs to be standardized to guide pilots landing at unfamiliar airports. The key elements of airport lighting discussed include airport beacons, approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. Precise patterns and configurations are used for different types of lights to clearly identify runways, taxiways, and other areas to pilots during nighttime and low visibility conditions. Maintenance of airport lights is also an important consideration.
Airport lighting
The document discusses several key factors regarding airport lighting, including different types of lights used for various purposes like approach lighting, runway lighting, taxiway lighting, and threshold lighting. It explains that airport lighting must be properly installed and maintained to guide pilots during night operations or low visibility conditions. Different lighting systems and patterns are used depending on the airport classification and level of air traffic. Standardization of airport lighting helps pilots navigate unfamiliar airports safely.
Airport lighting
1) Early airports used flood lighting but now use runway edge lights, taxiway centerline lights, and approach lighting to guide pilots.
2) Runway lights form a narrow channel to eliminate the "black hole effect" and provide visual guidance. Taxiway lights have blue edges and green centers.
3) Threshold lights identify the beginning of the runway and are green on the landing side and red on the opposite side.
Instrument landing system (ils)
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides precision guidance to aircraft during instrument approaches and landings. It uses radio signals from an antenna array installed at the end of runways to provide lateral and vertical guidance. The ILS allows aircraft to land safely during low visibility conditions. It consists of localizer and glide slope components that guide the aircraft to the runway centerline and a 3 degree glide path for landing. Marker beacons also help pilots locate distances from the runway threshold. The ILS enables categories of instrument approaches with minimum visibility and decision height requirements.
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The document provides an overview of an Instrument Landing System (ILS). It discusses that an ILS uses radio beams to guide aircraft visually during low visibility conditions. It has three main components - localizer antennas that provide horizontal guidance to the runway centerline, glide slope antennas that provide vertical guidance to the ideal 3-degree glidepath, and marker beacons that indicate the aircraft's distance from the runway. The document also describes the ILS categories which differ based on minimum decision heights and visibility requirements for landing.
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The document discusses the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance just before and during landing. It has key components including localizer antennas that guide left/right movement and glide slope antennas that guide up/down movement. Marker beacons help pilots check aircraft position at certain distances from the runway. ILS allows landings in low visibility conditions down to Category III, with no visibility limitations. It transmits radio signals received by aircraft to indicate proper alignment on the landing path.
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The document summarizes the instrument landing system (ILS), which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance when landing during low visibility conditions. The ILS uses radio transmitters on the ground to guide planes to runways. It consists of a localizer for lateral guidance and a glide slope for vertical guidance. Marker beacons located before the runway also help pilots judge their distance from the runway threshold. By keeping the ILS indicators centered in the cockpit, pilots can align their aircraft with the runway centerline and glide path for landing. The ILS was first tested in 1929 and helped enable safer landings in poor weather.
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The document discusses the various interphone and public address systems on aircraft, including:
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- The service interphone system which provides communication between flight crew, attendants, and ground crew.
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- The length and surface of runways must support the largest aircraft using the airport.
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The document discusses the various interphone and public address systems on aircraft, including:
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- The service interphone system which provides communication between flight crew, attendants, and ground crew.
- The cabin interphone system which allows communication between the cockpit and cabin attendants.
- The passenger address system which transmits announcements from the flight crew to passengers.
- The emergency locator transmitter (ELT) which transmits distress signals to help locate an aircraft after a crash. Regular maintenance and testing of the ELT is required.
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The document discusses the various interphone and public address systems on aircraft, including:
- The flight interphone system which allows communication between flight crew and ground personnel.
- The service interphone system which provides communication between flight crew, attendants, and ground crew.
- The cabin interphone system which allows communication between the cockpit and cabin attendants.
- The passenger address system which transmits announcements from the flight crew to passengers.
- The emergency locator transmitter (ELT) which transmits distress signals to help locate the aircraft in an emergency. Regular maintenance and testing of the ELT is required.
FINAL
The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is responsible for managing airports and providing air traffic control services across India. It generates revenue through airport development, landing/parking fees, and air traffic control services. Key responsibilities include controlling airspace, installing and maintaining communications and navigation equipment, developing and managing terminals, and providing air traffic control, rescue and fire services, and security. AAI oversees air traffic control, sets air routes, and provides area flight information, notices to airmen, and communications, navigation, and surveillance services through technologies like radar, VHF radio, and navigation aids.
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THEODOLITE sur.pptx
A theodolite is a precision instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles in surveying and construction. It consists of a telescope mounted on a rotating base and vertical axis. The telescope can rotate horizontally and vertically, and is used to view targets. Circular scales on the horizontal and vertical axes precisely measure angles to determine positions, distances, and establish control points. Setting up the theodolite on a tripod and leveling it provides an accurate reference for horizontal and vertical angle measurements to targets.
CONTOUR SURVEYING.pptx
Contour surveying, also known as topographic surveying, is a method used to map contours or imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation on an area of land to determine the shape, elevation, and relief of the surface. Contour surveys provide valuable information for purposes like land development, engineering design, and environmental planning by mapping the contours of a site.
BEAM.pptx
This document provides specifications and information about beams and columns used in construction. It discusses reinforced concrete columns and different types of columns based on height-width ratios and shapes. It also describes the construction process for RCC columns. For beams, it defines reinforced concrete beams and classifies beams based on their supports. It discusses different types of beams and the construction process for beams.
TEST ON BRICKS.pptx
Bricks can be classified based on their manufacturing process and quality. Several tests are conducted on bricks to determine their properties such as compressive strength, water absorption, resistance to efflorescence, dimensional stability when exposed to moisture, and ability to withstand temperature changes. Different brick bonding patterns like stretcher bond, English bond, and Flemish bond provide varying levels of strength, stability, and aesthetic appeal to masonry walls.
Presentation1.pptx
Bricks are rectangular blocks made primarily from clay that are hardened through firing in a kiln. They have been used in construction for thousands of years due to their durability, strength, and versatility. Good brick material contains 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide, which provide cohesion, prevent cracking, and impart color. Bricks are manufactured by preparing soil through removal of debris, blending additives, tempering with water, molding, drying, and burning in kilns to produce hardness and strength through physical and chemical changes.
Roofing & FLOORING.pptx
The roof is the uppermost part of a building that protects it from weather elements like rain and wind. It is supported by structural members and covered with roofing material. The main functions of a roof are to enclose the space and protect the building. Good roofs also increase the life of the building. There are different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat or terrace roofs, and domes. Pitched roofs are the most common type and come in single, triple, and other framed styles.
FLOOR.pptx
This document discusses different types of flooring materials, including structural glass flooring which is used between floors and has a thickness of 10-30mm, marble flooring which is used where sanitation is important like in hospitals due to its hard and durable surface, PVC flooring which is laid on concrete but can be slippery so is used on walls, and asphalt flooring which comes in tiles, terrazzo and blocks and is dustless, elastic, durable, waterproof and non-slippery making it suitable for places like chemical labs.
Roofing.pptx
The roof is the uppermost part of a building that is supported by structural members and covered with roofing material to protect the building from weather elements like rain and wind. Pitched roofs are sloped while flat roofs are level, and shell roofs are curved. Pitched roofs include single, lean-to, couple, collar beam, and various types of trussed roofs to support the sloping design.
PP2.pptx
The document discusses the process of making bricks which involves moulding, drying, and burning. Bricks are moulded by hand or machine into standard sizes prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. They are then dried before being burnt in kilns at high temperatures between 700-1000°C, which causes physical and chemical changes that make the bricks strong and resistant to cracking. Good quality bricks are uniformly shaped, well-burnt, and produce a clear ringing sound when struck. They also absorb less than 20% water and have sufficient hardness and crushing strength. Bricks are classified based on their burning process as sun-dried, burnt, and overburnt.
Presentation1.pptx
Bricks are rectangular blocks made from clay that are hardened through firing in a kiln. They have been used in construction for thousands of years due to their durability, strength, and versatility. Good brick material contains 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide to impart strength, prevent cracking, and determine color. Bricks are manufactured by removing topsoil, blending clay with additives, tempering the clay with water, and forming rectangular blocks.
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AIRPORT RUNWAY AND GENERAL LIGHTING SYSTEM.pptx
- 2. FACTORS AFFECTING AIRPORT LIGHTING: • Airport classification • Amount of traffic • Availability of power • Nature of aircraft using the airport • Type of night operation plans • Type of landing surfaces provided • Weather condition, etc.
- 3. (contd.) • To achieve uniformity and to guide pilots for unfamiliar airports, colours and general arrangement of airport lights are standardized. • Airport lights are kept clean, well-maintained, checked regularly for faulty bulbs and replacement. • Tough and laborious job, major airport contains 30,000 lights • Provision of emergency power supplies, which can take over in seconds in case of any power failure.
- 4. ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT LIGHTING: • Airport beacon • Approach lighting • Apron and hangar lighting • Boundary lighting • Lighting of landing direction indicator • Lighting of wind direction indicator • Runway lighting • Taxiway lighting • Threshold lighting
- 5. 1) AIRPORT BEACON: • Beacon- strong beam of light- used to indicate any geographical location- situated slightly above the horizontal- rotated to produce flashing light to an observer. • It gives out white and green flashes in the horizontal directions 180◦ apart. Flashes are visible for the pilot from any direction of approach and it indicates the approximate situation of an airport equipped for the night operations. • Rotates at six revolutions per minute- mounted at top of terminal building or hangar.
- 6. (contd.) • Obstruction not cleared yet- then separate tower is provided for installation of rotating beacon. • Code beacon- indicates light provided sufficiently high to clear all obstructions. • It consists of two 500 watts bulb with green colour screen. • Continuously flashes a Morse code signal designating the airport.
- 9. APPROACH LIGHTING: • Before runway begins- sequence of high- intensity lighting arrangement for a length of 900m. • Helps pilots to check if the aircraft is centered correctly of not. • Gives way to touchdown zone lights from threshold of the runway. • Normally mounted on pedestals-varying heights-to accommodate any irregularities in ground- ensuring the lights themselves are in
- 10. (contd.) Arrangements adopted for approach lightings: 1) Calvert system 2) ICAO system
- 11. 1) Calvert system: • Widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. • Developed by E.S.Calvert in Great Britain. • In this, there are six transverse rows of lights of variable length placed at a c/c distance of 15om. • In this, the roll guidance is principally provided by the transverse rows of lights.