This document discusses formal definitions of artificial intelligence from various scholars and researchers. It provides definitions such as AI being the effort to make computers think like humans, the automation of human thinking processes, and the study of intelligent behavior. The document also contrasts AI with natural intelligence and conventional computing. It notes key differences in terms of permanence, cost, and how problems are solved. The document concludes by covering applications of AI such as computer vision, robotics, expert systems, natural language processing, and games.

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Lecture-02

2. FORMAL DEFINITIONS OF AI

3. Formal Definitions of AI
• The effort to make computers think …
machines with minds, in the full and literal
sense”
(Haugeland, 1985)
• “[The automation of] activities that we
associate with human thinking such as
decision making, problem solving, learning …”
(Bellman, 1978)

4. Formal Definitions of AI…
• “The study of computation that make it
possible to perceive (recognize), reason and
act” (Winston 1992)
• “The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurzweil 1990)

5. Formal Definitions of AI…
• “The study of how to make computers do
things which, at the moment, people do
better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
• “A field of study that seeks to explain and
emulate(copy) intelligent behavior” (Schalkoff,
1990)

6. Formal Definitions of AI…
• “The branch of computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior” (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993)
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subdivision of
computer science devoted to creating
computer software and hardware that imitate
(copy) the human mind.

7. AI vs. Natural Intelligence
• AI is permanent while natural intelligence is
not permanent
• AI is less expensive while natural intelligence
is very expensive.
• AI can be duplicated easily while transferring a
knowledge from one human to another is very
complicated and slow process.

8. Natural intelligence Vs AI…
• Natural intelligence is creative while AI is
feeded.
• AI is the child of Natural intelligence.

9. How AI differs from Conventional
Computing
• We tell the computer
how to solve the
problem.
• The computer is given
data and a step by step
program that specifies
how the data is to be
used to reach the
answer.
• In AI we tell the
computer what the
problem is but not how
to solve it.
• The computer is given
knowledge about the
problem subject area
plus some interfacing
capability.

10. How AI differs from Conventional
Computing…
• Conventional computer
programs are based on
algorithms, a clearly
defined, step-by-step
procedure for solving a
problem.
• We do not tell the
computer specifically
how to solve the
problem. Instead, the
computer and software
determine the method
of arriving at a solution.

11. Applications of AI
• Computer Vision
• Robotics
• Expert system
• Natural Language Processing
• Games

12. Computer Vision
• Computer Vision is a new area where people
are trying to develop the sense of visionary
perception into a machine. Computer vision
applications help to establish tasks which
previously required human vision capabilities
e.g. recognizing human faces, understanding
images and to interpret them, analyzing
medical scan and innumerable amount of
other tasks.

13. Robotics
• Robotics again forms a branch linked with the
applications of AI where people are trying to
develop robots which can be rather called as
humanoids. Organizations have developed
robots that act as pets, visitor guides etc.

14. Expert System
Expert systems are AI programs that act as
intelligent advisors or consultants.
An expert system is a highly specialized
software that attempts to duplicate the
function of an expert in some field of
expertise.
There are two major components of an expert
system,

15. Conti…
knowledge base and an inference system.
An expert system contains the knowledge and
experience of one or more experts in the
knowledge base. As a result, almost anyone
can solve problems and make decisions in a
subject area nearly as well as an expert.

16. Natural Language Processing
• A second widely used AI application is natural
language processing. Natural language refers
to our native language. Natural language
processing programs use artificial intelligence
techniques to permit a computer to
understand and generate natural language.
• Natural language processing tries to make
machines speak and interact with humans just
like humans do.

17. Games
• A lot of computer based games like chess, use
intelligent software to make the user feel as if
the machine on which that game is running is
intelligent.

18. End