Chapter 6 java
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This document discusses arrays in Java, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays. It defines an array as a set of consecutive memory locations that can store the same data type with a common name. It explains that one-dimensional arrays use a single index while two-dimensional arrays use two indexes. It provides the syntax for declaring and creating both one-dimensional arrays, using the new operator, and two-dimensional arrays, specifying the size with two indexes.
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The document discusses software engineering and outlines some of its key principles. Software engineering aims to build software systems on time, on budget, with good performance and correct operation. It is concerned with developing software through professional processes and methods to manage costs and ensure quality attributes like maintainability, dependability, efficiency and usability. Several process models are discussed, including waterfall, evolutionary, and spiral models. Software engineering faces challenges like incomplete specifications and maintaining software without replacing physical components.
Second chapter-java
The document discusses several object-oriented programming concepts in Java including passing objects as parameters, methods returning objects, method overloading, constructor overloading, inheritance, method overriding, and subclass constructors. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. The key points are:
1. Objects can be passed as parameters to methods and a method can return an object.
2. Methods and constructors can be overloaded based on parameters to allow different implementations.
3. Inheritance allows classes to extend existing classes to reuse properties and methods.
4. Method overriding allows redefining methods in a subclass.
5. Subclass constructors use the super keyword to invoke the parent constructor.
Second chapter-java
The document discusses several object-oriented programming concepts in Java including:
1. Passing objects as parameters to methods and returning objects from methods. Methods can accept objects as parameters and return object types.
2. Method overloading allows methods to have the same name but differ in parameters. The compiler determines which method to call based on parameters.
3. Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties from parent classes. Types of inheritance include single, multi-level, hierarchical, and hybrid.
4. Method overriding allows redefining methods in subclasses. The subclass method takes precedence over the parent method. Constructors can also be overloaded in subclasses using the super keyword.
Chapter 9 java
The document discusses inheritance in Java. It defines inheritance as deriving a new subclass from an existing superclass, where the subclass inherits properties from the superclass. The key points made include:
- A subclass inherits all non-private fields and methods from its superclass.
- A subclass constructor must call the superclass constructor using super().
- Inheritance allows subclasses to override or hide superclass methods.
- Abstract classes define common structures for subclasses to implement, and subclasses must override all abstract methods.
- The final keyword can be used to prevent overriding of methods or preventing inheritance of a class.
Chapter 8 java
Constructors initialize objects upon creation and are automatically called before the new operator completes. They look similar to methods but have no return type. This allows objects to initialize themselves when created. The this keyword can be used inside methods to refer to the current object. Static members can be accessed without creating an object and are used to define utility methods and variables. Arrays are implemented as objects in Java.
Chapter 7 java
The document discusses the key concepts of classes in Java. It explains that a class defines a new data type that can then be used to create objects. A class acts as a template that defines both the data (instance variables) and code (methods) of an object. Each object contains its own copy of the instance variables. Methods define how the class data can be used. Objects are declared with a reference variable and instantiated with the new operator, which allocates memory for the object. When one object reference variable is assigned to another, they both refer to the same object, not separate copies. The document also provides the general form for defining methods within a class.
Chapter 5 java
The document discusses different types of iteration statements in Java including while loops, do-while loops, and for loops. While loops repeat a block of code as long as a boolean expression is true. Do-while loops are similar but execute the block of code once before checking the boolean expression. For loops allow repeating a block a specific number of times using initialization, boolean check, and update statements. The break and continue keywords can be used to stop or skip iterations in loops.
Chapter 4 java
Conditional statements in Java include if statements and switch statements. If statements execute code based on a boolean expression being true or false. If statements can be simple if statements, if-else statements, or if-else if statements. Switch statements allow a variable to be tested for equality against multiple case values. Nested if statements allow if statements to be used within other if statements.
Chapter 3 java
The document discusses different types of operators in Java including arithmetic, relational, bitwise, logical, assignment, and miscellaneous operators. It provides examples of using arithmetic operators like addition and subtraction on integer variables and using relational operators to compare values. Logical operators are described as evaluating Boolean expressions. Assignment operators are listed as supporting operations like assignment equal. The miscellaneous ternary operator is explained as evaluating a condition and assigning a value based on the result. Finally, operator precedence is covered as affecting how expressions are evaluated based on which operators have higher precedence over others.
Chapter 2 java
The document provides an overview of Java concepts including:
1. The structure of a basic Java program including the class, main method, and print statement.
2. Explanations of keywords like public, static, void and how the main method works.
3. A description of Java APIs and how prewritten classes and packages are used.
4. Details on Java identifiers, variables, primitive and reference data types.
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Chapter 6 java
- 2. Array Definition: Array is known as a set of consecutive memory location which can store same data type with a common name. We have two types of array: One dimensional array Multi dimensional array
- 3. One dimensional array An array which has one index is known as One dimensional array. To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you must specify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring an array variable: dataType[] ArrayName; // preferred way. or dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way
- 4. Continue.. You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax: ArrayName = new dataType[arraySize]; The above statement does two things: It creates an array using new dataType[arraySize]; It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variable
- 5. Two dimensional array An array which has two indexes is known as two dimensional array, the steps needed for declaration and creation of two dimensional array is same like one dimensional array with little difference. Here is the syntax for declaring array variable: Data_type[][] array_name// mostly preferred Or Data_type array_name[][]// will work but not preferred
- 6. Continue.. After declaring an array name then one can create an array with specific size: Array_name = new data_type[index1][index2];
- 7. Thank You