1. The document discusses strategies for addressing malnutrition through iodine and selenium biofortification in vegetable crops. It provides information on the health impacts of iodine and selenium deficiencies and the benefits of supplementing these micronutrients. 2. Several studies are summarized that investigate different methods for biofortifying crops with iodine and selenium through plant breeding, transgenic, and agronomic techniques. The studies analyze the effects on micronutrient concentrations in crops and antioxidant and phytochemical levels. 3. The document concludes that agronomic biofortification through foliar applications is a cost-effective way to boost iodine and selenium in crops and provide associated health benefits. It has

1. 1 MASSIVE X presentation to DesignBall team
IODINE AND SELENIUM
BIOFORTIFICATION IN VEGETABLE
CROPS
Presented by:
Babanjeet
L-2021-H-85-D

2. Malnutrition
Malus (bad) Nutrire (to
nourish)
Under
nutritio
n
Over
nutritio
n
Malnutrition

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4. (WHO 2022)

5. 01
02
03
Stunted (46.6 million)
and wasted (25.5
million) children
National
family
and
Health
Survey
2022
23% of women
and 20% of men
are underweight
69% of child deaths
below the age of 5

6. 01
02
03
Economy
of
India 8% reduction in national
economic growth (The
Hindu, 2021)
17.3% of India’s productive
years of life lost due to ill-
health, disability or early death
(Lancet, 2021)
Loses up to 4% of GDP and
8% in productivity

7. Recommended nutrient intake for adult
males and females

8. 1 2 4
Strategies addressing micronutrient malnutrition
3

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10. How biofortification is
different from fortification?

11. Biofortification
 Greek word “ BIOS” means “ LIFE”
 Latin word “FORTIFICARE” means “MAKE STRONG”

12. 12 MASSIVE X presentation to DesignBall team
Methods of Biofortification
Breeding Transgenic
Agronomic

13. Pivotal part of at least 25
seleno-proteins in human
body
Promotes growth,
accumulation of beneficial
phytochemicals and
antioxidants
Reduces the activity of 50-
thyronine deiodinase enzymes ~
low triiodothyronine concentration
in blood
Se deficiencies
exist in more
than 70% of
countries.
Leads to increased
pregnancy loss, infant
mortality and growth
impairment
IDDs affect 35–
45% of the
world's
population
Most critical in the
early stages of Foetal
brain development
Abnormal neuron migratory
patterns associated with
cognitive impairment in
children
Gonzali et al 2017; Kieliszek

14. Gonzali et al
Uptake and mobilization of Iodine in plants

15. 15 MASSIVE X presentation to DesignBall team
IFNB: 40–70 mcg
and 45–55 mcg Se
for men and women
Stress-induced oxidative
damage to living cells.
SeCys and SeMet:
iodothyronine deiodinase
1 2 3 4 5
Micronutrient essential for
the proper functioning of
plants and animals.
Key constituent of
glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
Functions of Selenium
(Kieliszek

16. Selenium: biofortification
(D’ Amato et al 2020)

17. Pathways of Se at
the soil-plant-
atmosphere
interface
(Schiavon et al

18. Sources
Iodine
KI
Iodosalicylates and
iodobenzoates
KIO3
NaIO3
NaI
Selenium
SeNP
Na2SeO3
Na2SeO4
kelp and
Diatomite
K2SeO4

19. 01
 Two sub-blocks:
 organic soil
 mineral soil
 Conc. 10 μM solutions (100 mL/per
plant/one application)
02
Lactuca sativa L.
var. capitata
03
Treatments:
 Control
 potassium iodate (KIO3)
 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA)
 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (3,5-diISA).
Comparison of
effectiveness of the
iodosalicylate

21. Both types of
substrate the
Vitamin C, glucose,
fructose and the
sum of sugars did
not undergo any
significant changes

24. Metabolic
capabilities
 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ‘Kmicic’ variety
 Treatments:
 Control
 KI – potassium iodide
 KIO3 – potassium iodate
 SA – salicylic acid
 BeA – benzoic acid
 5-ISA – 5-iodosalicylicacid
 3,5-diISA – 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid
 2-IBeA – 2-iodobenzoicacid
 4-IBeA – 4-iodobenzoic acid
 2,3,5-triIBeA – 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
 Concentration of 25 μM of iodine and as 25 μM of
SA or BeA

25. 2,3,5-triIBeA caused a considerable
decrease in the total fruit yield (by 30.8%)
and marketable yield (by 41.2%)
The fruits of tomato plants after SA, BeA and
iodine compounds application
Plants treated with 2,3,5-triIBeA had a
higher percentage for the earliness of
crop yield in relation to control plants

26. Lower iodine content was
observed in the soluble
portion of cells but in the cell
wall fraction and organelles it
is depended on the compound
tested.
Iodosalicylate and iodobenzoate:
iodine was mainly accumulated in the
cell wall fraction but
For mineral form and SA and BeA:
iodine was mainly located in the
organelle fraction.
Iodine content in cell wall
and organelles

27. Relative expression HMT
and S3H genes in leaves
and roots of tomato plants
 In root a considerable increase in expression
of the HMT gene was due to 3,5-diISA and
2,3,5-triIBeA.
 2,3,5-triIBeA in leaves and 3,5-diISA & 2-IBeA :
increase of S3H gene in leaves and roots.

28. Summary of the study

29. Antitumor
 Hydroponic cultivation of lettuce L. sativa cv. ‘Melodion’
 Treatments:
(1) control
(2) KIO3
(3) 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA)
(4) 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (3,5-diISA)
 Randomized block design with four repetitions within one NFT
set

30. AGT
HT 29
Treatment with lettuce extracts
did not cause a cytotoxic effect
and necrosis in normal cells.
30 % decrease in cell
proliferation after 72 h of
incubation
Treatment of cancer cells from 5-
ISA and 3,5- diISA fortified lettuce
induced cell cycle arrest
Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Intracellular activities

31. BAD
BAX
BID
CCND1
CDKN2A
RB1
CCK2A
KRAS
MDM2
 In AGS 8-fold up-regulation
 In HT 29 cells 2 fold
upregulated
In AGS 45% downregulated
In HT 29 cells 52% downregulated
 More consistent mRNA
reduction by 40–80% in
both cell lines
 Profoundly increased RB1 in both cell
lines
 Detected only in HT-29 cells and was
upregulated by 30%
Pro-apoptotic genes
Anti-apoptotic genes Inhibitors of cell cycle
progression
Oncogene

32. Expression of
SEMA3A
A
In human caner
cells of HT 29
lines
B
Mechanism of
hypomethylation and
upregulation of SEMA3A
gene by 5-ISA-fortified
lettuce

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38. 38 MASSIVE X presentation to DesignBall team
1
Cultivar: “Chunfeng” 3
Every 10 days, for a
total of four times
2
Selenate conc: (0, 0.1,
0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6
mmol/L).
The phenotype of cabbage under different
concentrations of selenate

39. The content of different secondary metabolites in cabbage heads
under different concentrations of selenate

40. KEGG
pathway
analysis
Volcano
plot
Accumulated
DEGs

41. Interactio
n
network
of DEGs
and
DEMs
Heat map of
selected DEG

42. 1
Two-year pot
experiment
(2014/2015)
3
Foliar Na Se (0/50/100 g Se/ha) at
flowering stage
2
Pea varieties (Ambassador
and Premium)
Potential of foliar
biofortification

43. Effect on Phenolic content and antioxidant activity (ABTS
and FRAP)

44. Variety /
Fe Cu Mn TPC TFC ABTS FRAP
Growth parameter
Ambassador
Seed dry matter -0.015 -0.447**
-0.024 0.182 -0.456**
0.201 0.083
Number of seeds/pod 0.063 -0.439**
0.095 0.562**
-0.351*
-0.125 0.115
Pod length -0.263 -0.393*
-0.087 0.313*
-0.333*
-0.189 -0.152
Pod perimeter -0.143 -0.556**
0.014 0.609**
-0.626**
-0.056 -0.039
Premium
Seed dry matter -0.357*
-0.268 0.126 0.247 -0.124 -0.548**
0.28
Number of seeds/pod -0.23 -0.06 -0.057 -0.051 -0.142 -0.272 0.013
Pod length 0.163 0.119 0.097 -0.254 0.199 0.115 -0.379*
Pod perimeter -0.642**
-0.354*
0.202 0.685**
-0.382*
-0.635**
0.586**
Correlation between growth and other parameters

45. Overall results
Se treatments did
not improve conc.
of trace elements.
Highest TPC was found
in Ambassador treated
with 100 g Se/ha (2,260
mg/100 g D) vs. the
control (1,737 mg/100 g
DW).
Growing year had a
significant effect on
all variables except
for seed Mn conc.
50 g of Se/ha increased TFC vs. the control
(261 vs. 151 mg/100 g DW) in Premium
50 g of Se/ha increased FRAP vs.
the control (26.6 vs. 18.0
mmol/100 g DW) in Ambassador
Variety showed a
significant effect on
all variables, with the
exception of TFC.

46. It is dose dependent
and also beneficial at
lower dose
Potential to boost
phytochemicals,
antioxidants and phenolic
content about 20-30%
It could be one solution to malnutrition and
crop nutrient deficiency
Has also positive
effect on post
harvest quality of
crops
Additional human
health benefits
Agronomic biofortification is cost-effective and

47. Futur
e
thrus
t
Scope to enhance micronutrients and vitamins in vegetables on a
large scale
Global market for biofortification to increase from $72.75 million
to $188.89 million in 2025 with the CAGR of 16.03 %
Little information is available regarding the potential effects of
trace elements on phytochemical attributes
Extension and Public Awareness
Can improve the efficiency with which minerals are mobilized in
the soil