Agro Nolano
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The document summarizes the geography and geology of the Agro-Nolano region in Italy. It is located between Mount Somma, the hills of Cancello, and the Avella mountains. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot summers and rains in autumn and winter. The region was originally seabed but was transformed over time by volcanic materials and sediment deposition. The soil layers are sandy, clayey, and permeable due to the volcanic ash and lapilli mixed in. Deeper underground, the stratigraphy shows alternating impermeable and permeable layers of clay, sand, tuff, and sea clay, upon which the water table sits at varying depths depending on the season and water usage.
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LANDFORMS
Landforms are shaped over hundreds to thousands of years by both external and internal geological processes. External processes like erosion and deposition are caused by factors such as wind and water and shape the Earth's surface by transporting and depositing sediments. Internal processes like volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics are caused by movement in the Earth's core and mantle and result in changes below the surface like uplifting and sinking of layers. Common landforms include mountains, which are formed via processes like folding, faulting, and volcanic activity; plains, which are formed by processes like deposition, flooding, and lava flows; and valleys, which are formed by erosion from rivers, glaciers, and other forces.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1.4-WATER MASSES
This document discusses groundwater and lakes. It begins by explaining the water cycle and how water infiltrates the ground to become groundwater. There are different sources and types of groundwater classified based on their origin, such as meteoric, juvenile, connate, and oceanic water. Factors like climate, slope, vegetation and rock permeability affect the distribution and flow of groundwater. Springs, wells, and artesian basins are also described. Karst landscapes are formed by the dissolution of limestone and features like sinkholes, caves and underground rivers are discussed. Finally, lakes are classified based on their formation from earth movements, erosion, deposition, volcanism, or other processes.
A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
The document discusses several key points about deserts and their formation:
1. Ocean currents play a major role in creating arid conditions in coastal deserts by lowering temperatures and reducing precipitation. The cold Benguela and Peruvian currents cause aridity in the Namib and Atacama deserts.
2. Other factors that contribute to desertification include high pressure systems, mountains that create rain shadows, and distance from the ocean. The Himalayas and Andes cause rain shadows in the Thar and Patagonia deserts.
3. Various landforms are shaped by wind and water processes in arid environments, including yardangs, zeugens, and alluvial fans.
Other landforms
PPT presentation on different geologic processes involved in the formation of different landforms. the presentation also includes discussion on other landforms.
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Lesson-1-locating-places.pptx
The document provides information on key concepts related to Earth's atmosphere and natural resources. It defines key terms like the layers of the atmosphere, natural resources, and effects of pollution. It describes the troposphere as the lowest layer where weather occurs and the different gas layers above it. It also explains renewable and non-renewable energy resources and how human activities like burning fossil fuels release harmful substances that cause issues like acid rain, smog and ozone depletion.
Hydro
The document summarizes several hydrogeologic units in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. It describes the key aquifers that supply irrigation and groundwater in the area, including the Nile Delta Quaternary aquifer, Oligocene Aquifer, Moghra (Miocene) Aquifer, and Wadi El Natrun (Pliocene) Aquifer. It notes the thickness, composition, recharge sources, and flow direction of each aquifer. The quality of groundwater is also noted to be affected by sea level rise and human activities.
UD3.- RELIEF AND LANDFORMS
The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth's interior and surface relief features. It describes the Earth as having a crust, mantle, and core based on its composition. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into tectonic plates. Plate tectonics and the actions of external erosional forces shape the Earth's surface relief features such as mountains, plains, and coastal landforms. Volcanic activity, folding, and faulting create different types of mountains during plate collisions and movements.
Lesson 2
The document summarizes the geological history of Mount Pinatubo and its role in shaping the landscape of Central Luzon over thousands of years through major eruptions and lahar flows. It describes how the area was originally under the sea until eruptions from Pinatubo deposited volcanic material across the region, emerging land masses like Pampanga. Subsequent eruptions further altered the terrain through additional lava and lahar deposits, creating highlands, filling river valleys and pushing coastlines outward. The landscape continued changing from volcanic activity, erosion, silting and subsidence up to the most recent 1991 eruption.
Miocene -Pliocene
- The Miocene Epoch lasted from approximately 23 million to 5 million years ago. During this time, grazing animals became more common after the rise of grasses. Both grazers and their predators evolved to be faster to maneuver on the grassy plains.
- A severe drought in the region killed thousands of animals, whose bones were later discovered preserved in river bends after being swept downstream.
- The document discusses the Miocene Epoch in further detail, including the climate and geography at the time as well as notable animals and events.
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A2 Physical Geography - Hot arid and Semi Arid Environment
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Agro Nolano
- 1. AGRO NOLANO
- 3. AGRO NOLANO
- 4. The Agro-Nolano is the subject of our study. It is situated between Mount Somma, the calcareous hills of Cancello and the Avella mountains and includes the territory of Nola and Acerra. This area is easily accessible and suitable for human settlement. It has been densely populated since ancient times as can be witnessed by the numerous presences of tombstones and historical findings.
- 5. The Agro-Nolano is a flat and slightly mountainous area. The climate is mild and strictly mediterranean with hot, sultry summers and rains in the autumn-winter seasons
- 6. This area originated from the filling of early deep paleomorphologic follows. At the beginning of the quaternary era (1,5-2 million years ago) it was still a seabed. Then it was trasformed by materials coming from the nearby vulcanic areas and by colluviums which exogenous agents had cut from the mountain surrounding the plain.
- 7. For this reason most surface layers of the ground are sandy-clayey, not very firm and are mixed with ash and lapilla. This makes the layers pervious and fertile More in-depth the first layer is of vulcanic origin and successively the clayey layers which aresometimes on tuffaceous banks
- 9. Stratigraphy shows some impermeable layers (clay and sand) which are alternated with pervious layers of tuff and sea clay These act as basis and cover of the layers The water table is found at different deptha: its level is higher in the areas contiguous to the hills
- 10. The heighth of the first water level found from the surface changes according to the different seasons, to the springs which feed them and to quantities of water drawn out The first water level is more exposed to pollution
- 11. Over the last ten years the water table has become lower due to excessive exploitation, so it is necessary to use the deeper one