This is a presentation I gave at the GSA Cordilleran Meeting in Kelowna, BC, in May 2009. It presents advanced results from geological studies of the Chilcotin Group basalts in south-central BC, and their impact on mineral exploration activities.
The document discusses the distribution and thickness of volcanic and glacial cover on the Interior Plateaus of south-central British Columbia. The Chilcotin Group volcanic rocks cover over 35,500 km2 but their thickness and distribution are poorly constrained. Recent research indicates the volcanic rocks have extreme thickness variations from 0-100 meters, forming paleo-drainage channels and leaving many "basement windows" exposed. This challenges the previous assumption of a homogeneous thick sheet and greatly reduces the mapped areal extent of the volcanic rocks. Identifying these paleo-drainage systems could have implications for regional mineral exploration methods.
The Grand Canyon formed through a combination of uplift of the Colorado Plateau and incision by the Colorado River. Two main theories for its formation are the Headward Erosion Theory, which involves capture of an ancestral river by upstream erosion, and the Spillover Theory, where a blocked river spilled over the plateau. Both theories have issues, and the exact timeline and mechanisms are still debated. Uplift starting around 80 million years ago drove stream capture and erosion that excavated the canyon over millions of years.
The San Sai oil field is an important oil field in the Fang Basin. The sedimentary facies and basin
evolution have been interpreted using well data incorporated with 2D seismic profiles. The study indicates that
the Fang Basin was subsided as a half-graben in the Late Eocene by regional plate tectonism. The deposit is
thicker westward toward the major fault. The sedimentary sequence of the Fang Basin can be subdivided into
two formations which comprise five associated depositional environments. The results of total organic carbon
content (TOC), vitrinnite reflectance (%Ro), Rock-Eval pyrolysis and headspace gas analyses and the study of
basin modeling using PetroMod1D software are compiled and interpreted. They indicate that source rocks of
kerogen type II and III with 1.78 – 3.13%wt. TOC were mature and generated mainly oil at 5,600 – 6,700 feet
deep (Middle Mae Sod Formation). Source rocks of kerogen type II and III with 2.07 – 39.07%wt. TOC
locating deeper than 6,700 feet (Lower Mae Sod Formation) were mature to late mature and generated mainly
gas at this level. According to TTI (Time Temperature Index) modeling using PetroMod11.1D software,
hydrocarbon generation took place in the Middle Miocene and the generated oil and gas migrated through
fractures and faults to accumulate in traps at 2,900-4,000 feet deep (Upper Mae Sod Formation).
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
This honours project examined the coal seam interburden at Caval Ridge Coal Mine to determine the likely depositional environment. The author analyzed highwalls, maps, borehole geophysics, core images, and outcrop photos. Two possible depositional environments were identified for sedimentary features in the interburden - crevasse splays from deltas or point bars from channels. Key differences between these were examined to interpret the environment. The study area was found to possibly be part of a larger distributive fluvial system characterized by numerous contemporaneous channels that prograded over time.
The document discusses ice ages that have occurred throughout Earth's history, including the Pleistocene, Carboniferous, and Archean eras. It describes evidence from places like Jharkhand state in India that indicate glacial activity and climate changes during the Carboniferous-Permian period, including tills, conglomerates, and sandstone-siltstone beds. It also briefly discusses the causes of ice ages such as the Earth's orbital cycles and continental positions, as well as effects of the last ice age like sea level changes and ecological impacts.
The document discusses the distribution and thickness of volcanic and glacial cover on the Interior Plateaus of south-central British Columbia. The Chilcotin Group volcanic rocks cover over 35,500 km2 but their thickness and distribution are poorly constrained. Recent research indicates the volcanic rocks have extreme thickness variations from 0-100 meters, forming paleo-drainage channels and leaving many "basement windows" exposed. This challenges the previous assumption of a homogeneous thick sheet and greatly reduces the mapped areal extent of the volcanic rocks. Identifying these paleo-drainage systems could have implications for regional mineral exploration methods.
The Grand Canyon formed through a combination of uplift of the Colorado Plateau and incision by the Colorado River. Two main theories for its formation are the Headward Erosion Theory, which involves capture of an ancestral river by upstream erosion, and the Spillover Theory, where a blocked river spilled over the plateau. Both theories have issues, and the exact timeline and mechanisms are still debated. Uplift starting around 80 million years ago drove stream capture and erosion that excavated the canyon over millions of years.
The San Sai oil field is an important oil field in the Fang Basin. The sedimentary facies and basin
evolution have been interpreted using well data incorporated with 2D seismic profiles. The study indicates that
the Fang Basin was subsided as a half-graben in the Late Eocene by regional plate tectonism. The deposit is
thicker westward toward the major fault. The sedimentary sequence of the Fang Basin can be subdivided into
two formations which comprise five associated depositional environments. The results of total organic carbon
content (TOC), vitrinnite reflectance (%Ro), Rock-Eval pyrolysis and headspace gas analyses and the study of
basin modeling using PetroMod1D software are compiled and interpreted. They indicate that source rocks of
kerogen type II and III with 1.78 – 3.13%wt. TOC were mature and generated mainly oil at 5,600 – 6,700 feet
deep (Middle Mae Sod Formation). Source rocks of kerogen type II and III with 2.07 – 39.07%wt. TOC
locating deeper than 6,700 feet (Lower Mae Sod Formation) were mature to late mature and generated mainly
gas at this level. According to TTI (Time Temperature Index) modeling using PetroMod11.1D software,
hydrocarbon generation took place in the Middle Miocene and the generated oil and gas migrated through
fractures and faults to accumulate in traps at 2,900-4,000 feet deep (Upper Mae Sod Formation).
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
This honours project examined the coal seam interburden at Caval Ridge Coal Mine to determine the likely depositional environment. The author analyzed highwalls, maps, borehole geophysics, core images, and outcrop photos. Two possible depositional environments were identified for sedimentary features in the interburden - crevasse splays from deltas or point bars from channels. Key differences between these were examined to interpret the environment. The study area was found to possibly be part of a larger distributive fluvial system characterized by numerous contemporaneous channels that prograded over time.
The document discusses ice ages that have occurred throughout Earth's history, including the Pleistocene, Carboniferous, and Archean eras. It describes evidence from places like Jharkhand state in India that indicate glacial activity and climate changes during the Carboniferous-Permian period, including tills, conglomerates, and sandstone-siltstone beds. It also briefly discusses the causes of ice ages such as the Earth's orbital cycles and continental positions, as well as effects of the last ice age like sea level changes and ecological impacts.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
1) Glacial Lake Missoula formed during the last ice age when an ice dam blocked the Clark Fork River, causing a huge lake to form. The lake drained catastrophically when the ice dam failed, carving out features like ripple marks and waterfalls.
2) These floods discharged at rates over 600 times the modern Amazon River and formed huge ripple marks up to 30 meters tall. Analysis of sediment layers indicates periods of both low and high energy deposition from the filling and draining of the lakes.
3) Flood waters from Lake Missoula entered a second ice-dammed lake, Glacial Lake Columbia, and found outlets through channels now known as the Channeled Sc
Shefa Yamim is exploring for precious stones and heavy minerals in the Kishon catchment area of northern Israel. Extensive sampling has recovered kimberlitic indicator minerals, corundum varieties like sapphire and ruby, and moissanite. A geological model was developed showing that the primary sources of these minerals are ultramafic and mafic volcaniclastic rocks from Mount Carmel and surrounding basins. Erosion of these sources by the Kishon River deposited the minerals in secondary placers, with the best recoveries found in marine deposits within the Kishon graben but difficult to access. Future exploration will target the shallower fluvial terrace deposits in the mid-reach of
1) The Alps reveal a complex tectonic history involving rifting during the end of the Triassic period that established shallow seas and allowed deposition of carbonate successions.
2) As subsidence continued in the Jurassic, large normal faults contributed to the transition from shallow to deep marine environments. Uplift also led to karst formation.
3) During the upper Miocene, thrusting occurred, forming the Alpine orogenic belt seen today. This model shows that rifted margins differ depending on continental lithosphere structure and properties.
This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
This notes provide the information about tectonic divisions and evolution of Himalayas. movement of Indian plate has also taken up in brief.
Tectonic Division of Himalaya
Evolution of Himalaya
Movement of Indian Plate.
Resource description_ Rasoul Sorkhabi, The himalayan Journal, 2010
The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two continental plates - the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward due to plate tectonic forces, colliding with and subducting under the Eurasian plate and causing the land between the plates to fold and uplift, forming the Himalayan mountain range. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalayas and sedimentary rock materials support that the region was once under water. The Himalayas continue rising today as the plates still exert pressure against one another.
sedimentary basin may be defined as an area of depression in the earth’s crust in which sediments accumulate during a particular time span at a significantly greater rate, and so to a significantly greater thickness.
This document contains two examples - one of a fault and one of weathering processes. It also provides an example of the practical application of geology through a description and photo of the Millerton Dam in Central California.
Hadlari etal. 2006 baker lake rift basin sedimentologyrad8
This document summarizes the sedimentology of the Baker Lake Group from the Baker Lake sub-basin in Nunavut, Canada. It describes 7 facies associations representing different depositional environments including:
1) Alluvial fan deposits along the basin margin composed of cobble-boulder conglomerate.
2) Braided stream deposits consisting of pebble-cobble conglomerate and cross-stratified sandstone. These fed into more central basinal environments.
3) Eolian, playa lake, and lacustrine deposits in the basin depocentre near Christopher Island, representing more standing body of water environments mixed with wind-blown sediments.
4)
The Ravva PKGM-1 oil field is located offshore of the Godavari Delta in the Krishna-Godavari Basin of India. Sediment deposition in the basin has been dominated by the Krishna and Godavari river systems since the Cretaceous period. Oil and gas were discovered in the middle Miocene reservoirs in 1987, and these sands were deposited in a wave-dominated deltaic environment along the coast. Refined geological models based on new well data indicate these middle Miocene sands were deposited in a lower to upper shoreface setting influenced by waves. Reservoir quality is excellent with porosities from 22-35% having produced over 220 million barrels of oil so far from the
This document provides a summary of stops on a geology field trip through parts of Washington and Idaho to observe evidence of the Columbia River flood basalts. Over 14 stops, the group saw a variety of igneous rocks and structures including dikes, sills, folds, faults, and different types of volcanic rocks. Detailed observations and photos were recorded at each stop of features such as columnar joints, xenoliths, and interactions between the basalts and underlying sedimentary layers. The trip covered examples of the multiple flows that deposited over 17 million years.
The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
- Suitable time for organic evolution of both flora and fauna. Rocks from this era are less deformed, providing good sections for research.
- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
- Life included early plants, foraminifera, corals, brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, ostracods
The Mississippian limestone in northeastern Oklahoma varies significantly in reservoir quality, with some zones characterized by higher porosity tripolite, others by lower porosity chert, and some by unaltered limestone. Five shallowing-upward cycles are observed in the Mississippian based on cores and thin sections. Porosity is highly variable and most dependent on the degree and type of alteration like silicification, dolomitization and brecciation. Favorable reservoir zones are irregularly distributed but highly concentrated in the regressive phase of the third-order Mississippian sequence. The degree and distribution of diagenetic alteration as well as the sequence-stratigraphic framework are the main controls
The document summarizes Palaeozoic stratigraphy in India, specifically in the Salt Range and Spiti regions. It describes the major periods of the Palaeozoic Era from Cambrian to Permian. For the Salt Range, it details the stratigraphy, including key formations like the Saline Series composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt. It also notes important economic minerals found in the Salt Range. For Spiti, it outlines the stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks known as the Haimanta System, divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions. Fossils found in both regions are also briefly mentioned.
1) The document discusses volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits in the Middle to Late Cambrian Mount Read Volcanics in western Tasmania, which hosts six world-class VHMS deposits.
2) It focuses on establishing lithostratigraphic correlations between the Sock Creek-Burns Peak area and adjacent VHMS-hosting areas to the northeast and southwest in order to identify the most prospective stratigraphic position for VHMS deposits.
3) The study proposes that a polymictic volcanic breccia and sandstone unit (USB4b) in the Sock Creek Burns Peak North area was deposited immediately before or at the same time as the formation of VHMS deposits
This document summarizes research on tidal bore sedimentation. It begins with background on tides, tidal bores, and their history. It then discusses the formation of tidal bores and provides examples. Several types of tidal bores are described along with their effects. The document outlines contributions of various researchers who have studied tidal bore deposits. Specific studies are summarized that look at sedimentary structures and facies in tidal bore deposits in China and Spain. Other research examined tidal bedforms and deposits in Portugal as well as methods for recognizing tidal bore deposits in the geologic record. The final study discussed soft-sediment deformation caused by tides in Alaska.
The document discusses lithified sedimentary rocks and their impact on groundwater flow. Complex stratigraphy, such as interfingering rock units, can make groundwater exploration challenging. Folds and faults can create complex hydrogeologic systems, acting as barriers or conduits to flow depending on their composition. Clastic sedimentary rocks have permeability influenced by grain size, sorting, and cementation, with fractures increasing permeability. Fractures near the surface are important for bypassing low-permeability layers and recharge.
1. The document discusses a proposed research project to study the reservoir potential of turbidite deposits in the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin in southeast Spain. The basin contains excellent outcrop exposures that were deposited by submarine channels and turbidity currents.
2. The project aims to identify structural and geometric elements of the turbidites and channels that impacted reservoir quality, focusing on the Upper Sartenella and Loma de los Banos formations which contain large sandstone beds with potential for high quality reservoirs.
3. Understanding the reservoir potential will provide insight into confined deep-water basins controlled by syn-depositional faulting, like the Tabernas Basin which was actively faulted during sediment deposition.
The mantle, CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory ...GiovannaDellaPorta2
The document summarizes research on the Aptian lacustrine carbonate system in the South Atlantic formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Some key points:
- It was a vast carbonate factory covering over 1/3 million km2, making it the largest chemogenic carbonate system in Earth's history.
- The carbonate source was likely mantle CO2 leaching mafic rocks, forming hyperalkaline lakes where chemogenic carbonates and Mg-silicates deposited up to 500m thick.
- Microbial structures are rare due to extreme alkalinity. Carbonates took forms of calcite shrub framestones and spherulite floatstones associated with Mg-silicate
The document summarizes volcanic activity in northern central Peru from the Cretaceous to present. It describes three groups of volcanic rocks separated in time and space: 1) The Albian Casma Group volcanic rocks which filled the Casma Basin in a deep sea environment during crustal extension. 2) The Calipuy Group volcanics from 53-15 Ma erupted during a period of extension. 3) The younger Miocene-Pliocene Yungay volcanic rocks associated with major batholith intrusion during transtensional faulting. Although the volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline, crustal extension played a fundamental role in their genesis, whereas their relation to contemporaneous subduction is less clear.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
1) Glacial Lake Missoula formed during the last ice age when an ice dam blocked the Clark Fork River, causing a huge lake to form. The lake drained catastrophically when the ice dam failed, carving out features like ripple marks and waterfalls.
2) These floods discharged at rates over 600 times the modern Amazon River and formed huge ripple marks up to 30 meters tall. Analysis of sediment layers indicates periods of both low and high energy deposition from the filling and draining of the lakes.
3) Flood waters from Lake Missoula entered a second ice-dammed lake, Glacial Lake Columbia, and found outlets through channels now known as the Channeled Sc
Shefa Yamim is exploring for precious stones and heavy minerals in the Kishon catchment area of northern Israel. Extensive sampling has recovered kimberlitic indicator minerals, corundum varieties like sapphire and ruby, and moissanite. A geological model was developed showing that the primary sources of these minerals are ultramafic and mafic volcaniclastic rocks from Mount Carmel and surrounding basins. Erosion of these sources by the Kishon River deposited the minerals in secondary placers, with the best recoveries found in marine deposits within the Kishon graben but difficult to access. Future exploration will target the shallower fluvial terrace deposits in the mid-reach of
1) The Alps reveal a complex tectonic history involving rifting during the end of the Triassic period that established shallow seas and allowed deposition of carbonate successions.
2) As subsidence continued in the Jurassic, large normal faults contributed to the transition from shallow to deep marine environments. Uplift also led to karst formation.
3) During the upper Miocene, thrusting occurred, forming the Alpine orogenic belt seen today. This model shows that rifted margins differ depending on continental lithosphere structure and properties.
This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
This notes provide the information about tectonic divisions and evolution of Himalayas. movement of Indian plate has also taken up in brief.
Tectonic Division of Himalaya
Evolution of Himalaya
Movement of Indian Plate.
Resource description_ Rasoul Sorkhabi, The himalayan Journal, 2010
The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two continental plates - the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward due to plate tectonic forces, colliding with and subducting under the Eurasian plate and causing the land between the plates to fold and uplift, forming the Himalayan mountain range. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalayas and sedimentary rock materials support that the region was once under water. The Himalayas continue rising today as the plates still exert pressure against one another.
sedimentary basin may be defined as an area of depression in the earth’s crust in which sediments accumulate during a particular time span at a significantly greater rate, and so to a significantly greater thickness.
This document contains two examples - one of a fault and one of weathering processes. It also provides an example of the practical application of geology through a description and photo of the Millerton Dam in Central California.
Hadlari etal. 2006 baker lake rift basin sedimentologyrad8
This document summarizes the sedimentology of the Baker Lake Group from the Baker Lake sub-basin in Nunavut, Canada. It describes 7 facies associations representing different depositional environments including:
1) Alluvial fan deposits along the basin margin composed of cobble-boulder conglomerate.
2) Braided stream deposits consisting of pebble-cobble conglomerate and cross-stratified sandstone. These fed into more central basinal environments.
3) Eolian, playa lake, and lacustrine deposits in the basin depocentre near Christopher Island, representing more standing body of water environments mixed with wind-blown sediments.
4)
The Ravva PKGM-1 oil field is located offshore of the Godavari Delta in the Krishna-Godavari Basin of India. Sediment deposition in the basin has been dominated by the Krishna and Godavari river systems since the Cretaceous period. Oil and gas were discovered in the middle Miocene reservoirs in 1987, and these sands were deposited in a wave-dominated deltaic environment along the coast. Refined geological models based on new well data indicate these middle Miocene sands were deposited in a lower to upper shoreface setting influenced by waves. Reservoir quality is excellent with porosities from 22-35% having produced over 220 million barrels of oil so far from the
This document provides a summary of stops on a geology field trip through parts of Washington and Idaho to observe evidence of the Columbia River flood basalts. Over 14 stops, the group saw a variety of igneous rocks and structures including dikes, sills, folds, faults, and different types of volcanic rocks. Detailed observations and photos were recorded at each stop of features such as columnar joints, xenoliths, and interactions between the basalts and underlying sedimentary layers. The trip covered examples of the multiple flows that deposited over 17 million years.
The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
- Suitable time for organic evolution of both flora and fauna. Rocks from this era are less deformed, providing good sections for research.
- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
- Life included early plants, foraminifera, corals, brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, ostracods
The Mississippian limestone in northeastern Oklahoma varies significantly in reservoir quality, with some zones characterized by higher porosity tripolite, others by lower porosity chert, and some by unaltered limestone. Five shallowing-upward cycles are observed in the Mississippian based on cores and thin sections. Porosity is highly variable and most dependent on the degree and type of alteration like silicification, dolomitization and brecciation. Favorable reservoir zones are irregularly distributed but highly concentrated in the regressive phase of the third-order Mississippian sequence. The degree and distribution of diagenetic alteration as well as the sequence-stratigraphic framework are the main controls
The document summarizes Palaeozoic stratigraphy in India, specifically in the Salt Range and Spiti regions. It describes the major periods of the Palaeozoic Era from Cambrian to Permian. For the Salt Range, it details the stratigraphy, including key formations like the Saline Series composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt. It also notes important economic minerals found in the Salt Range. For Spiti, it outlines the stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks known as the Haimanta System, divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions. Fossils found in both regions are also briefly mentioned.
1) The document discusses volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits in the Middle to Late Cambrian Mount Read Volcanics in western Tasmania, which hosts six world-class VHMS deposits.
2) It focuses on establishing lithostratigraphic correlations between the Sock Creek-Burns Peak area and adjacent VHMS-hosting areas to the northeast and southwest in order to identify the most prospective stratigraphic position for VHMS deposits.
3) The study proposes that a polymictic volcanic breccia and sandstone unit (USB4b) in the Sock Creek Burns Peak North area was deposited immediately before or at the same time as the formation of VHMS deposits
This document summarizes research on tidal bore sedimentation. It begins with background on tides, tidal bores, and their history. It then discusses the formation of tidal bores and provides examples. Several types of tidal bores are described along with their effects. The document outlines contributions of various researchers who have studied tidal bore deposits. Specific studies are summarized that look at sedimentary structures and facies in tidal bore deposits in China and Spain. Other research examined tidal bedforms and deposits in Portugal as well as methods for recognizing tidal bore deposits in the geologic record. The final study discussed soft-sediment deformation caused by tides in Alaska.
The document discusses lithified sedimentary rocks and their impact on groundwater flow. Complex stratigraphy, such as interfingering rock units, can make groundwater exploration challenging. Folds and faults can create complex hydrogeologic systems, acting as barriers or conduits to flow depending on their composition. Clastic sedimentary rocks have permeability influenced by grain size, sorting, and cementation, with fractures increasing permeability. Fractures near the surface are important for bypassing low-permeability layers and recharge.
1. The document discusses a proposed research project to study the reservoir potential of turbidite deposits in the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin in southeast Spain. The basin contains excellent outcrop exposures that were deposited by submarine channels and turbidity currents.
2. The project aims to identify structural and geometric elements of the turbidites and channels that impacted reservoir quality, focusing on the Upper Sartenella and Loma de los Banos formations which contain large sandstone beds with potential for high quality reservoirs.
3. Understanding the reservoir potential will provide insight into confined deep-water basins controlled by syn-depositional faulting, like the Tabernas Basin which was actively faulted during sediment deposition.
The mantle, CO2 and the giant Aptian chemogenic lacustrine carbonate factory ...GiovannaDellaPorta2
The document summarizes research on the Aptian lacustrine carbonate system in the South Atlantic formed during the opening of the South Atlantic. Some key points:
- It was a vast carbonate factory covering over 1/3 million km2, making it the largest chemogenic carbonate system in Earth's history.
- The carbonate source was likely mantle CO2 leaching mafic rocks, forming hyperalkaline lakes where chemogenic carbonates and Mg-silicates deposited up to 500m thick.
- Microbial structures are rare due to extreme alkalinity. Carbonates took forms of calcite shrub framestones and spherulite floatstones associated with Mg-silicate
The document summarizes volcanic activity in northern central Peru from the Cretaceous to present. It describes three groups of volcanic rocks separated in time and space: 1) The Albian Casma Group volcanic rocks which filled the Casma Basin in a deep sea environment during crustal extension. 2) The Calipuy Group volcanics from 53-15 Ma erupted during a period of extension. 3) The younger Miocene-Pliocene Yungay volcanic rocks associated with major batholith intrusion during transtensional faulting. Although the volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline, crustal extension played a fundamental role in their genesis, whereas their relation to contemporaneous subduction is less clear.
The document provides information about the geology of the Flin Flon area in Manitoba, Canada. It discusses the regional history and lithology of the Flin Flon greenstone belt and broader Trans-Hudson Orogen. Specifically, it focuses on map area 4 from a University of Saskatchewan field school in Flin Flon. It describes a rock sample from the area as a greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic rock that displays a porphyritic texture and subtle foliation from deformation.
The Late Devonian Mass Extinction PeriodAlison Reed
The Late Devonian Mass Extinction Period saw at least 70% of species perish approximately 374.5 million years ago, making it one of the "Big Five" mass extinctions in Earth's history. The main victims were major reef builders like corals. Potential causes that have been debated include asteroid impacts, volcanic activity from plate tectonics, and climate change from these events causing global cooling and glaciation. Evidence from Siberia supports the role of volcanic eruptions from the Viluy Traps in driving environmental changes that destroyed marine habitats.
The document provides a summary of the geology tour given by Mike Stoever of the Washington D.C. area. It discusses the major geological processes that led to the formation of the area, including plate tectonics, erosion and deposition, a meteorite impact, and sea level changes. It then describes the four main geological provinces that make up the D.C. area, and highlights several important geological features, such as the Fall Line, Teddy Roosevelt Island, and Great Falls Park.
The document provides an overview of metalliferous basins in New South Wales that host lead-zinc and other base metal deposits. It discusses the Broken Hill basin, which contains the giant Broken Hill deposit, as well as other significant basins such as the Ponto Group, Girilambone District, and Cobar Basin. The Broken Hill deposit formed during the rift phase of basin development from exhalative and inhalative processes, aided by an elevated geotherm from magmatic underplating. Other examples like the Ponto Group contain smaller Besshi-type copper deposits that formed from seafloor exhalative processes in an oceanic fore-arc setting. The document analyzes factors important for
This document summarizes Katherine McMillin's geology field project along the East Carson River in California. It describes the river area as experiencing ongoing geological changes from the river, geothermal hot springs, past volcanic activity, and plant and animal life. McMillin documents examples of geological changes to the river over time through photos of river terraces and erosion layers. Samples of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks from the area are presented along with analyses of their formation. Local flora and fauna, including ponderosa pines and jackrabbits, provide evidence of the area's geological history over millennia.
El Manto Blanco is a stratabound polymetallic project located in Peru containing potential resources of lead, zinc, silver, copper, gold and vanadium. The project covers carbonate-hosted stratabound manto-style mineralization within the Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequence. Preliminary resource estimates indicate the potential for over 20 million tonnes grading around 5% zinc, 2% lead and 1.5% silver. Nearby operating mines demonstrate the potential economic viability of polymetallic mineralization in the district.
This document summarizes the geology of an area in northwestern Montana. It describes the pre-Cambrian metamorphic basement rocks and an unconformity between them and overlying Paleozoic sedimentary units. During the Paleozoic, the area experienced periods of marine transgression and regression corresponding to changes in sea level. Folds, faults, and tilting affected the units during later deformation events, likely associated with mountain building episodes like the Laramide orogeny. While questions remain, the study area provides insights into the formation and evolution of the North American craton over billions of years.
Evidence is presented that the ejecta blanket of the 35.5-Myr-old Chesapeake Bay crater is still extant and covers ~5,000 km2 of the U.S. mid Atlantic Coastal Plain. (Part 3 of 3)
High Resolution Seq Strat Applied to Field Developmentapicarelli
The document summarizes research on the depositional systems and sand body geometry within the Oficina Formation in eastern Venezuela based on well log, seismic, and core data. Key findings include:
1) A high-resolution sequence stratigraphy framework was developed showing stacking patterns related to base level changes in the distal foreland basin.
2) Major reservoir development occurred during lowstand systems tracts (LST) characterized by estuarine incised valley fills and transgressive sand ridges during tidal-influenced periods.
3) Fifth-order sequence boundaries controlled sand body geometry and connectivity, with erosion during lowstands creating incised valleys that compartmentalized reservoirs vertically and laterally within sequences.
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The document defines key terms related to various periods in geological time from the Cambrian through the Permian, including important locations, organisms, events, rock units, and processes. Terms are defined for archaeocyathids, bioturbation, the Burgess Shale, the Cambrian explosion, the Iapetus Ocean, trilobites, periods of the Paleozoic era, passive margins, and more.
The document discusses the karst formations of the Cumberland Plateau in East Tennessee. It describes the geology and formation of the plateau over millions of years, including the different rock layers that were deposited under sea and subjected to lithification. Subterranean streams have eroded and shaped caves in the plateau by dissolving limestone and transporting sediment. The streams flow horizontally through bedding planes and joints until exiting the escarpment onto a sinkhole plain, continuing to shape the landscape over hundreds of millions of years.
The document discusses evidence that the Lower Colorado River formed via downstream cascading lake spillover rather than headward erosion. Specifically:
- Sediments in the Laughlin, NV area indicate two episodes of lacustrine deposition separated by a flood, supporting the lake spillover model.
- The Bouse Formation, consisting of lacustrine deposits, fills the Cottonwood and Mohave Valleys after a major flood, inconsistent with the headward erosion model.
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Plate Tectonics
Chapter 19
Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics - Earth’s surface composed thick plates that moveIntense geologic activity is concentrated at plate boundariesCombination of continental drift and seafloor spreading hypotheses proposed in late 1960s
Review: Three Types of Plate Boundaries
But how do we
know that plates
move at all ?
Transform Convergent Divergent
(strike-slip) (subduction) (spreading)
Early Case for Continental DriftPuzzle-piece fit of coastlines of Africa and South America has long been known
In early 1900s, Alfred Wegner noted South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia have almost identical rocks and fossils
Early Case for Continental DriftGlossopteris (plant), Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus (animals) fossils found on all five continents Mesosaurus (reptile) fossils found in Brazil and South Africa only
Glaciers Most of the Earth's ice is found in Antarctic continental glacier. Where are some other continental glaciers ?
FIGURE 10.5 Iceberg calving at Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. Calving occurs when huge blocks of ice break off at the edge of a glacier that has moved to a shoreline. [Tom Bean.]
Glacial striations on a rock from stones grinding at the base of a heavy ice sheet leave these shiny linear marks on the bedrock below.
FIGURE 10.18 Glacial striations on bedrock in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Striations are evidence of the direction of ice movement and are especially important clues for reconstructing the movement of continental glaciers. [Carr Clifton.]
Glacial Characteristics Glaciers flow downhill as a solid mass that creates channels, and walls made of ground up rock debris known as a merraine.
Erosional LandscapesErosional landforms produced by valley glaciers include: U-shaped valleys Hanging valleysSmaller tributary glacial valleys left stranded above more quickly eroded central valleys
Early Case for Continental DriftWegner reassembled continents into the supercontinent Pangaea
Late Paleozoic glaciation patterns on southern continents best explained by their reconstruction into (Pangaea) Gondwanaland
Early Case for Continental DriftCoal beds of North America and Europe indicate Laurasia super continent
Continental Drift hypothesis initially rejected Wegener could not come up with viable driving force continents should not be able to “plow through” sea floor rocks
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Can Give Us Clues
Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift RevivedStudies of rock magnetism allowed determination of magnetic pole locations (close to geographic poles) Paleomagnetism uses mineral magnetic alignment and dip angle to determine the distance to the magnetic pole when rocks formedSteeper dip angles indicate rocks formed closer .
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges occur primarily at plate boundaries. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological effects depending on whether oceanic or continental crust is involved in the plate interaction.
Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth's outermost shell is divided into plates that constantly move and interact with one another. At plate boundaries, where the plates meet, seismic activity like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, where plates move apart; convergent boundaries, where plates collide; and transform boundaries, where plates slide past one another. Each boundary type results in different geological features and phenomena.
This tacklesabout locating epicenter,3 typesof plate boundaries hotspot.
A ppt presentation for module 1 in 1st quarter in grade 10sciencein the Philippines.
Feel free tomessage mefor any corrections/suggestions forimprovement.
World class hydrocarbon accumulations are often found in ancient basins containing evaporites. The distribution of carbonate and evaporite facies provides important seals and traps for hydrocarbon storage. Evaporites are deposited during sea level lowstands, forming thick basin-center deposits that later provide regional seals. Large evaporite deposits occur when tectonic, climate, and basin conditions restrict marine waters and enable net evaporation. Saline giants are found in continental interior sag basins, post-orogenic foreland basins, and late-stage rift basins. Facies transitions between carbonates and evaporites within sequences can also generate hydrocarbon traps and seals.
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The Chilcotin Basalts: implications for mineral exploration
1. May 8th 2009 The Chilcotin Basalts and Neogene landscape evolution of the Interior Plateau: implications for mineral exploration Graham Andrews – UBC co-workers: Kelly Russell, Jackie Dohaney, Sarah Brown, Sarah Caven, Randy Enkin, Bob Anderson
2.
3.
4. It obscures basement likely to host epithermal Au and Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposits.
5. The CG is wholly within the MPBB infestation zone.
6. It is extensively covered by ?? m of drift.Nicola Arc Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Mountains Interior Plateaux Coast Mountains adapted from Massey (2006)
7.
8. It obscures basement likely to host epithermal Au and Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposits.
9. The CG is wholly within the MPBB infestation zone.
10. It is extensively covered by ?? m of drift.It’s thickness and distribution are very poorly constrained. Nicola Arc Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Mountains Interior Plateaux Coast Mountains adapted from Massey (2006)
11.
12. It obscures basement likely to host epithermal Au and Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposits.
13. The CG is wholly within the MPBB infestation zone.
14. It is extensively covered by ?? m of drift.It’s thickness and distribution are very poorly constrained. Nicola Arc Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Mountains Interior Plateaux Coast Mountains adapted from Massey (2006)
16. L. Eocene-Oligocene unconformity Chilcotin Ranges – Coast Mountains ≥18 Ma sub-horizontal unconformity – now 5° NE-dipping Cardtable Mtn. – 6400 ft ~18 Ma paleo-valley fill Battleship Peak 6000 ft 5800 ft Mesozoic meta-sedimentary succession Relay Mtn. Andrews et al. (in prep)
17. CG - physical volcanology Andrews and Russell (2007) sub-aerial lavas e.g. Hanceville sub-aqueous pillow delta Eocene rocks Extensive sub-aerial / sub-aqueous successions along the tributaries of the Fraser River. Complex horizontal stratigraphic transitions between sub-aerial and sub-aqueous lithofaciesat the margins of paleovalleys.
38. rapidly filled (10s – 100s years) multiple, single eruptions.They are typically sub-parallel to modern river valleys (e.g. the Chilcotin, Nazko, Fraser, and Taseko Rivers). Many seem to follow Eocene paleo-valleys (e.g., Selina Tribe)
52. Basement Prospects – Windows Several deposits identified within windows or adjacent to CG margins: How are mineral trends / geochemical anomalies traced below the basalt? How are geophysical signals modified? How many similar deposits lie hidden under thin basalts elsewhere? Windows can be delineated by careful mapping, supported by regional- and property-scale geophysical surveys. ARIS Report 25740 - Bonaparte Mb – Chilcotin basalt Tv – Nicola volcanics Mzi - pluton Mb – Chilcotin basalt 1 km
53. Implications for exploration Thuyabatholith Extreme thickness variations (0 – 100 m) require many ‘basement windows’ and greatly reduced areal extent. Identifying paleo-drainages (esp. Pliocene / Pleistocene) reveals major drainage direction changes what are the implications for regional-scale detrital mineral / till and geochemical sampling? --- POTENTIALY A BIG PROBLEM!!!
54. Mio-Pliocene Fraser River Basin ? inferred paleo-channel flow direction approx. present watershed Stage 3 age constraint 10 Ma 6 Ma Fraser River 8 Ma 6 Ma ? 3 Ma 10 Ma 11 Ma 3 Ma 6 Ma ? 9 Ma 7 Ma 9 Ma
55. Present Fraser River Basin Nechako River reversal approx. present watershed new un-changed Fraser River abandoned 0.2 Ma direct to sea ChilcotinRiver <1 Ma Fraser Canyon Thompson & Clearwater Rivers
56.
57. paleo-landscapes and changes in drainage networks constraints on geochemical ‘vectoring’.Database of physical properties (e.g., mag. sus; resistivity; density; seismic velocity) tied to CG lithology and lithofacies.
61. Fraser River Basin base-level change 0 m change 25 m change 50 m change >100 m change -ve change 25 >100 0 >100 “warping” recognized by Mathews (1989)
62. Chilcotin Prospects – Placer / U lava Buried Miocene channels are known locations of basal U deposits (e.g., Blizzard site, Kelowna). Buried Miocene channels are probable hosts for placer deposits (Au, PGE) most Barkerville / Fraser placers are Miocene in age Mapping the courses of buried channels is a first step towards further exploitation. volcanic breccia fluvial gravels
63.
64. synchronous with minor transtensional basin formation (e.g., Hat Creek, Merritt, Tulameen),