The document summarizes the key points from a seminar presentation on the role of vermicompost in crop production. Some key points:
- Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer produced by earthworms feeding on organic waste. It improves soil properties and increases crop yields.
- Different types of earthworms are used for vermicomposting. Eisenia foetida is commonly used as it grows quickly and produces many cocoons.
- Vermicompost has higher nutrient content than other organic fertilizers. Studies show it increases crop yields more than chemical fertilizers alone over successive seasons.
- Application of vermicompost improves soil properties like nutrients,
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste and vermicast (worm castings or worm manure, is the fecal matter of an Earthworm).
Vermicomposting is very economic friendly and very useful for the growth of crops.
Less expensive than chemical fertilizer as well as other fertilizers. It can be used for several times.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste and vermicast (worm castings or worm manure, is the fecal matter of an Earthworm).
Vermicomposting is very economic friendly and very useful for the growth of crops.
Less expensive than chemical fertilizer as well as other fertilizers. It can be used for several times.
To achieve sustainable agricultural production it is imperative to explore alternative integrated soil and nutrient management systems with minimum environmental degradation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) aims at maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining the desired crop productivity through optimization of benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner (Roy and Ange, 1991). Continuous and imbalanced use of fertilizers under intensive agricultural cultivation had adverse impact on the soil. Use of bio and organic fertilizers and adherence to ecofriendly land management practice enhances crop production and sustains soil fertility (Sailaja and Usha, 2002). Keeping these in view, INM practice is seen as a viable option in restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Sources such as nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, mycorrhize and other beneficial organisms contribute to enhance efficient uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Apart from this, agroforestry interventions through integration of suitable trees, soil improvement through cover cropping, soil and water conservation measures etc can be potential INM strategies that can be practiced to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). The success of INM depends on the judicious use of the right combination of INM component suitable for a particular land use system.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Vermiwash is a liquid fertiliser, a foliar spray, collected by passing water in a regulated way through a column of active live local earthworms being cultured in a container, being fed with cattle dung and straw.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
Manipulation of cultural practices at an appropriate time for reducing or avoiding disease damage to crops
The cultural practices make the environment less favorable for the plant pathogen and or more favorable for its bio control agents.
According to Stevens(1960) , the cultural methods of disease control involve agricultural cropping, harvesting and storage, tillage, crop rotation, soil management, growing of resistant varieties, planning of land use, and other related practices.
list of cultural practices
1.Soil solarization
2.Deep summer ploughing
3.Organic and inorganic amendments
4.Fallowing
5. Crop rotation
6. Green manure crops
7.Irrigation practices
and others Roughing
Strip farming
Trap and decay crops
Burning crop residue
Fertilizers usage
Time of sowing
Sanitation
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Vermiwash is a liquid fertiliser, a foliar spray, collected by passing water in a regulated way through a column of active live local earthworms being cultured in a container, being fed with cattle dung and straw.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
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Effect of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) Larvae Compost and Vermicomp...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae compost and vermicompost on the selected soil chemical properties. The soil was incubated with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 % of these composts arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 100 mL of distilled water were added regularly to the soil-compost mixture throughout the incubation period. The soil-compost were sampled after one and four weeks of incubation. The samples were analysed for soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), available P, total N and total C. Application of composts induced a positive effect on soil pH, and available P; soil pH increased from 6.29 (initial) to range 6.31-6.55, while available P of the soil increased from 1.39 mg kg-1 to range 1.73-2.02 mg kg-1. It was found that the capability of rhinoceros beetle larvae composts on the soil chemical properties have a similar effect with vermicompost. It made the insect compost are potentially beneficial for farm and can be profitable if commercially produced. It would also help in reducing rhinoceros beetle pests’ problem in oil palm plantation if this insects’ larvae were hunted for composting process.
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Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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1. Course Seminar
on
Role of Vermicompost in Crop Production
Speaker
Supervisor
Ramesh Kumar Singh
Dr. R. P. Singh
ID. No. A-1002
M.Sc. (Ag)
(Prof. & Head)
Department of Agronomy,
Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi-221 005
2. Skeletons of the seminar
Introduction
Objectives
Types of earthworms
Characteristics of vermicompost
Vermicomposting materials
Types of vermicomposting
Methods of vermicomposting
Rate of application
Advantages of vermicompost
Effect on soil properties
Effect on crop growth and yield
Conclusion
Future research needs
3. Introduction
The word vermicompost originated from Latin word
“vermes” which means “worms”
Vermicomposting is a method of preparing
enriched compost with the use of earthworms. It is one
of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastes to
produce quality compost.
Earthworms consume biomass and excrete it
in digested form called worm casts. Worm casts are
popularly called as Black gold. The casts are rich in
nutrients, growth promoting substances, beneficial soil
micro flora and having properties of inhibiting
pathogenic microbes and promote PGPR.
4. Objectives
To improve soil physico-chemical properties
To accelerate microbial processes
To enhance nutrient availability
5. Types of earthworm
Epigeic (Greek for “upon the earth”)
eg- Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae
Anecic (Greek for “out of the earth”)
eg- Lampito mauritii
Endogeic (Greek for “within the earth”)
eg- Octochaetona thurstoni
Card et al., 2004
6. Important characteristics of red earthworm
( Eisenia foetida )
Character
Eisenia foetida
Body length
3-10 cm
Body weight
0.4-0.6 g
Maturity
50-55 days
Conversion rate
2.0q/1500 worms/2 month
Cocoon production
1 in every 3 days
Incubation of cocoon
20-23 days
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram
7. Characteristics of vermicompost
A. Chemical
Characteristics
pH
Value
6.8
EC (dSm-1)
28.14
Nitrogen (%)
1.02
Phosphorus (%)
0.37
Potassium (%)
0.40
Calcium (%)
1.2
Magnesium (%)
0.38
Zinc (%)
0.038
Copper (%)
0.025
Organic carbon (%)
11.88
C: N Ratio
11.64
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram
8. Contd…
B. Physical
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Porous, having particle size of 0.2-2.2 mm
Dark brown in colour
Odourless
High CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity)
High water retention capacity
Vermicompost has electrically charged particles that improves
adsorption of plant nutrient in soil
7) Mucus type of substance coated on each particle increases aeration in
the soil, excellent water retention properties and improves drainage in
heavy soil
8) Contains sufficient moisture
C. Biological
1) Total Bacteria count (cfu g-1)
2) Fungi, Actinomycetes (cfu g-1)
:
:
more than 1010
102 - 1010
Gupta, 2002
9. Best conditions for vermicomposting
Condition
Value
References
Temperature
15-25 ºC
Georg , 2004
Moisture
80-90 %
Dominguez and
Edwards,1997
pH
5-9 (7.0-8.0 optimum)
Aeration
Good aerobiety
Density
1-4 kg earthworm/m² of bed
Georg , 2004
C: N ratio
48-170
OACC, manual
Elvira et al., 1996
11. Types of vermicomposting
Depending upon the amount of production and
composting structure. It is two type
1. Small-scale vermicomposting
2. Large-scale vermicomposting
12. Methods of vermicomposting
Method
Size
1.Bed method
2 x 0.6 x 0.3 (m)
2.Pit method
2 x 1 x 1 (m)
3.Cement rings
4.Commercial model
5.Polybag method
0.9 (dia.) x 0.3 (ht.) (m)
4.5 x 1.5 x 0.9 (m)
8 x 4 x 2.5 (ft.)
16. Steps in vermicomposting:-
Site selection
Make vermicomposting structure of appropriate size
Leave space 0.5 m
Level the base of pit and spread 15-20 cm dried material at bottom of the bed
Make 7-8 cm thick layer of partially/fully decomposed cow dung
Repeat above two steps until the height of filling in pit is 40-60 cm
Release earthworms on upper layer of bed
Water the pits periodically to keep contents moist
Cover the structure with gunny bag /leaves/polythene
Vermicompost ready in 50-60 days
Mature compost is grey to brown colour loose granular mass
Harvested vermicompost sieved before application
17. Rate of application
Crops
Rate
References
Field crops
5-6 t/ha
ICAR Research Complex for
NEH Region, Mizoram
Fruit crops
3-5 kg/plant
ICAR Research Complex for
NEH Region, Mizoram
Pots
100-220 g/pot
ICAR Research Complex for
NEH Region, Mizoram
Vegetable nursery
1 t/ha
www.ejournal.icrisat.org
Transplanted
vegetables
400-500 g/plant
www.ejournal.icrisat.org
Flowers
7.5-10 q/ha
www.ejournal.icrisat.org
18. Advantages of vermicompost
Rich in essential plant nutrients
Provides efficient conversion of organic wastes/crop/animal
residues
Improves soil physico-chemical properties
Reduces the incidence of pest and diseases
Contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like auxins,
gibberellins etc.
Prevents nutrient losses and increases the efficiency of chemical
fertilizers
A stable soil conditioner
Prevent soil degradation and enhance soil fertility status
Environmentally safe nutrient supplement for organic food
production
An easily adoptable low cost technology
Highly profitable venture, if properly taken
19. Table 1: Comparative average nutrient content of
vermicompost and other composts
Compost
Nutrient content (% )
N
P2O5
K2O
Vermicompost
1.6
2.2
0.7
Rural compost
1.2
1.1
1.5
Urban compost
1.2
1.9
1.5
Paddy straw compost
0.9
2.1
0.4
Maize stalk compost
1.1
1.3
1.0
Marwah et al., 2004
21. Table 2: Farm soil properties under organic farming and
chemical farming
Chemical and biological
Organic farming
(use of vermicompost)
Chemical farming
(use of chemical
fertilizers)
Available nitrogen (kg/ ha)
256.5
185.0
Available phosphorus (kg/ ha)
50.2
28.5
Available potash (kg/ ha)
489.5
426.5
Azotobacter (1000/gm of soil)
11.7
0.8
Phospho bacteria (100,000/kg of
soil)
Carbonic biomass (mg/kg of soil)
8.8
3.2
273.0
217.0
RAU, Bihar
Suhane, 2007
22. Table 3: Effect of vermicompost and vermi-wash on soil physicochemical properties of samba rice cultivation during initial
and final stages
Treatment
pH
Electrical
Conductivity
(dSm-¹)
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Control
7.5±2.0
7.4±2.01
2.12±1.1
2.0±1.0
Vermicompost
7.4±0.01
7.1±0.01
1.02±1.0
Vermi-wash
7.3±2.0
7.2±1.02
2.1±1.1
Vermicompost
& vermi-wash
Water holding
capacity (%)
Final
Moisture content
(%)
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
41±0.02 44±1.02
34±2.10
39±2.0
36±1.02
41±1.1
1.01±1.0
43±0.01
47±1.0
36±1.0
41±1.0
39±1.1
44±1.0
2.0±1.1
42±1.0
46±1.1
35±1.1
40±1.1
38±1.0
43±1.1
7.0±0.03 7.0±0.03 1.01±0.01 0.02±0.01 45±0.3
49±1.0
39±0.03 44±1.0
41±1.0
46±1.0
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Initial
Porosity (%)
Tharmaraj et al ., 2011
23. Table 4: Effect of vermicompost and vermi-wash on soil chemical
properties of samba rice cultivation during initial and final
stages
Treatment
Nitrogen (ppm)
Phosphorous
(ppm)
Potassium
(ppm)
Calcium (ppm)
Magnesium (ppm)
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
Control
55+2.1
61±2.0
64±2.0
69±2.0
180±2.0
184±2.1
1.0±1.0
1.5±1.0
1.0±1.0
1.5±1.0
Vermicompost
59±1.1
64±1.0
68±1.1
73±1.0
184±1.0
189±1.0
2.0±1.1
2.5±1.0
2.0±1.1
3±1.0
Vermi-wash
58±1.0
63±1.1
67±1.1
72±1.1
183±1.1
188±2.0
1.5±1.1
2.0±1.0
1.2±1.1
2.0±1.0
Vermicompost
& vermi-wash
63±1.1
69±0.2
72±1.0
77±1.0
188±1.
0
195±1.
0
3.2±1.0
5.0±1.0
3.1±1.1
4.0±0.1
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Tharmaraj et al ., 2011
24.
25. Table 5: Effect of vermicompost, earthworm and chemical
fertilizers on growth and yield attributes of wheat
Treatments
Shoot
length(cm)
Ear length
(cm)
Root length
(cm)
Wt. of 1000
grains (g)
Grains/
Ear
Vermicompost (@ 2.5 t/ha)
83.71
13.14
23.51
39.28
32.5
Earthworms (1000 Nos.)
67.83
9.85
18.42
36.42
30.0
NPK (90:75:60) (Reduced Dose)
+ VC (Full Dose) (2.5 t/ha)
88.05
14.31
29.71
48.02
34.4
NPK (120:100:80) (Full Dose)
84.42
13.82
24.12
40.42
31.2
Control
59.79
8.91
12.11
34.16
27.7
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Sharma, 2001
26. Table 6: Effect of vermicompost on yield of farmed wheat
crops upon successive applications over 4 years
Treatment
Input /ha
Yield (q/ha)
Control
(No Input)
15.8
Vermicompost
20 q/ha (1st Year Farming by VC)
35.3
Vermicompost
20 q/ha (2nd Year Farming by VC)
36.2
Vermicompost
20 q/ha (3rd Year Farming by VC)
37.3
Vermicompost
20 q/ha (4th Year Farming by VC)
38.8
NPK (120:60:40) kg/ha
35.4
Chemical Fertilizers
RAU (Noorsarai Campus), Bihar
Singh et al., 2009
29. Table 9: Effect of vermicompost, cattle dung compost and
chemical fertilizers on growth & yield of wheat
Rajendra Agriculture University, Bihar
Suhane et al., 2008
30. Table 10: Growth performances of corn plants influenced by
earthworms (with feed), vermicompost and conventional
compost
Treatment
Height (cm)
After 6 weeks
After 14 weeks
(A)-Earthworm(50 Nos.)&Feed material(400g)
57
82
(B)-Conventional compost
70
78
104
135
(C)-Vermicompost
Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
Sinha et al., 2007
31. Conclusion
The effect of vermicompost on plants are not solely
attribute to the quality of mineral nutrition, but also
provides growth promoting substances such as PGRs
(GA3, IAA, cytokinin), enzymes (phosphatase), vitamins,
antibiotics in traces.
Application of vermicompost+vermiwash has long term
effect on physico-chemical and biological properties of
soil, if it is solely applied in soil, it increases the beneficial
microbial activity as well as microbial biomass .
The integrated application of vermicompost with chemical
fertilizer produced maximum no. of yield attributing
characters which results more yield than sole application
of chemical fertilizers or organic manure.
32. Future Research Needs
Needs for assessments and efficient utilisation of native species
for litter decomposition and nutrient recycling etc.
Improve complementary interaction between native and exotic
species
Focused on large scale operating system under adverse weather
condition
Better bed design to minimise operation problems:
Inadequate drainage
Difficulties in applying wastes to the beds
Labour and time consuming process for wastes processing