Agar agar,
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Agar Pharmacognosy drug profile Pharmacy Primary metabolites Carbohydrates unit V Semester 4 b pharm 2nd yr
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Agar
1. Agar is a gelatinous substance obtained from red algae that is used as a gelling agent.
2. It is produced commercially in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and India, where it is extracted from species of algae including Gelidium and Gracilaria.
3. The raw material is collected, dried, cleaned, boiled, and dried again to produce agar flakes, strips, or powder.
Agar
AGAR
SYNONYM
Agar – agar, Vegetable gelatin, Japanese isinglass.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
Dried gelatin substance obtained from Gelidium amansi (Fam: Gelidaceae) and several other species of red algae like Gracilaria (Fam: Gracilariaceae)
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
It is produced commercially in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA and India. In India, it is produced in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal.
PREPARATION
In Japan, the red algae are grown on the bamboos spread in the ocean.
The collection of the material is done in May and October.
Sea weeds are scrapped from the bamboos (dried and bleached)
To remove foreign materials like shells, sand, etc. The entire material is taken to the high altitudes where it is washed and bleached by sun.
Boiled for 5 to 6 hrs with large quantity of dil. Acidified water (about 1 part of algae with 6 parts of water).
This extract is then strained while hot through the cloth. Transferred to wooden troughs. On cooling, jelly is produced.
Rectangular solid pieces of jelly are then passed through the netting under pressure. Narrow strips, thus formed are allowed to melt during the day time in the sun which removes the excess of water
This operation is continued for several days. Final product.
DESCRIPTIONS:
COLOR : Depending upon the shape and the form, it is yellowish – grey or white to nearly colourless.
ODOR : odourless
TASTE : mucilaginous
SHAPE : found in various forms like strips, sheets, flakes or coarse powder.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Agarose and agaropection.
CHEMICAL TESTS:
1. Boil about 1.5 gm agar with 100ml of water. Cool the solution to room temperature. It forms a stiff jelly.
2. When mounted in the solution of Ruthenium red and examined under microscope, the mounted particles acquire pink color.
3. Sample + KOH Canary yellow color (agar)
4. An ash of agar is treated with dil. Hcl. This on microscopic examination shows fragments of diatoms.
5. Sample + N/50 Iodine Deep crimson to brown color
6. Aqueous soln. of drug + 0.5ml of dil. Hcl H2O bath divide into 2 parts.
30 mins
a. 1st part + 10% caustic soda solution+ 2ml of Fehling’s solution
in a H2O bath
Reddish brown color ppt
b. 2nd part + Bacl2 (10%) soln white ppt.
7. Sample + Soda lime No NH3 produced
8. Sample + Million’s reagent No ppt
9. Sample + Tannic acid (10%) soln No ppt
USES:
As a bulk laxative.
As a culture medium in bacteriology.
Used as an emulsifying agent.
Acacia
The document discusses Indian gum, also known as gum acacia or gum arabic. It is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia arabica tree. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is collected by making cuts in the bark of the tree, then dried and processed. Gum acacia is used extensively in pharmaceuticals as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and tablet binder. It is also used in food products and cosmetics for its adhesive and thickening properties.
Castor oil
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
STARCH - Pharmacognostic Details
In this power point presentation you will come to know about STARCH that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from different grains such as maize (Zea mays Linn.); rice (Oryza sativa Linn.); or wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.); belonging to family Gramineae or from the tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.), family Solanaceae.. This is becomes important since it is taken from food grain sources. Here the synonyms, biological sources , geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be cultivated) and methods of preparation has been discussed in brief.
Video Link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of STARCH
2. Biological Sources of STARCH
3. Geographical Sources of STARCH
4. Cultivation and Collection of STARCH
5. Chemical Constituents of STARCH
6. Chemical Test of STARCH
7. Uses of STARCH
Isapgol
This document summarizes information about Isapgol (Plantago ovata). It discusses the synonyms, biological source, and geographical source. Morphological characteristics such as color, odor, taste, shape, and features are described. The main chemical constituents including mucilage, pentosans, and aldobionic acid are identified. Chemical tests for purity including swelling factor and reaction with ruthenium red are outlined. The uses of Isapgol husk and seeds as a laxative, demulcent, and in cosmetics and food industries are provided. The source material for the information is cited.
Chaulmoogra oil
Chaulmoogra oil is a fixed oil obtained from seeds of various Hydnocarpus species found in Myanmar. It contains chaulmoogric acid and hydnoctic acid as major constituents. Chaulmoogra oil has bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis, making it useful in the treatment of leprosy, tuberculosis, psoriasis, and rheumatism. It is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Recommended
Agar
1. Agar is a gelatinous substance obtained from red algae that is used as a gelling agent.
2. It is produced commercially in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and India, where it is extracted from species of algae including Gelidium and Gracilaria.
3. The raw material is collected, dried, cleaned, boiled, and dried again to produce agar flakes, strips, or powder.
Agar
AGAR
SYNONYM
Agar – agar, Vegetable gelatin, Japanese isinglass.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
Dried gelatin substance obtained from Gelidium amansi (Fam: Gelidaceae) and several other species of red algae like Gracilaria (Fam: Gracilariaceae)
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
It is produced commercially in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA and India. In India, it is produced in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal.
PREPARATION
In Japan, the red algae are grown on the bamboos spread in the ocean.
The collection of the material is done in May and October.
Sea weeds are scrapped from the bamboos (dried and bleached)
To remove foreign materials like shells, sand, etc. The entire material is taken to the high altitudes where it is washed and bleached by sun.
Boiled for 5 to 6 hrs with large quantity of dil. Acidified water (about 1 part of algae with 6 parts of water).
This extract is then strained while hot through the cloth. Transferred to wooden troughs. On cooling, jelly is produced.
Rectangular solid pieces of jelly are then passed through the netting under pressure. Narrow strips, thus formed are allowed to melt during the day time in the sun which removes the excess of water
This operation is continued for several days. Final product.
DESCRIPTIONS:
COLOR : Depending upon the shape and the form, it is yellowish – grey or white to nearly colourless.
ODOR : odourless
TASTE : mucilaginous
SHAPE : found in various forms like strips, sheets, flakes or coarse powder.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Agarose and agaropection.
CHEMICAL TESTS:
1. Boil about 1.5 gm agar with 100ml of water. Cool the solution to room temperature. It forms a stiff jelly.
2. When mounted in the solution of Ruthenium red and examined under microscope, the mounted particles acquire pink color.
3. Sample + KOH Canary yellow color (agar)
4. An ash of agar is treated with dil. Hcl. This on microscopic examination shows fragments of diatoms.
5. Sample + N/50 Iodine Deep crimson to brown color
6. Aqueous soln. of drug + 0.5ml of dil. Hcl H2O bath divide into 2 parts.
30 mins
a. 1st part + 10% caustic soda solution+ 2ml of Fehling’s solution
in a H2O bath
Reddish brown color ppt
b. 2nd part + Bacl2 (10%) soln white ppt.
7. Sample + Soda lime No NH3 produced
8. Sample + Million’s reagent No ppt
9. Sample + Tannic acid (10%) soln No ppt
USES:
As a bulk laxative.
As a culture medium in bacteriology.
Used as an emulsifying agent.
Acacia
The document discusses Indian gum, also known as gum acacia or gum arabic. It is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia arabica tree. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is collected by making cuts in the bark of the tree, then dried and processed. Gum acacia is used extensively in pharmaceuticals as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and tablet binder. It is also used in food products and cosmetics for its adhesive and thickening properties.
Castor oil
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
STARCH - Pharmacognostic Details
In this power point presentation you will come to know about STARCH that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from different grains such as maize (Zea mays Linn.); rice (Oryza sativa Linn.); or wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.); belonging to family Gramineae or from the tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.), family Solanaceae.. This is becomes important since it is taken from food grain sources. Here the synonyms, biological sources , geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be cultivated) and methods of preparation has been discussed in brief.
Video Link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of STARCH
2. Biological Sources of STARCH
3. Geographical Sources of STARCH
4. Cultivation and Collection of STARCH
5. Chemical Constituents of STARCH
6. Chemical Test of STARCH
7. Uses of STARCH
Isapgol
This document summarizes information about Isapgol (Plantago ovata). It discusses the synonyms, biological source, and geographical source. Morphological characteristics such as color, odor, taste, shape, and features are described. The main chemical constituents including mucilage, pentosans, and aldobionic acid are identified. Chemical tests for purity including swelling factor and reaction with ruthenium red are outlined. The uses of Isapgol husk and seeds as a laxative, demulcent, and in cosmetics and food industries are provided. The source material for the information is cited.
Chaulmoogra oil
Chaulmoogra oil is a fixed oil obtained from seeds of various Hydnocarpus species found in Myanmar. It contains chaulmoogric acid and hydnoctic acid as major constituents. Chaulmoogra oil has bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis, making it useful in the treatment of leprosy, tuberculosis, psoriasis, and rheumatism. It is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Microscopic evaluation of crude drugs
This document describes microscopic evaluation methods used to identify crude drugs on a cellular level. Transverse microscopy and powdered microscopy are used to examine histological characters like cell size, shape, and position. Identification of small fragments or detection of adulterants can be aided by microscopic evaluation. Methods like free hand mounting, glide mounting, cryology mounting, and paraffin mounting are used to prepare slides for examination of features like starch grains, fibers, and stomata size. Staining techniques using reagents like safranin and fast green are also described. Leaf constants such as stomatal index, vein islet number, and palisade ratio can provide identifying characteristics when examined microscopically.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
Tragacanth 2
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Honey
Honey is a sugar secretion produced by bees from the nectar of various flowers. It is a saturated solution of sugars like glucose, fructose and sucrose. The color ranges from pale yellow to brown depending on the floral source. Honey has a sweet taste with faint acidity and contains enzymes, proteins, vitamins and pollen grains. Common adulterants are invert sugar, sucrose and glucose which alter honey's chemical properties like specific rotation. Honey is used as a sweetener and demulcent in cough syrups, creams and foods due to its nutritional and antimicrobial qualities.
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
Gelatin
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
Punarnava
Punarnova is a plant with bitter leaves that are green on the upper surface and white on the lower. It has pink flowers and produces small, one-sided fruits. The plant contains chemicals like punarnavin, B-sitosterol, and ursolic acid. It is used to treat conditions like edema, inflammation, and as a liver tonic. Some formulations containing punarnova include Ashoka nari, Punarnava Tablet, Aksir afza, and punarnavarishta.
Enzymes in pharmacognosy
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Marine pharmacognosy - Definition, classification , drugs
This document discusses drugs derived from marine organisms. It begins by defining marine drugs as those obtained from marine life, such as shark and cod-liver oils. Marine organisms represent a potential source for drug discovery due to the chemical and biological diversity in the oceans. Harsh marine conditions cause organisms to produce unique molecules and compounds with various biological activities. Many marine natural products have been isolated from sponges, corals, tunicates, echinoderms, and microorganisms. These drugs are classified based on their pharmacological actions such as cytotoxic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and more. Several examples of compounds are provided for each category.
Tragacanth
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Resins
1. Resins are complex mixtures derived primarily from plant sources that are solid or semisolid and amorphous. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Upon heating, resins soften and melt.
2. Resins are classified based on their chemical composition and whether they contain volatile oils, gums, or aromatic acids. Major types include resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols, resin phenols, and resenes.
3. Several important resins are described including colophony, myrrh, Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin, tolu balsam, and peru balsam. Their sources, chemical
Acacia
This document describes gum acacia (also known as gum arabic), which is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia senegal tree. The tree is found in parts of India, Africa, and the Middle East. Gum acacia is composed of complex carbohydrates that are soluble in water and form viscous solutions. It is used as a binding, suspending, emulsifying, and coating agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Adulterants include gum ghatti and starches. The document provides details on the botanical source, chemical composition, identification tests, uses, and storage of gum acacia.
Honey
Honey is a sugary substance secreted and deposited in honeycombs by honey bees of the species Apis millifera. It is produced globally, with major sources including India, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Worker bees collect nectar from flowers using a tube, which is then converted to honey through enzymatic inversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the bee's stomach. Honey is removed from honeycombs after heating to remove impurities and cooling to prevent darkening. Honey has a sweet taste and is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. It contains sugars like glucose, fructose, and small amounts of other components that give it nutritional and medicinal properties.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia ppt upload
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Wool fat
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Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Evaluation of drugs
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biocatalysts that are mostly protein in nature. They are isolated from plant, animal and microbial sources. Plant enzymes like bromelain from pineapple and papain from papaya have been used as meat tenderizers and in beer production. Microbial enzymes are widely used in industry due to ease of large scale production through fermentation. Genetic engineering allows production of novel enzymes. Enzymes act as catalysts by lowering activation energy of reactions and are classified based on the type of reaction catalyzed.
Classification of crude drugs
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
Amla
Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is a plant species in the family Phyllanthaceae whose dried fruit is used extensively in Ayurveda and herbal medicine. The presentation summarizes the botanical and chemical properties of amla as well as its traditional uses. Key points include that amla contains high levels of vitamin C and gallic acid and is used to treat conditions like heart disease, diabetes, eye health issues, and skin problems. It is a common ingredient in herbal formulations like Chyawanprash and Triphala.
Organoleptic evaluation of crude drugs
This document discusses the organoleptic evaluation of crude drugs, which involves macroscopic examination including appearance, odor, taste, and texture. It describes evaluating the shape, size, color, fracture, external markings, odor, and taste of crude drugs. Common shapes include cylindrical, conical, fusiform, and disc shaped. Color, fracture, external markings like furrows and wrinkles, and tastes like sweet, acidic, or acrid are also assessed to identify crude drugs. Organoleptic evaluation is an important method for crude drug identification and standardization.
Agar
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Tara gum
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, commonly known as tara (Quechua), is a small leguminous tree or thorny shrub native to Peru. C. spinosa is cultivated as a source of tannins based on a galloylated quinic acid structure. This chemical structure has been confirmed also by LC-MS.
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Microscopic evaluation of crude drugs
This document describes microscopic evaluation methods used to identify crude drugs on a cellular level. Transverse microscopy and powdered microscopy are used to examine histological characters like cell size, shape, and position. Identification of small fragments or detection of adulterants can be aided by microscopic evaluation. Methods like free hand mounting, glide mounting, cryology mounting, and paraffin mounting are used to prepare slides for examination of features like starch grains, fibers, and stomata size. Staining techniques using reagents like safranin and fast green are also described. Leaf constants such as stomatal index, vein islet number, and palisade ratio can provide identifying characteristics when examined microscopically.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginger is a botanical that originates from Zingiber officinale. It contains chemical constituents like gingerol and shogaol. Ginger has medicinal uses as an anti-bacterial, to decrease cholesterol and joint pain from arthritis, and as an anti-inflammatory. High doses of ginger can cause side effects like heartburn, diarrhea, and skin irritation when applied. Ginger can be consumed fresh, dried, or in teas and drinks, with most research using 250mg to 1g per day. Ginger may interact with anticoagulants, anti-diabetes drugs, and blood pressure medications.
Tragacanth 2
Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Honey
Honey is a sugar secretion produced by bees from the nectar of various flowers. It is a saturated solution of sugars like glucose, fructose and sucrose. The color ranges from pale yellow to brown depending on the floral source. Honey has a sweet taste with faint acidity and contains enzymes, proteins, vitamins and pollen grains. Common adulterants are invert sugar, sucrose and glucose which alter honey's chemical properties like specific rotation. Honey is used as a sweetener and demulcent in cough syrups, creams and foods due to its nutritional and antimicrobial qualities.
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
Gelatin
Gelatin is a protein extracted from animal collagen through partial hydrolysis. It is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water, where it forms a jelly on cooling. Gelatin is used to make hard and soft capsules, as well as suppositories, pastes and pastilles. It is also used as an absorbable sponge to control bleeding. Gelatin's properties are determined by its bloom strength, which measures its ability to form a gel.
Punarnava
Punarnova is a plant with bitter leaves that are green on the upper surface and white on the lower. It has pink flowers and produces small, one-sided fruits. The plant contains chemicals like punarnavin, B-sitosterol, and ursolic acid. It is used to treat conditions like edema, inflammation, and as a liver tonic. Some formulations containing punarnova include Ashoka nari, Punarnava Tablet, Aksir afza, and punarnavarishta.
Enzymes in pharmacognosy
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Marine pharmacognosy - Definition, classification , drugs
This document discusses drugs derived from marine organisms. It begins by defining marine drugs as those obtained from marine life, such as shark and cod-liver oils. Marine organisms represent a potential source for drug discovery due to the chemical and biological diversity in the oceans. Harsh marine conditions cause organisms to produce unique molecules and compounds with various biological activities. Many marine natural products have been isolated from sponges, corals, tunicates, echinoderms, and microorganisms. These drugs are classified based on their pharmacological actions such as cytotoxic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and more. Several examples of compounds are provided for each category.
Tragacanth
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Resins
1. Resins are complex mixtures derived primarily from plant sources that are solid or semisolid and amorphous. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Upon heating, resins soften and melt.
2. Resins are classified based on their chemical composition and whether they contain volatile oils, gums, or aromatic acids. Major types include resin acids, resin esters, resin alcohols, resin phenols, and resenes.
3. Several important resins are described including colophony, myrrh, Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin, tolu balsam, and peru balsam. Their sources, chemical
Acacia
This document describes gum acacia (also known as gum arabic), which is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia senegal tree. The tree is found in parts of India, Africa, and the Middle East. Gum acacia is composed of complex carbohydrates that are soluble in water and form viscous solutions. It is used as a binding, suspending, emulsifying, and coating agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Adulterants include gum ghatti and starches. The document provides details on the botanical source, chemical composition, identification tests, uses, and storage of gum acacia.
Honey
Honey is a sugary substance secreted and deposited in honeycombs by honey bees of the species Apis millifera. It is produced globally, with major sources including India, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Worker bees collect nectar from flowers using a tube, which is then converted to honey through enzymatic inversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the bee's stomach. Honey is removed from honeycombs after heating to remove impurities and cooling to prevent darkening. Honey has a sweet taste and is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. It contains sugars like glucose, fructose, and small amounts of other components that give it nutritional and medicinal properties.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia ppt upload
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Wool fat
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Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Evaluation of drugs
This document discusses various methods for evaluating drugs, including organoleptic (sensory), microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organoleptic evaluation examines visual characteristics like color, texture, and morphology. Microscopic evaluation analyzes histological features under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, melting point, and viscosity. Chemical evaluation identifies active constituents through tests, constants, and instrumentation. Biological evaluation is used when other methods cannot fully assess a drug's activity, instead examining its effects on living systems.
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biocatalysts that are mostly protein in nature. They are isolated from plant, animal and microbial sources. Plant enzymes like bromelain from pineapple and papain from papaya have been used as meat tenderizers and in beer production. Microbial enzymes are widely used in industry due to ease of large scale production through fermentation. Genetic engineering allows production of novel enzymes. Enzymes act as catalysts by lowering activation energy of reactions and are classified based on the type of reaction catalyzed.
Classification of crude drugs
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
Amla
Amla, also known as Indian gooseberry, is a plant species in the family Phyllanthaceae whose dried fruit is used extensively in Ayurveda and herbal medicine. The presentation summarizes the botanical and chemical properties of amla as well as its traditional uses. Key points include that amla contains high levels of vitamin C and gallic acid and is used to treat conditions like heart disease, diabetes, eye health issues, and skin problems. It is a common ingredient in herbal formulations like Chyawanprash and Triphala.
Organoleptic evaluation of crude drugs
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Marine pharmacognosy - Definition, classification , drugs
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Agar
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
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(a) Plant Products:
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(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
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(c) Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Tara gum
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Video presentation link :
https://youtu.be/NRmXOQhSUmw
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Agar
2. Biological Sources of Agar
3. Geographical Sources of Agar
4. Collection of Agar
5. Chemical Constituents of Agar
6. Chemical Test of Agar
7. Uses of Agar
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PAPAIN - An digestive enzymes
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•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
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The document summarizes the extraction of Carica papaya using maceration with petroleum ether, ethanol and chloroform, and its phytochemical analysis. Carica papaya was extracted through maceration using different solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that petroleum ether extract contained saponin, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenol, tannin and steroids. Ethanol extract contained saponin, glycosides, tannin, steroids and alkaloids. Chloroform extract contained saponin, steroids and amino acids. The aim was to extract and analyze the phytochemicals in Carica papaya for medicinal uses
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Agar agar,
- 1. Drug profile of AGAR PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY -I Unit V Primary metabolites : Carbohydrates. Prepared By , GORE AVINASH BHARAT B Pharm. 2nd yr Roll no. 15 GUIDE : Mr. S.V. GARAD SIR
- 2. AGAR ❖ SYNONYMS : ➢ Agar agar ➢ Japanese Isinglass ➢ Vegetable Gelatin ❖ FAMILY : ➢ Gelidiaceae ➢ Rhodophyceae (for Red algae)
- 3. ❖Biological Source Agar is the Gelatinous substance obtained from : ➢ Red algae like Gracilaria and Pterocladia. ➢ Gelidium Species (like amansii Lamouroux, pristoidesTurn Kiitz) ❖ GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE : Japan,Korea ,South Africa,U.S.A., China,India, Australia
- 7. MORPHOLOGY & MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS Colour Yellowish white to gray or Colourless Odour Odourless Taste Mucilaginous Shape Strips,Flakes or Course powder Size Strips are about 60 cm in length and 4 mm wide. Wide sheets are 50 -60 cm long and 10-15 cm wide. Solubility Insoluble in organic solvents,cold water. Soluble in hot water and forms a gelatinous solution after colling hot solution.
- 8. ❖ CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
- 9. CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
- 10. CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION ➢ The algae are collected from May to October in Japan and manufacturing of Agar is done in winter. ➢ The red algae are grown in the sea,on the support of poles on,which they develop. ➢ These poles are withdrawn, algae is removed,dried,beaten and shaken to remove shell and sand. ➢ The algae are bleached by exposure to sunlight or washing with water. ➢ The washing with water removes the associated salts. Then these are boiled with acidulated water (one part algae with 55-60 parts water)for few hours. ➢ Mucilaginous mass is filtered while hot then cooled. The jelly is formed and cut into bars. ➢ These bars are forced through wire netting and strips are formed. ➢ These are dried in sunlight and freezing and thawing remove moisture.Finally, agar is dried at 35°C.
- 11. CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION GELIDIUM /GRACILARIA SUN BLEACHING HOT EXTRACTION FILTERATION & GELLING NATURAL FREEZING WASHING (DIFFUSION) THAWING & DRYING HYDRAULIC PRESSURE DRYING CHAMBER MILLING AGAR POWDER STRIP /SQARE AGAR
- 12. CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
- 13. CULTIVATION COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
- 14. ❖CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Contains two different polysaccharides ➢AGAROSE • Responsible for the gel property of agar • Consists of D-galactose and L-galactose unit. ➢ AGAROPECTIN ➢ Responsible for the viscosity of agar solution. ➢ Structure is not known but it believed that it may consist of sulphonated polysacchride.
- 15. ❖CHEMICAL TESTS ➢Boil about 1.5 gm agar with 1oo ml of water .Cool the solution to room temperature.It forms a stiffy jelly. ➢Sample + KOH Canary yellow colour agar ➢Ash of agar is treated with dil.HCL.this on microscopic examination shows Fragments of Diatoms. ➢Sample +N/50 Iodine Deep crimson to Brown colour. ➢Positive to Fehling’s solution test. ➢Positive test with Molisch reagent. ➢To agar powder a solution of Ruthenium red is added.Red colour is formed indicating mucilage.
- 16. CHEMICAL TESTS ➢ Sample + soda lime NaNH3 is produced ➢ Sample + Million’s reagent No Ppt. ➢ Sample + Tannic acid No Ppt. ➢ It has a swelling index of not less than 10. ❖ADULTERENTS: Some of the common adulterants present in agar are ➢Gelatin The presence of gelatin can be detected by addition of equal volume of 1% trinitrophenol and 1% of agar solution; the solution produces turbidity or precipitation.
- 17. ADULTERENTS:
- 18. ADULTERENTS: ➢DANISH AGAR Danish agar has an ash of 16.5–18.5%, it is formed from Rhodophyceae indigenous to the Denmark costal region.The Danish agar has a gel strength which is half of its gel strength of Japanese agar ➢STARCH The powdered drug is adulterated with starch. Mount the drug in chloral-iodine solution and observe the starch grains.
- 19. ❖USES
- 20. USES ➢As a Bulk Laxative and in chronic constipation ➢In the preparation of Vaginal capsules and Suppositories. ➢To prepare nutrient media in Bacteriological Culture. ➢It is used as an Emulsifying agent. ➢Used in Affinity Chromatography. ➢The gels of pure Agarose are used for the Electrophoresis of proteins.
- 21. THANK YOU...