The document analyzes friction stir welding tools with various threaded pin profiles. Three tool pin profiles are modeled in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS: cylindrical, frustum, and conical pins with threads. The stress distributions and displacement vectors in the pins are obtained for different rotational speeds and temperatures. The results show that the cylindrical pin profile experiences the lowest stress levels and displacement compared to the other profiles. Increasing rotational speed does not significantly affect the stress, while higher temperatures generally increase stress across all pin profiles. The cylindrical pin profile is determined to be preferable for withstanding loads during friction stir welding.
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of AL6061 Alloy Processed by FSWijtsrd
The aim of this experiment was to improve the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminium alloys by friction stir processing FSP , a solid-state technique for micro structural modification using the heat from a friction and stirring. The Aluminium alloy 6061 is widely used in the fabrication of lightweight structures with high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Welding is main fabrication method of 6061 alloy for manufacturing various engineering components. Friction stir welding FSW is a recently developed solid state welding process to overcome the problems encountered in fusion welding. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat on the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters, such as tool pin profile, rotational speed, welding speed and axial force, play major role in determining the micro structure and corrosion resistance of welded joint. In this work a central composite design with two different speeds, traverse speeds and Four tools has been used to minimize the experimental conditions. B. S. Bharadwaj | N. Phani Raja Rao "Investigation on Mechanical Properties of AL6061 Alloy Processed by FSW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18802.pdf
This document summarizes a review of experimental and numerical investigations into friction stir welds of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing friction stir welding as a solid-state joining process without melting. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines weld quality. Understanding heat transfer is important to improve the process. Many studies have used simulation to determine temperature distribution under different welding conditions. The objective of this research was to develop a finite element simulation of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welding. Trend line equations would be developed to understand relationships between peak temperature and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density. Tensile tests and hardness measurements were conducted on welded specimens
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
Study of Simulated Temperature of Butt Joint during Friction Stir Welding Of ...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the latest welding technology that utilizes a special tool for generation of frictional heat in the work piece by its rotation due to which joining occurs without melting of metal. For this reason friction stir welding lies under the category of solid state joining. A part from experimental work, there is large space to work on simulation of FSW by using simulation tools. In the present paper, simulation of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-6061 is done by using HyperWeld module of Altair HyperWorks. The virtual experiment of friction stir welding is conducted for variable tool rotational speeds with constant travelling speed and study of simulation results of variation in temperature distribution along the weld line of butt joint is done. The results of simulation shows that the temperature is symmetrically distributed along the weld line. It is observed that the maximum temperature along the weld line increases with the increase in rotational speed. It is also observed that the temperature at advancing side is greater that retreating side.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation on Mechanical Properties of AL6061 Alloy Processed by FSWijtsrd
The aim of this experiment was to improve the mechanical properties of 6061 aluminium alloys by friction stir processing FSP , a solid-state technique for micro structural modification using the heat from a friction and stirring. The Aluminium alloy 6061 is widely used in the fabrication of lightweight structures with high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Welding is main fabrication method of 6061 alloy for manufacturing various engineering components. Friction stir welding FSW is a recently developed solid state welding process to overcome the problems encountered in fusion welding. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat on the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters, such as tool pin profile, rotational speed, welding speed and axial force, play major role in determining the micro structure and corrosion resistance of welded joint. In this work a central composite design with two different speeds, traverse speeds and Four tools has been used to minimize the experimental conditions. B. S. Bharadwaj | N. Phani Raja Rao "Investigation on Mechanical Properties of AL6061 Alloy Processed by FSW" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18802.pdf
This document summarizes a review of experimental and numerical investigations into friction stir welds of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing friction stir welding as a solid-state joining process without melting. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines weld quality. Understanding heat transfer is important to improve the process. Many studies have used simulation to determine temperature distribution under different welding conditions. The objective of this research was to develop a finite element simulation of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welding. Trend line equations would be developed to understand relationships between peak temperature and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density. Tensile tests and hardness measurements were conducted on welded specimens
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
Study of Simulated Temperature of Butt Joint during Friction Stir Welding Of ...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the latest welding technology that utilizes a special tool for generation of frictional heat in the work piece by its rotation due to which joining occurs without melting of metal. For this reason friction stir welding lies under the category of solid state joining. A part from experimental work, there is large space to work on simulation of FSW by using simulation tools. In the present paper, simulation of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-6061 is done by using HyperWeld module of Altair HyperWorks. The virtual experiment of friction stir welding is conducted for variable tool rotational speeds with constant travelling speed and study of simulation results of variation in temperature distribution along the weld line of butt joint is done. The results of simulation shows that the temperature is symmetrically distributed along the weld line. It is observed that the maximum temperature along the weld line increases with the increase in rotational speed. It is also observed that the temperature at advancing side is greater that retreating side.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes research on the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of friction stir welded aluminum alloys. It discusses how friction stir welding is a solid-state joining technique used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries. Process parameters like tool rotation speed, traverse speed, and axial force influence weld quality and tensile strength. Several studies investigated how adjusting these parameters affected strength of the welded joints. The optimum parameters were found to produce joints with tensile strengths close to the base metal. Overall, it was concluded that process parameters have a significant impact on weld strength and need to be optimized to achieve the highest possible strength.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on the effect of longitudinal weld pool oscillation (LWPO) on the tensile properties of mild steel welds. Mild steel plates were welded with varying frequencies (0-400 Hz) and amplitudes (0-30μm) of LWPO. Test specimens were tested and properties like yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and impact strength were determined. The results showed that properties like yield strength and ultimate tensile strength improved significantly with LWPO compared to stationary welds. The maximum 21.37% increase in yield strength and 20.87% increase in ultimate tensile strength occurred at 400Hz and 5μm oscillation. Microstructural analysis found that
A Review Paper- Influence Of Welding On The Mechanical Properties Of Mild Ste...IJSRED
This paper reviews the influence of welding on the mechanical properties of mild steel and EN31 butt welds at different groove angles. It discusses how the welding process uses heat to join materials and can change the mechanical properties near the heat-affected zone. It explores how factors like welding current, groove angle, and plate thickness can affect properties like hardness, impact strength, tensile strength, and compressive strength. The paper concludes that these mechanical properties may vary with plate thickness and groove angle for mild steel, EN8, and EN31 materials.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
DRY TURNING OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL (316L) USING CVD COATED TOOLAM Publications
Austenitic Stainless steel (316L) is a low carbon high chromium containing high alloy steel, it has a good number of application because of its high strength, high ductility and corrosion resistance. It is used in jet engine parts, heat exchanger application and pharmaceutical application. It is compatible in cryogenic temperature to red hot temperature. The paper presents an experimental investigation on different parameters which affect the cutting process and also cause significant effect on the chip formation in machining of Austenitic Stainless steel (316L). In this study, experiments were conducted on Austenitic Stainless steel (316L) at different cutting speed, feed and depth of cut and the effect of different influential parameters on the process of chip formation has been studied subsequently. Quality characteristic of machined item is depending much on material behaviour during machining. Present experimental analysis on machining has been performed by implementing Von Mises stress evaluation employing true stress-true strain behaviour of the materials under consideration. Experimental true stress-true strain plot was required to find out the strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent of the material and using the same, Von Mises stress was estimated by using material property consideration. Experimental study on machining was performed on austenitic stainless steel (316L) to know the trend of variation of chip thickness, shear angle, Von Mises stress and total work done with respect to cutting velocity. From the study it showed that austenitic stainless steel gets work hardened at higher cutting speed. Therefore this type of material can be machined at lower cutting speed only.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigations of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) on Al 6061 : A Cas...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy 6061. The study used a milling machine to conduct FSW trials with different tool pin profiles at various welding parameters. Initial trials failed due to tool breakage. Failure analysis found the main causes were tool material, rpm, and tool profile/vibrations. Modifying the tool to a tapered, threaded pin profile and increasing rpm to 1200 led to a successful weld with tensile strength of 66MPa, demonstrating FSW is possible on conventional machine tools. The study explored using FSW to join common aluminum alloys for applications like automotive and construction.
Study of machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutti...AMIT BANERJEE
The document discusses research being conducted on studying the machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutting tools. The objective is to determine the optimum process parameters of cutting velocity, feed rate, and depth of cut for minimum surface roughness and power consumption. Literature on previous research in machining hardened steel is reviewed. The current progress includes partially completing the literature review, purchasing the work material, and programming the CNC machine. Future work involves insert selection, material composition testing, and conducting the experimental machining tests. Response surface methodology will be used to analyze the results.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document reviews the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991 that uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize materials being joined, allowing them to bond without melting. It can weld materials like aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld using conventional fusion welding. The document discusses the principles of FSW, factors that affect weld microstructure and properties like tool parameters and heat flow, and summarizes several studies that examined the effects of FSW parameters and post-weld treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of welded aluminum alloys.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Characterization and processing of friction stir welding on copper weldseSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on friction stir welding of copper. It discusses how copper, aluminum, and stainless steel plates were welded using friction stir welding with varying tool profiles, rotational speeds, and welding speeds. Microstructure analysis found intermixing of the metals in the welded regions. Copper to copper and aluminum to aluminum welds were of the highest quality, while stainless steel could not be welded to copper or aluminum due to differences in hardness. The best welding results occurred with a tapered tool, rotational speed of 1120 RPM, and welding speed of 20 mm/min.
This document analyzes the performance of different directional antennas for various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It compares omni-directional, steerable, and switched beam antennas using the DSR, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols in terms of average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, and power consumption. The document outlines the characteristics and operation of each antenna type and routing protocol. It then describes the simulation setup using the QualNet simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the antennas with the different routing protocols under various mobility scenarios.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes research on the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of friction stir welded aluminum alloys. It discusses how friction stir welding is a solid-state joining technique used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries. Process parameters like tool rotation speed, traverse speed, and axial force influence weld quality and tensile strength. Several studies investigated how adjusting these parameters affected strength of the welded joints. The optimum parameters were found to produce joints with tensile strengths close to the base metal. Overall, it was concluded that process parameters have a significant impact on weld strength and need to be optimized to achieve the highest possible strength.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on the effect of longitudinal weld pool oscillation (LWPO) on the tensile properties of mild steel welds. Mild steel plates were welded with varying frequencies (0-400 Hz) and amplitudes (0-30μm) of LWPO. Test specimens were tested and properties like yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and impact strength were determined. The results showed that properties like yield strength and ultimate tensile strength improved significantly with LWPO compared to stationary welds. The maximum 21.37% increase in yield strength and 20.87% increase in ultimate tensile strength occurred at 400Hz and 5μm oscillation. Microstructural analysis found that
A Review Paper- Influence Of Welding On The Mechanical Properties Of Mild Ste...IJSRED
This paper reviews the influence of welding on the mechanical properties of mild steel and EN31 butt welds at different groove angles. It discusses how the welding process uses heat to join materials and can change the mechanical properties near the heat-affected zone. It explores how factors like welding current, groove angle, and plate thickness can affect properties like hardness, impact strength, tensile strength, and compressive strength. The paper concludes that these mechanical properties may vary with plate thickness and groove angle for mild steel, EN8, and EN31 materials.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
DRY TURNING OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL (316L) USING CVD COATED TOOLAM Publications
Austenitic Stainless steel (316L) is a low carbon high chromium containing high alloy steel, it has a good number of application because of its high strength, high ductility and corrosion resistance. It is used in jet engine parts, heat exchanger application and pharmaceutical application. It is compatible in cryogenic temperature to red hot temperature. The paper presents an experimental investigation on different parameters which affect the cutting process and also cause significant effect on the chip formation in machining of Austenitic Stainless steel (316L). In this study, experiments were conducted on Austenitic Stainless steel (316L) at different cutting speed, feed and depth of cut and the effect of different influential parameters on the process of chip formation has been studied subsequently. Quality characteristic of machined item is depending much on material behaviour during machining. Present experimental analysis on machining has been performed by implementing Von Mises stress evaluation employing true stress-true strain behaviour of the materials under consideration. Experimental true stress-true strain plot was required to find out the strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent of the material and using the same, Von Mises stress was estimated by using material property consideration. Experimental study on machining was performed on austenitic stainless steel (316L) to know the trend of variation of chip thickness, shear angle, Von Mises stress and total work done with respect to cutting velocity. From the study it showed that austenitic stainless steel gets work hardened at higher cutting speed. Therefore this type of material can be machined at lower cutting speed only.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigations of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) on Al 6061 : A Cas...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy 6061. The study used a milling machine to conduct FSW trials with different tool pin profiles at various welding parameters. Initial trials failed due to tool breakage. Failure analysis found the main causes were tool material, rpm, and tool profile/vibrations. Modifying the tool to a tapered, threaded pin profile and increasing rpm to 1200 led to a successful weld with tensile strength of 66MPa, demonstrating FSW is possible on conventional machine tools. The study explored using FSW to join common aluminum alloys for applications like automotive and construction.
Study of machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutti...AMIT BANERJEE
The document discusses research being conducted on studying the machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutting tools. The objective is to determine the optimum process parameters of cutting velocity, feed rate, and depth of cut for minimum surface roughness and power consumption. Literature on previous research in machining hardened steel is reviewed. The current progress includes partially completing the literature review, purchasing the work material, and programming the CNC machine. Future work involves insert selection, material composition testing, and conducting the experimental machining tests. Response surface methodology will be used to analyze the results.
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document reviews the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991 that uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize materials being joined, allowing them to bond without melting. It can weld materials like aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld using conventional fusion welding. The document discusses the principles of FSW, factors that affect weld microstructure and properties like tool parameters and heat flow, and summarizes several studies that examined the effects of FSW parameters and post-weld treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of welded aluminum alloys.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
Characterization and processing of friction stir welding on copper weldseSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on friction stir welding of copper. It discusses how copper, aluminum, and stainless steel plates were welded using friction stir welding with varying tool profiles, rotational speeds, and welding speeds. Microstructure analysis found intermixing of the metals in the welded regions. Copper to copper and aluminum to aluminum welds were of the highest quality, while stainless steel could not be welded to copper or aluminum due to differences in hardness. The best welding results occurred with a tapered tool, rotational speed of 1120 RPM, and welding speed of 20 mm/min.
This document analyzes the performance of different directional antennas for various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It compares omni-directional, steerable, and switched beam antennas using the DSR, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols in terms of average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, and power consumption. The document outlines the characteristics and operation of each antenna type and routing protocol. It then describes the simulation setup using the QualNet simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the antennas with the different routing protocols under various mobility scenarios.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
La estudiante Kelly Johanna Soto presenta un trabajo sobre los componentes principales de cuatro tarjetas madres Intel, incluyendo la placa base, la memoria RAM, la unidad de procesamiento central y los puertos de entrada y salida.
Este documento propone un programa de capacitación en e-learning y uso de TIC para docentes de un instituto tecnológico. El programa se implementaría a través de una metodología de aprendizaje en tres fases que capacitaría a los docentes en el uso de herramientas tecnológicas durante un período de 10 meses.
Este documento presenta las recetas de tres platos típicos de la cocina mediterránea:
1) Gazpacho andaluz como primer plato, una sopa fría de tomate, ajo y pan.
2) Pulpos a la gallega como segundo plato, pulpos cocidos en olla a presión y acompañados de una salsa de tomate, cebolla, ajo y almendras.
3) Crema catalana de postre, una crema cocida con leche, yemas de huevo y azúcar, cubierta con azú
This document discusses product placement in four Bollywood movies: Force featured Streax hair color, Himani Fast Relief, and GenX gym vests; Dhoom 2 featured Coca-Cola cans; Chup Chup Ke featured Tide washing powder; and Kya Kool Hai Hum featured Spykar jeans. The document provides a marketing project analyzing embedded products in popular Hindi films from that era.
Minha tartaruga come apenas Gammarus, como fazer a transição para ração? Alcon Pet
O dono de uma tartaruga quer transicionar seu animal para ração, mas a tartaruga só come Gammarus. O documento recomenda oferecer gradualmente a ração Alcon Reptolife Baby junto com Gammarus para acostumar a tartaruga, diminuindo o Gammarus até oferecer só a ração.
Avances de la c neutralidad y el rol de la persona universitariaCO2.cr
El documento resume los esfuerzos de Costa Rica para lograr la neutralidad de carbono. Explica que los principales gases de efecto invernadero son el dióxido de carbono, el metano y el óxido nitroso. Se prevé que la temperatura global aumente entre 1.4°C y 5.8°C para el año 2100. Costa Rica emite principalmente gases de efecto invernadero a través de la quema de combustibles fósiles y la deforestación. Lograr la neutralidad de carbono requiere un esfuerzo de todos los sectores de la sociedad
Informe de CO2 sobre las Intersesionales de Panamá rumbo a la COP 17CO2.cr
Este documento resume la participación del grupo CO2.cr en las reuniones preparatorias para la Conferencia de las Partes 17 de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP17) en Panamá en octubre de 2011. El grupo analizó las posiciones y discusiones sobre adaptación, mitigación, financiamiento y opciones legales. También asistió a reuniones de grupos como el G77 + China, el SICA y eventos laterales. El grupo utilizó varios medios para comunicar los avances de las re
Lo que todos nos preguntamos sobre la educación inclusivapilarvieites
Este artículo discute los temores comunes asociados con la educación inclusiva y ofrece respuestas sencillas. Explica que la inclusión difiere de la integración al rechazar la exclusión y buscar la participación de todos los estudiantes. Argumenta que la diversidad enriquece el aprendizaje y que un contexto apropiado puede mejorar los resultados de todos los estudiantes. Finalmente, sostiene que a pesar de las tendencias sociales hacia la selección y exclusión, la escuela inclusiva debe oponerse y luchar contra la
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
El documento describe los componentes principales de un ordenador y sus periféricos. Explica que un ordenador está formado por una placa base, procesador y memoria, y que los periféricos se clasifican en de entrada, como el teclado y ratón; de salida, como el monitor y la impresora; de comunicaciones, como el módem y router; y de almacenamiento, como el disco duro y las unidades ópticas.
O projeto tem como objetivo promover a geração de renda e melhorar as condições de vida de 6 comunidades tradicionais do Pantanal de Paiaguás através da produção, transformação e comercialização de produtos locais e do acompanhamento nas áreas de habitação, agricultura, geração de renda e organização comunitária. O projeto já beneficiou famílias com novos telhados e está construindo poços para garantir o acesso à água. Algumas famílias também buscaram o Ministério P
El documento presenta información sobre el sistema solar. Introduce el tema del sistema solar y sugiere actividades para que los estudiantes aprendan más sobre este tema. Luego, proporciona enlaces a páginas web sobre diferentes planetas para que los estudiantes puedan explorar más información sobre cada planeta del sistema solar.
El documento describe la historia de los teléfonos móviles desde el primer modelo comercializado por Motorola en 1983 hasta conceptos de teléfonos del futuro con materiales flexibles, pantallas táctiles sin botones y celdas solares. También menciona diseños innovadores de Nokia, Pilotfish & Synaptics y NTT DoCoMo que exploran nuevas formas de interacción y fuentes de energía para los dispositivos móviles.
La Sra. Kaderbeck se presenta como maestra de español e inglés de 28 años. Le gusta bailar, leer y viajar, y ha viajado a Barcelona y Puerto Rico para practicar su español. Vive con su esposo, un profesor de guitarra, y sus dos gatos, Maya y Sevilla. También habla sobre otros miembros de su familia como su padre, hermana y sobrinos.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Review Paper on Friction Stir Welding and its Impact on EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document reviews friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991. FSW involves plunging a rotating tool with a shoulder and pin into aluminum or other metal workpieces to generate frictional heat and plasticize the metals, joining them below their melting points. Key benefits of FSW include high weld quality, low distortion, no shielding gas or filler wire needed, and it is more environmentally friendly than arc welding. Process parameters like tool geometry, rotation speed, and pressure influence the weld microstructure and properties. FSW has applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Spring Back Phenomenon in Sheet Metal V- Die BendingIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the spring back phenomenon in sheet metal V-die bending. The study investigates how factors like angle, sheet thickness, and varying width cross-section affect the amount of spring back that occurs in CRC-D steel sheets. Experiments were conducted using a design of experiments approach based on response surface methodology. 20 bending experiments were performed according to the experimental design matrix. The results show that spring back decreases with increasing angle and first increases then decreases with increasing thickness. Spring back also increases linearly with increasing width. A regression model was developed to predict spring back based on the experimental results.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Effect Of Process Parameters On Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir.Welded...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an advance joining process for different similar and dissimilar materials. It is
commonly used for joining of Aluminum alloys. However it is necessary to overcome some challenges for its
wide-spread uses. Tool design and the selection of process parameters are critical issues in the usage of this
process. This study focuses on the process parameters that is required for producing effective friction stir
welding of two similar aluminum alloys (AA6101T6 to AA6101T6) and dissimilar Aluminum alloys
(AA6101T6 alloy to AA6351T6) . Three different tool diameters such as 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm with three
different tool rotational speeds such as 600 rpm, 800 rpm and 1200 rpm have been used to weld the joints. The
welded samples were tested for mechanical properties as well as microstructure. It was observed that 30 mm
tool gives better weld quality for friction stir welding of similar aluminum alloy but 25 mm tool with 1200 rpm
rotational speed gave satisfactory weld quality for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It is one
of the important welding process that can adopted for welding of aluminum alloys with excellent mechanical
properties. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
IRJET- Analysis on Thread Rolling using Flat DiesIRJET Journal
This document analyzes thread rolling using flat dies. It discusses how thread rolling is a cold forging process that uses reciprocating motion between two flat dies to form threads on a workpiece. An experiment was conducted using aluminum workpieces between 6-16mm in diameter rolled with flat dies on a shaper machine. Loads between 157-200kg were required. Both experimental and analytical results for rolling load, stresses, and power consumption are presented and compared. Finite element analysis in ANSYS was also used to model stresses and deformation during thread rolling with different sized workpieces. The results show thread rolling can effectively form threads on workpieces up to 14mm in diameter using this setup.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Analytical Investigation and Comparison on Performance of Ss316, Ss440c and T...IJERA Editor
Theoretical analysis for performance studies of SS316, SS44OC and Titanium Alloy used as a cutting tool is presented in this paper. Tool temperature, tools wear and life of the tool is investigated analytically. These theoretical values are compared with the experimental studies conducted by the author. The values obtained from experimental studies are comparable with analytical values and variation is the correlation between theoretical and experimental values is of the order of 15%.
Tilting of arm is easily available in existing design as working arm is for shifting the big sheetmetal body
from one station to another to get drilled. Now task is to design hub which allows turning of robotic arm along with
tilting without affecting its working behavior. In this study design and evaluation of hub body formed by weldment
sheet metal components is done. validation of strength is done by carrying out static structural analysis in ANSYS.
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF CHIP MORPHOLOGYIAEME Publication
The extensive research studies are used to divination the behavior of complex
Metal cutting processes. The cutting parameters such as speed, feed and force play
important role on conform chip morphology. The experimental techniques for
investigation the chip morphology is expensive and time consuming. To overcome
these difficulties Finite element modeling and simulation process are used as effective
tool to divination the effect of cutting variables. In the present study FEA simulation
process model is developed to divination the chip morphology and cutting forces in
turning of Al-6061 with WC tool. Johnson cook material models are considered for
visco-elastic material behavior. The obtained simulation process results are compared
with experimental process results
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF CHIP MORPHOLOGYIAEME Publication
The extensive research studies are used to divination the behavior of complex
Metal cutting processes. The cutting parameters such as speed, feed and force play
important role on conform chip morphology. The experimental techniques for
investigation the chip morphology is expensive and time consuming. To overcome
these difficulties Finite element modeling and simulation process are used as effective
tool to divination the effect of cutting variables. In the present study FEA simulation
process model is developed to divination the chip morphology and cutting forces in
turning of Al-6061 with WC tool. Johnson cook material models are considered for
visco-elastic material behavior. The obtained simulation process results are compared
with experimental process results
IRJET- Free Vibration Analysis of BeamsIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the free vibration of beams with different cross-sections, materials, and support conditions. It presents analytical equations based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory to calculate the natural frequencies of beams. Tables show the fundamental natural frequencies of steel and aluminum beams with circular and rectangular cross-sections in cantilever and simply supported conditions, as calculated analytically and using ANSYS software. The results from both methods show good correlation. Plots of natural frequency versus geometric parameters like diameter and depth are also presented. The study aims to determine the most efficient cross-section and material for structural design by comparing the vibration characteristics.
Numerical Study of Friction Stir Welding on Different Aluminum with Different...IRJET Journal
1) The document reviews numerical studies of friction stir welding of different aluminum alloys using tools with different pin profiles.
2) It discusses how tool geometry, including the pin profile, affects the material mixing and resulting weld quality, and how process parameters like rotational speed also influence outcomes.
3) Specifically, it was found that a square pin profile generally produced better weld quality than other profiles tested, and a cylindrical pin profile produced defect-free welds at most conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
This document summarizes a review of experimental and numerical investigations into friction stir welds of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing friction stir welding as a solid-state joining process without melting. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines weld quality and tool life. The document then reviews various research using simulation to determine temperature distribution and develop relationships between input parameters and peak temperature. Experimental results for tensile strength and hardness of welded specimens are also reported and compared to simulation results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents an experimental study that uses Gray Relational Analysis to optimize process parameters for friction stir welding of AA 6061 aluminum alloy. Friction stir welding trials were conducted using four controllable factors (rotational speed, welding speed, tool pin length, offset distance) at four levels each. Tensile strength, elongation, and hardness values were measured and converted to signal-to-noise ratios. Gray Relational Analysis was used to determine the optimal parameter settings that provide the best multiple performance characteristics. The resulting optimum parameters were found to be rotational speed of 800 rpm, welding speed of 10 mm/min, pin tool length of 5.7mm, and offset distance of 0.4mm.
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of an automated chiseling machine. The machine aims to chisel the surface of a trestle box to create a rough surface that enables the box to grip the jaws of a hydraulic jack, lifting heavy metal sheets to form storage tanks with minimal human involvement. The machine reduces worker fatigue by automating various machining processes used to modify the trestle box.
Effect of various process parameters on friction stir welded jointeSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and ZnS added ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals have been grown at room temperature by the free evaporation method. A total of six crystals have been grown and characterized structurally, chemically, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically by using the suitable standard methods. Results obtained indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the ADP crystal matrix. ZnS addition is found to increase the SHG efficiency significantly. All the grown crystals exhibit good optical transmission in the entire visible region. Results of AC and DC electrical measurements indicate a normal dielectric behaviour for all the six crystals grown. The electrical parameters, viz., DC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC electrical conductivity are found to increase with the increase in temperature. The optical, mechanical and electrical parameters are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity (ZnS) concentration. Keywords: ADP crystal, Crystal growth, Doped crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
Effect of various process parameters on friction stir welded joint
Dl31758761
1. K.Rajesh guptha, K.Sathish, N.Jeevan kumar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.758-761
Analysis Of Friction Stir Welding Tools With Various Threaded
Pin Profiles
K.Rajesh guptha1 K.Sathish2 N.Jeevan kumar3
1
PG Student, Department of Mechanical, Holymary Institute of Technology and Science, Bogaram, Hyderabad.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical, Holymary Institute of Technology and Science, Bogaram,
Hyderabad.
3
Professor & HOD, Department of Mechanical, Holymary Institute of Technology and Science, Bogaram,
Hyderabad.
ABSTRACT:
The welding tool, its pin profile, shape components to be welded, thus creating a joint. This
and dimensions plays a vital role in making the allows for producing defect-free welds characterized
weld joint. In Friction Stir Welding, the stress by good mechanical properties. A good number of
distribution of tool pin is affected by the thermo publications are available on this topic, which
mechanical characteristics of the work piece. In indicates the importance and necessity of the analysis
this paper, three tools with different pin shapes of the friction stir welding tools.
such as Conical, Cylindrical and Frustum were K. Elangovan,et.al [1] worked on the
designed with threads in their profiles .Initially “Influences of tool pin profile and tool shoulder
the tools dimensions are based on the base diameter on the formation of friction stir processing
material plate thickness taken in to consideration, zone in AA6061 aluminum alloy” states that
the induced structural stresses were checked with Compared to the fusion welding processes that are
in the permissible stress limits. The tools were routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys,
modeled in CATIA and analysis is performed in friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging
ANSYS software for exploring stress distributions solid state joining process in which the material that
and displacement vector sum in the pin, at is being welded does not melt and recast. The
different speeds and temperatures. The frictional welding parameters such as tool rotational speed,
force between the tool shoulder and work piece is welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile
considered for simulating the stress and play a major role in deciding the weld quality. The
displacement vector in the pin profiles. The tool effect of tool pin profile and tool shoulder diameter
pin profiles considered for structural and thermal on FSP zone formation in AA6061 aluminum alloy is
analysis are used in this study are cylindrical, studied. Five different tool pin profiles (straight
conical, and frustum. The vonmises stress cylindrical, frustum cylindrical, threaded cylindrical,
distributions in pin profiles, displacement vector conical and square) with three different shoulder
sum of the pin profiles, are obtained from ANSYS diameters have been used to fabricate the joints. The
software and the pin with optimum strength is formation of FSP zone has been analyzed
determined. macroscopically. Tensile properties of the joints have
been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zone
I. INTRODUCTION formation.
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process is a
solid state welding process, that uses a non Jeong-Luh Lin, et.al[2] Worked on “Stress
consumable tool for joining the plates. The analysis of FSW Tools Under Torsional and Bending
production of components of aluminium alloys is not loads”. In this study One of the tool is made from the
very complex, joining of these materials can same one-piece material with a probe of round pin
sometimes cause serious problems. Lack of structural attached to a scrolled shoulder, while the other is a
transformations in solid state and excellent thermal two-pieces tool with a pin inserted into a separate
and electrical conductivity cause problems in fusion ring which acts like a shoulder and form similar pin
and resistance welding of aluminium alloys. That led on shoulder configuration like the first one. A
to the development of Friction Stir Welding a solid comprehensive way of judging the strength of these
state joining technique in which the joined material is tools have been established by comparing the stresses
plasticized by heat generated by friction between the in these two tools when they all subjected to the same
surface of the plates and the contact surface of a loading conditions. Physical tool models subjected to
special tool, composed of two main parts: shoulder loading conditions as happened in actual FSW
and pin. Shoulder is responsible for the generation of process are analyzed using FEM tool of structural
heat and for containing the plasticized material in the analysis.
weld zone, while pin mixes the material of the
758 | P a g e
2. K.Rajesh guptha, K.Sathish, N.Jeevan kumar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.758-761
H.S. Patil, et.al [3] worked on
“Experimental study on The Effect of Welding speed
and tool pin profiles on AA602-o aluminium Friction
Stir welded butt joints”. The aim of this research
study is to investigate the effects of different tool pin
profiles on the weld quality of AA6082-o aluminum .
Triflutes and taper screw threaded pin are used as
tool pin profiles in this research. The appeared results
explain the variation of stress as a function of strain
and the effect of different pin profiles on yield
strength, ultimate, tensile strength and elongation.
OlivierLorrain, et.al [4] worked on
“Understanding the material flow path of friction stir
welding process using unthreaded tools”. According
to them most of studies in literature used threaded Fig 1: 2D and 3D models of FSW tool with threaded
pins since most industrial applications currently use cylindrical pin
threaded pins. However, initially threaded tools may
become unthreaded because of the tool wear when
used for high melting point alloys or reinforced
aluminum alloys. In this study, FSW experiments
were performed using two different pin profiles. Both
pins are unthreaded but have or do not have flat
faces. The primary goal is to analyze the flow when
unthreaded pins are used to weld thin plates. Cross-
sections and longitudinal sections of welds were
observed with and without the use of material marker
(MM) to investigate the material flow. Material flow
with unthreaded pin was found to have the same
features as material flow using classical threaded
pins: material is deposited in the advancing side (AS)
in the upper part of the weld and in the retreating side
(RS) in the lower part of the weld; a rotating layer
appears around the tool. However, the analysis
revealed a too low vertical motion towards the Fig 2: 2D and 3D models of FSW tool with threaded
bottom of the weld, attributed to the lack of threads. frustum pin
The product of the plunge force and the rotational
speed was found to affect the size of the shoulder
dominated zone. This effect is reduced using the
cylindrical frustum pin with flats.
II. PROBLEM MODELLING
III. GEOMETRY:
The dimensions of the finite element model
for different pins are taken as follows.
Cylindrical: pin diameter (r i) = 6mm, pin
height (h) = 5.4mm
Frustum: ri1 = 3mm, ri2 = 1.5mm, h=
5.4mm.
Conical: ri1 = 3mm, ri2 = 0, h = 5.4mm
ELEMENT TYPE:
The element used for the present analysis is
solid 45 of ANSYS which is developed based on
Fig 3: 2D and 3D models of FSW tool with threaded
three dimensional elastic theory and is having three
conical pin
degrees of freedom at each node.
759 | P a g e
3. K.Rajesh guptha, K.Sathish, N.Jeevan kumar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.758-761
LOADING
An axial load of 7000N
Tangential load of 2100N on tool pin
Tool is rotated at a speed of 1200 to
1600rpm
Temperature of 650 to 8500C.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
On the shoulder of the tool for few nodes all
DOF are fixed except rotation in z direction (RZ).
Figure 5: Variation of stress distribution with
MATERIAL PROPERTIES temperature in various treaded tool profiles
Modulus of Elasticity E = 210Gpa, Poisson’s ratio υ
= 0.3, heat capacity = 0.46 J/g-0C, thermal 0.06
Displacement vector
conductivity = 24.3 W/m-k 0.05
0.04
sum(mm)
Cylindrical
0.03 pin
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 0.02 Frustum pin
0.01
From (Fig.4), It is observed that the value of
0 Conical pin
displacement vector sum increases with rotational
speed i.e from 1200 to 1600rpm and the values are 650 750 850
high for cylindrical pin when compared to the other
two pin profiles. The variation of stress distribution is Temperature(˚C )
progressively increasing with temperature from 650
to 8500C and the stress value is also high for
Figure 6: Variation of displacement vector sum with
cylindrical pin (Fig.5). The displacement vector sum
temperature in various threaded tool profiles
is same for the three pin profiles and the value is
progressively increasing with temperature (Fig. 6).
The stress distribution is same at all rotational speeds 800
Stress ditribution(N/mm^2)
for the three treaded pin profiles (Fig. 7). 700
600
0.0425 500 cylindrical
Displacement vector
400 pin
0.042 300 frustum pin
sum(mm)
Cylindrical 200
0.0415 pin 100
0 conical pin
0.041 Frustum pin
1200 1300 1600
0.0405
Conical pin Speed(rpm)
Speed(rpm) Figure 7: Variation of stress distribution with
rotational speed in various threaded tool profiles
Figure 4: Variation of displacement vector sum with V. CONCLUSION
rotational speed in various threaded tool profiles
From the above results it can be concluded
that, among all profiles in the tool with cylindrical
profile with threads is preferable because the
maximum stress distribution and displacement vector
sum are very less. As the temperature in the welding
760 | P a g e
4. K.Rajesh guptha, K.Sathish, N.Jeevan kumar / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.758-761
zone increases in the profiles with threads the stress 11. P. Cavalierea, A. Squillace, F. Panella, “Effect
distribution and displacement vector sum are of welding parameters on mechanical and
observed to be increased. It is also maximum in the microstructural properties of AA6082 joints
tool with threaded conical profile. It is observed that produced by friction stir welding”, Journal of
by increasing the rotational speed there is not much materials processing technology 200, PP-364–
change in the maximum stress distribution and 372.
displacement vector sum. 12. Colligan.K, “Material flow behavior during
friction stir welding of aluminium”, Welding
REFERENCES Journal, PP-229-237(1999).
13. G.H.Payganeh,N.B.Mostafa Arab, Y.Dadgar
1. Jeong-LuhLin, Wei-Ranlin, I-Horng yang, Asl, F.A.Ghasemi and M.Saeidi Boroujeni,
Jian-TingDai, “Stress analysis of friction stir “Effects of friction stir welding process
welding tools under Torsional and Bending parameters on appearance and strength of poly
loads” WHAMPTON- An interdisciplinary propylene composite welds”,International
Journal 52, PP-33-45(2007). journal of the physical sciences,Vol.6(19), pp.
2. H.S.Patil, S.N.Soman,“Experimental study on 4595-4601,(2011)
the effect of welding speed and tool pin profiles 14. R.Palanivel,Dr.P.KoshyMathews,Dr.N.Murugan,
on AA6082-0 Aluminium friction stir welded “Influence of tool pin profile on the mechanical
butt joints”, International journal of and metallurgical properties of friction stir
Engineering sciences and technology, vol .2. welding of dissimilar aluminium
No-5, PP-268-275(2010). alloy”,International journal of Engineering
3. Hosein Atharifar, Dechaolin, “Numerical and science and technology,Vol.2(6),pp.2109-
experimental investigations on the loads carried 2115,2010
by the tool during friction stir welding” 15.P.Bahemmat,A.Rahbari,M.Haghpanahi,M.K.Besh
JMEPEG18, PP- 339-350, (2009). arati, “Experimental study on the effect of
4. K.Kumar, Satish V.Kailas, “The role of friction rotational speed and tool pin profile on AA2024
stir welding tool on material flow and weld Aluminium friction stir welded butt joints”,
formation”, Materials science and Engineering ASME Early Career Technical
A 485 ,PP-367-374,(2008). Conference,2008
5. K.Elangovan, V.Balasubramanian, “Influences
of tool pin profile and tool shoulder diameter on
the formation of friction stir processing zone in
AA6061 aluminium alloy”, Materials and
Design 29, PP-362–373, (2008).
6. K. Elangovan, V. Balasubramanian, “Influences
of tool pin profile and welding speed on the
formation of friction stir processing zone in
AA2219 aluminium alloy”, Journal of materials
processing technology 200 ,PP-163–175( 2008
).
7. Olivier Lorrain, Véronique Favier, Hamid
Zahrouni, Didier Lawrjaniec, “Understanding
the material flow path of friction stir welding
process using unthreaded tools”, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology 210 ,PP-603–
609,(2010).
8. R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Mab, “Friction stir welding
and processing”, Materials Science and
Engineering , 50 1-78, (2005).
9. G.Roy, R.Nandan and T.DebRoy,
“Dimensionless Correlation to estimate peak
temperature during friction stir welding”,
Science and Technology of welding and
Joining, vol. 11, No.5, PP-606-608 .
10. T.DebRoy, H.K.D.H.Bhadeshia, R.Nandan,
“Recent advances in friction stir welding
process weldment structure and properties”
Progress in materials Science,(2008).
761 | P a g e