Overview of Lund University's Afrint project. Summary of findings from the project's 2018 publication, 'Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa'. Publication edited by Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Fred Dzanku and Aida Isinika.
Climate resilience and job prospects for young people in agricultureIFPRI-PIM
Climate change matters for all people. Does it matter particularly for young people? If so, where and how?
PIM Webinar, February 7, 2019.
Presenters: Karen Brooks, Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University and Keith Wiebe, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
For more information, slides, and podcast visit http://bit.ly/CRJYwebr
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Lemlem Aregu, Ranjitha Puskur and Clare Bishop Sambrook at the Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31st January–2nd February 2011
Understanding African Farming Systems: Science and Policy Implications ACIAR
Understanding African Farming Systems: Science and Policy Implications - Dr Dennis Garrity, United Nations Dryland Ambassador, and AIFSC Project Coordinator for "Farming Systems, Science and Policy"
The economic performance of a country is mainly depending on the labour of youth population. Energetic, courageous and qualified youth can make changes to the social economic development if they are well utilized and managed. Investing in youth (ages 14 to 29) now will lay the groundwork for Ethiopia’s future. Strategies to continue progress toward harnessing the potential of its youth will help Ethiopia attain a demographic dividend and foster sustainable development. However, migration, unemployment, drug addiction, unfavorable policy environment and high population growth are the major problems of youth in the country. The overall objective of this paper is to review the current key challenges of youth in Ethiopia. Particularly the paper tries to: Review youth migration, youth unemployment and health and addiction related to youth and finally it suggested the possible solution for the challenges. The data collected, interpreted and evaluated all came from secondary data sources from country Central statistical agency, empirical study, country profile, different authors and researchers have written on the issue of youth; and other reports on youth related reports in Ethiopia. Finally, suggestions are made to overcome the challenges.
Climate resilience and job prospects for young people in agricultureIFPRI-PIM
Climate change matters for all people. Does it matter particularly for young people? If so, where and how?
PIM Webinar, February 7, 2019.
Presenters: Karen Brooks, Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University and Keith Wiebe, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
For more information, slides, and podcast visit http://bit.ly/CRJYwebr
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
The role of gender in crop value chains in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Lemlem Aregu, Ranjitha Puskur and Clare Bishop Sambrook at the Gender and Market Oriented Agriculture (AgriGender 2011) Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31st January–2nd February 2011
Understanding African Farming Systems: Science and Policy Implications ACIAR
Understanding African Farming Systems: Science and Policy Implications - Dr Dennis Garrity, United Nations Dryland Ambassador, and AIFSC Project Coordinator for "Farming Systems, Science and Policy"
The economic performance of a country is mainly depending on the labour of youth population. Energetic, courageous and qualified youth can make changes to the social economic development if they are well utilized and managed. Investing in youth (ages 14 to 29) now will lay the groundwork for Ethiopia’s future. Strategies to continue progress toward harnessing the potential of its youth will help Ethiopia attain a demographic dividend and foster sustainable development. However, migration, unemployment, drug addiction, unfavorable policy environment and high population growth are the major problems of youth in the country. The overall objective of this paper is to review the current key challenges of youth in Ethiopia. Particularly the paper tries to: Review youth migration, youth unemployment and health and addiction related to youth and finally it suggested the possible solution for the challenges. The data collected, interpreted and evaluated all came from secondary data sources from country Central statistical agency, empirical study, country profile, different authors and researchers have written on the issue of youth; and other reports on youth related reports in Ethiopia. Finally, suggestions are made to overcome the challenges.
Georgian smallholder agriculture: to be or not to be? ExternalEvents
Lars Brink. Materials of the workshop: Trade Policy, WTO and Development of Agricultural Markets in the Post-Soviet Countries, organized by FAO 5 October, Tbilisi, Georgia http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tpps/en/
Changing farm structure and rural transformation in AfricaIFPRI-PIM
This presentation by Prof. Thomas Jayne from Michigan State University (MSU) recorded during the PIM Webinar/IFPRI seminar on Oct. 24, 2019, explores if and how the medium-scale farms are driving rural transformation in Africa.
Suntainable Rural Road Development and Maintaince as Catalyst to improve Agr...NSEAkure
#Sunshine2015 Suntainable Rural Road Development and Maintaince as Catalyst to improve Agricultural Productivity In Nigeira. By E.O Atanda, P.O, Eleta Ovbiagele #NSE
Presentation by Rob Vos, Director for Agricultural Development Economics (ESA) at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
February 2, 2016
Washington, DC
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agri...Nena Agri
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agriculture for inclusive development”, Prof. Rashad Aboelenein FCRI, ARC – Egypt
What determines public budgets for agricultural growth in the developing world?IFPRI-PIM
Webinar by Tewodaj Mogues, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on Sept 26, 2017. See abstract here: https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/09/18/webinar-what-determines-public-budgets-for-agricultural-growth-in-the-developing-world/ Fourth webinar in PIM's 2017 series (https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/05/11/pim-monthly-webinars-may-october-2017/)
“Food Price Volatility and Resilience in Africa” presented by Nicholas Minot, Senior Research Fellow, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, IFPRI at 2014 ReSAKSS Annual Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 9, 2014
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
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Key findings from initial assessment of Livestock Livelihoods and Agri-food S...ILRI
Presented by Thinh Nguyen, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) at the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock planning meeting, Hanoi, Vietnam, 5-7 November 2019.
Georgian smallholder agriculture: to be or not to be? ExternalEvents
Lars Brink. Materials of the workshop: Trade Policy, WTO and Development of Agricultural Markets in the Post-Soviet Countries, organized by FAO 5 October, Tbilisi, Georgia http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-events-new/tpps/en/
Changing farm structure and rural transformation in AfricaIFPRI-PIM
This presentation by Prof. Thomas Jayne from Michigan State University (MSU) recorded during the PIM Webinar/IFPRI seminar on Oct. 24, 2019, explores if and how the medium-scale farms are driving rural transformation in Africa.
Suntainable Rural Road Development and Maintaince as Catalyst to improve Agr...NSEAkure
#Sunshine2015 Suntainable Rural Road Development and Maintaince as Catalyst to improve Agricultural Productivity In Nigeira. By E.O Atanda, P.O, Eleta Ovbiagele #NSE
Presentation by Rob Vos, Director for Agricultural Development Economics (ESA) at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
February 2, 2016
Washington, DC
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agri...Nena Agri
FAO regional meeting on the regional initiative “sustainable small scale agriculture for inclusive development”, Prof. Rashad Aboelenein FCRI, ARC – Egypt
What determines public budgets for agricultural growth in the developing world?IFPRI-PIM
Webinar by Tewodaj Mogues, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on Sept 26, 2017. See abstract here: https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/09/18/webinar-what-determines-public-budgets-for-agricultural-growth-in-the-developing-world/ Fourth webinar in PIM's 2017 series (https://pim.cgiar.org/2017/05/11/pim-monthly-webinars-may-october-2017/)
“Food Price Volatility and Resilience in Africa” presented by Nicholas Minot, Senior Research Fellow, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, IFPRI at 2014 ReSAKSS Annual Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 9, 2014
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Key findings from initial assessment of Livestock Livelihoods and Agri-food S...ILRI
Presented by Thinh Nguyen, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) at the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock planning meeting, Hanoi, Vietnam, 5-7 November 2019.
Agro-dealers and the Private Delivery of Seed and informationfutureagricultures
Agro-dealers and the Private Delivery of Seed and informationLessons from Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe by Hannington Odame & Leonard Oduori (Future Agricultures Consortium).
Factors affecting the equal sharing of responsibilities between women and men...ivo arrey
Title:
Factors affecting the equal sharing of responsibilities between women and men in Sub-Saharan Africa and some policy proposals
Author: Arrey Mbongaya Ivo
African Centre for Community and Development
P.O.Box 181, Limbe, Cameroon
http://www.africancentreforcommunity.com
http://www.youtube.com/user/AfricanCentreforCom
http://www.facebook.com/pages/African-Centre-for-Community-and-Development/103686769685856
http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Holistic-Approach-Sustainable-Development-HASD-2998648
Farmer-led Reintroduction of Vicia faba Beans in Ethiopian Highland Farming S...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 9: Farm Size, Urbanization and the Links from Agriculture to Nutrition and Health
Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Lund University
Exploring the Dynamics of Agricultural Commercialisation, Diversification and...futureagricultures
Exploring the Dynamics of Agricultural Commercialisation, Diversification and Rural Change in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Lessons from Multi-Country Studies of the Afrint and APRA Programmes
Overview of findings and ongoing research from the APRA Zimbabwe Work Stream 1 team. Focus on the impacts of smallholder tobacco- and maize-led commercialisation in Zimbabwe.
Overview of findings and ongoing research from the APRA Nigeria Work Stream 1 team. Focus on the effect of 'investor farmer' on agricultural commercialisation and the small-scale farming sector in Nigeria.
Overview of current research and findings from APRA's Work Stream 1 team in Ghana. Focus on oil palm commercialisation models and outcomes in south-west Ghana.
Apra mechanisation and corridors in mozambique presentation from conference on Public Policies and Agribusiness organized by the Observatório do Meio Rural (OMR) in Maputo.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt
Fred Mawunyo Dzanku
Aida Cuthbert Isinika
LUND UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
2. Broader African trends b/n 2002-13
• Rapid economic growth
• Falling farm sizes/increasing polarization
• Urbanization
• Increasingly youthful population
• Discrimination of women in the agrarian
sector
• Segmentation of the non-farm sector by
gender
• Participation in the non-farm sector
appears to be rising
• But…farm incomes are still persistently
more important
3. • Macro-level patterns may obscure
local level dynamics: general
pessimism related to African
agriculture may be misplaced
• Comparative and longitudinal data
lacking (despite well known problems
of boom and bust and seasonality)
• Rural livelihoods contain linkages and
complementarities between farm and
non-farm sectors
• Social relations and cultural norms are
often highly localized
• A multi-scalar, mixed methods,
interdisciplinary perspective
4. Key aims of the book
•Trace changes among African smallholders
since 2002 with respect to land access, cropping
patterns and technology use
•Identify gender based patterns of asset access,
commercialization and income generation
•Shed light on three key processes –
intensification, agricultural diversification and
non-farm diversification.
•Understanding the distributional outcomes of
these and links to particular policies
•Re-theorizing the understanding of agricultural
transformation in Africa and smallholder led
growth
5. Data sources and methods
• Multi-stage, purposive
sampling
• Quantitative data collected for
around 2500 households in
2002, 2008 and 2013, 56
villages in 15 regions
• Qualitative data collected in 3
villages in Zambia, 3 villages in
Malawi, 5 villages in Kenya, 4
villages in Ghana
7. Quantitative methods and
data sources
• Interviews carried out with the
self-identified farm manager
(29 %)
• Production and marketing data
2002, 2008 and 2013
• Cash income data at household
level 2008, 2013
• Intra-household cash income
data by sex for 2013
8. Quantitative methods and
data sources
• Joint methodology developed
together with a team of around
25 researchers in seven countries
• Around 1500 variables in the
database
• For 2002 and 2008, village level
variables were collected in
addition
• For 2013 only household level
variables and individualised
income data
• Cross sections of around 2500
households, 1566 in the full panel
(2002 to 2013)
9. Qualitative data
• Complementary data collection in Zambia, Kenya,
Malawi, and Ghana
• Purposive selection of villages fulfilling criteria for
”pro poor agricultural growth”
• Village level institutions related to access to
agrarian resources, technology, markets, credit
• Intra household access to income and savings,
decisionmaking processes within and outside
agriculture and accountability among spouses
• Around 170 qualitative interviews with individual
farmers and about 100 group interviews and key
informant interviews
10. Land access, cropping patterns,
technology use, commercialization and
non-farm incomes
• On average increasing farm sizes, but slightly
growing differentiation
• Relatively stable crop portfolios – maize and ”other
food crops” have grown in importance, sorghum
decreasing
• Stable use of seed technology, increasing use of
inorganic fertilizer on maize
• Persistent yield gaps
• Commercialization in maize has increased,
dropped in sorghum, stable in rice, increased in
other food crops
• Still, large country level differences
11. Mean and median size of
cultivated area (ha) by country(significant differences in Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia and Mozambique)
15. Non-farm/farm linkages
• The share of households with non-farm incomes is stable
around 60% throughout the period
• On average non-farm incomes contribute 30% of total cash
income
• Access to non-farm income is a strongly differentiating
factor, however
• Households that combine farm and non-farm incomes have
cash incomes that are on average nearly 1.8 times higher
per adult equivalent, than households who specialize in
farming, even though their access to agrarian resources and
commercialization profiles within agriculture are the same.
16. Summing up – general trends
• Farm size increases in four countries have
occured primarily at the top end of the land
distribution
• Meanwhile farm sizes have stagnated in Kenya
and Malawi
• Maize has increased in importance in the crop
portfolios
• Maize production has increased, driven largely by
Zambian trends
17. Summing up – general trends
• Maize yields have increased in Zambia and to a lesser
extent Tanzania, but still remain low in these
countries. Moreover, yields have dropped in Malawi
and Kenya
• Yield gaps remain persistent throughout the period,
dropping only in Ghana
• Fertilizer technology has increased and is largely
similar among high performing maize farmers (top
5%) and the average
• Access to non-farm incomes remains stable, but is a
decisive source of differentiation
18. Gender patterns?
• Access to and use of key assets
• Commercialization patterns
• Income generation based on gender
19. • Regional perspectives
important
• Some common features – in
general land size smaller
among women
• Growing gender gaps where
land size increased
• Perception of control over
land is gender neutral
• Formal titling increased but
bias towards males
Land access
20. Labour
• Regional patterns vary, with
female headed households in
8 out of 15 regions having
fewer adult workers
• The share of male labour is
much lower among FHHs
• May have affects for land size
• Labour intensive technologies
21. Irrigation and technology use
• Access to water resources is higher among
male farm managers in 9 out of 15 regions
• Adoption of seed technology is gender neutral
• Other technologies, especially agroforestry,
pesticide use and use of animal manure, are
biased against female farm managers
22. Livestock
• Regional importance varies strongly, but…
• In regions where livestock are important
there are clear and growing gender gaps
• Women don’t own small stock to compensate
–strong male dominance
23. Non-farm assets?
• Massive expansion of ICT – gender neutral in
general (3% ownership in Afrint I, 67% by
Afrint III)
• Bicycle ownership has increased, but with a
large gender gap (69% versus 39 %)
• Housing standard has improved greatly, no
gender gaps
• Ability to save has also improved, regional
gender gaps are persistent though
24. Agricultural commercialization
• Commercialization in maize, measured through market
participation, share sold and volumes sold
• Market participation widespread and increasing over the
period, especially in Zambia and Tanzania
• Prices are undifferentiated by sex
• No significant changes in Kenya, higher volumes sold am
female farm managers in Tanzania
• Zambia drives commercialization tendencies over the
period, with a widening gender gap
26. Share of harvest sold for maize, Zambia, by sex
of farm manager, Afrint I and III
27. Amount of maize sold, Zambia, by sex of
farm manager, kg Afrint I and Afrint III
28. Other crops
• For food crops, feminization
of markets in Kenya,
masculinization in
Mozambique, Malawi,
Tanzania, no gender gaps in
Zambia and Ghana
• Cash crops, three crops
dominated by male farm
managers: cotton, tobacco
and sugar cane, but only in
Malawi, Mozambique and
Zambia
29. Cash incomes by gender
• In general incomes have remained stagnant
and in some countries they have dropped
• Small gender gaps in income in Afrint II, in
Malawi and Zambia, by Afrint III cash
income gaps are found also in Ghana and
Kenya, and their size has also increased.
Except for Kenya, male bias is related to
incomes generated from farming.
• Panel data show that female farm managers
are not biased in diversification processes
outside agriculture, but that they are
forfeiting opportunities within agriculture
31. Intra household income
generation
• Male bias both in farm and non-
farm incomes, with a couple of
exceptions
• In general, the gender gaps within
households are larger than
between them
• Pinning women’s empowerment
on hopes of income generation
whether within or outside
agriculture is problematic as long
as the command over income that
they generate lies with their
husbands
32. Summing up
• Farm size has increased in some countries, fallen in others.
Such increases have benefited the top strata, but the
bottom strata remains unchanged. In regions where farm
sizes have increased, this has been accompanied by
increasing gender gaps in cultivated area.
• In general, female farm managers have smaller
landholdings than male farm managers.
• Maize and ”other food crops” have increased in
importance in crop portfolios. Maize production and yield
increases are largely driven by Zambian trends. Yields have
dropped in Kenya and Malawi and yield gaps remain
persistent.
33. Summing up contd.
• Fertilizer technology has increased and is largely similar
among high performing maize farmers (top 5%) and the
average, with no gender based differences
• Commercialization has generally increased, but in maize
it has widened gender gaps, other food crops are
masculinized in some countries, but feminized in Kenya.
Access to irrigation and male labour may explain the
tendencies towards masculinization
34. Summing up final…
• Access to non-farm incomes remains stable, but is a
decisive source of differentiation. Gender gaps in
income between households are, however
predominantly driven by farm based sources of
income. Non-farm diversification is a gender neutral
process
• While farm based assets have grown among male
headed households, general patterns of improved
livelihoods can be seen in rising standards of housing
and other non-farm assets – these are largely gender
neutral, suggesting that female headed households use
improvements in savings to invest outside agriculture
Editor's Notes
*inclusivity- closely tied to issues of equity and the role of agriculture in poverty reduction, has been shown to be much larger in equitable systems of land access, e g comparative work on China and India. Reason is that technology transfers are much more efficient in equitable systems of land access, enabling raised productivity for both labour and land.
Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia
16 regions
54 villages
2400 households (2002, 2008, 2013/15)
Purposively sampled in dynamic and less dynamic regions
Representative at the village level
Focus on staple crops
Regional crop dynamics important
*entry into markets or sale of more produce in combination with an improvement in saving: not being able to save in 2002, but being able to save in 2008, while increasing agricultural commercialization
*9 fhh, 9 mhh, both spouses in these, stratified by average cash income (per capita) in each village.
Market participation in maize around 50%, up from 35 % in afrint I
Market participation
The share of female headed households varies strongly from 14% to 45%
(in Kenya no differences, one region in Mozambique neither, but for the rest there are differences, the