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APRA Zimbabwe Work Stream 1 Update
- 1. Impacts of Smallholder Tobacco and Maize–led Commercialisation in Zimbabwe: Some Preliminary Observations Chrispen Sukume and Vine Mutyasira Zimbabwe The Dynamics of Agricultural Commercialisation, Diversification and Rural Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Multi-Country Studies of the Afrint and APRA Programmes Afrint-APRA Seminar, IDS, Brighton - 3 October 2018 Funded by UK aid from the UK Government www.future-agricultures.org/apra
- 2. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Presentation Overview • Introduction • Key hypothesis and methodology • Preliminary results
- 3. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Introduction • Since colonial times, flue-cured tobacco production for export has been a key subsector in the settler agriculture • The land reforms of 2000 temporarily disrupted the tobacco value chain. But beginning 2004-5 the sector regrouped and began rapid growth largely on the back of smallholder production • Some commentators have blamed declines in national food self- sufficiency on growth in smallholder tobacco growth • This study empirically contrast how participation in tobacco or maize based commercialisation by smallholder households have impacted poverty, employment, empowerment of women, and food and nutrition security within Mazowe district – an area that has experienced rapid growth in tobacco production in the past 13 years.
- 5. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Key Hypothesis & Methodology Using two period panel survey the in Mvurwi and Concession areas of Mazowe District the following hypotheses: •Compared to maize based, tobacco led commercialisation will lead to greater increase in agricultural productivity and incomes resulting in better poverty reduction and food security outcomes. •Smallholder tobacco farmers under contractual arrangements with exporting firms experience better poverty reduction and increase in food security than independent smallholder farmers •The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in terms of gender, class and other social dimensions.
- 6. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Key Hypothesis & Methodology •Tobacco commercialisation will lead to increased labour demands and changes in time use for men and women, consequently leading to the dis-empowerment of women and girls compared to maize based commercialisation. •Smallholder farming households with better access to land and access to financial resources are more likely to participate in tobacco led commercialisation compared to maize based commercialisation
- 7. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Findings 1 - Statistics/ Indicators Zone of Mazowe District Obs Maize based Tobacco- Independent Tobacco- Contract Mvurwi (3 Wards, 11 Villages) 424 98 161 165 Concession (4 Wards, 7 Villages) 221 119 46 56
- 8. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Findings 1 - Statistics/ Indicators Variable Tob - contract Tobacco - Indep Maized based Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. (n=221) (n=221) (n=221) Age Head 50 12.42 51 13.82 54 12.99 Yrs of schooling of HHLD head 9.34 2.51 8.68 3.08 9.22 2.86 HHLD Size 6.47 2.72 6.46 2.62 5.37 2.43 Asset Index 2.23 0.76 1.95 0.81 1.82 0.83 Value of livestock 3,355 3,986 3,762 5,980 2,972 4,988 Livestock sales 492 1587 683 4022 662 2137 Crop revenue($) 1,928 1,634 1,570 1,432 960 1,329 Land holding(ha) 4.68 2.46 4.24 2.12 4.96 3.52
- 9. www.future-agricultures.org/apra Findings 2 - Highlight • . 8.7 6.2 2.5 8.0 5.5 2.5 8.1 5.7 2.5 mzprd mzsls mzretained mzprd mzsls mzretained mzprd mzsls mzretained Tobacco under contract Tobacco under auction No tobacco production Maize production, retention and sales by treatment
- 10. www.future-agricultures.org/apra The Team Team Member Organisational Affiliation Area of Responsibility Chrispen Sukume University of Zimbabwe Team Lead Vine Mutyasira University of Zimbabwe Econometric Analysis Felix Murimbarimba Independent Researcher Field Supervisor
Editor's Notes
- Please prepare a fairly detailed presentation of your study design, methodology, descriptive statistics, emerging findings and next steps.
- Two quantitative panel surveys will be undertaken in each APRA Work Stream 1 country. These will be complemented by qualitative and historical studies. The first panel has been carried out during the first year of the programme and will serve as a benchmark survey for comparing impacts of commercialisation on the key APRA outcome indicators. It is expected that there will be changes in commercialisation and outcome indicators between the first round and second round surveys to establish the impact of different commercialisation options. Use this slide to: Introduce your study briefly Summarise the main objective of the study
- Two quantitative panel surveys will be undertaken in each APRA Work Stream 1 country. These will be complemented by qualitative and historical studies. The first panel has been carried out during the first year of the programme and will serve as a benchmark survey for comparing impacts of commercialisation on the key APRA outcome indicators. It is expected that there will be changes in commercialisation and outcome indicators between the first round and second round surveys to establish the impact of different commercialisation options. Use this slide to: Introduce your study briefly Summarise the main objective of the study
- Include a map of your field sites Please add one or two photos from your first round fieldwork and/or team training and planning. These could be added to other slides, if space allows.
- Use this slide to: Outline key hypothesis briefly Summarise the main hypothesis of the study Please explain the specific hypotheses you plan to test in your WS1 study. Generally speaking, using the APRA panel data the following hypotheses will be tested across the country studies to assess the links between commercialisation and household outcome indicators: -Higher the degree of commercialisation of rural households will lead to agricultural productivity and increased incomes resulting in poverty reduction and increase in food security. -Smallholder farmers with contractual arrangements (such as out-grower models) with large farms or commercial entities will witness better outcomes than independent smallholder farmers in terms of poverty reduction and increase in food security. -Large scale agricultural investments or agro-investments that engage small and medium scale farmers in contractual arrangements are more effective in generating employment and quality jobs. -The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in terms of gender, class and other social dimensions. -Higher level of commercialisation of rural households will lead to increase in labour and changes time use for men and women, consequently leading to the empowerment of women and girls. -Smallholder farming households with land and access to financial resources will benefit disproportionately from market opportunities arising from commercialisation while poorer households are likely to benefit through the employment channel.
- Use this slide to: Outline key hypothesis briefly Summarise the main hypothesis of the study Please explain the specific hypotheses you plan to test in your WS1 study. Generally speaking, using the APRA panel data the following hypotheses will be tested across the country studies to assess the links between commercialisation and household outcome indicators: -Higher the degree of commercialisation of rural households will lead to agricultural productivity and increased incomes resulting in poverty reduction and increase in food security. -Smallholder farmers with contractual arrangements (such as out-grower models) with large farms or commercial entities will witness better outcomes than independent smallholder farmers in terms of poverty reduction and increase in food security. -Large scale agricultural investments or agro-investments that engage small and medium scale farmers in contractual arrangements are more effective in generating employment and quality jobs. -The impacts of commercialisation will be highly differentiated in terms of gender, class and other social dimensions. -Higher level of commercialisation of rural households will lead to increase in labour and changes time use for men and women, consequently leading to the empowerment of women and girls. -Smallholder farming households with land and access to financial resources will benefit disproportionately from market opportunities arising from commercialisation while poorer households are likely to benefit through the employment channel.
- Presentation of basic descriptive statistics: Examples include sample numbers by control/ treatment groups, mean household characteristics by control and treatment groups etc.
- Presentation of basic descriptive statistics: Examples include sample numbers by control/ treatment groups, mean household characteristics by control and treatment groups etc.
- You can’t cover everything in a short presentation, so please try to select one or two ‘gems’ or ‘nuggets’ (i.e. exciting findings or unexpected outcomes) to report to the audience!
- List key team members Explain who is doing what – the roles and responsibilities