Europeans enslaved Africans and indigenous peoples to exploit natural resources and produce crops in the Americas. Africans accompanied conquistadors, helped cultivate crops, and comprised the majority of the slave trade as they were better suited to the labor than indentured Europeans. Enslaved Africans resisted capture and offered stiff resistance, often revolting, drowning themselves, or attacking slave ships. Over 12.5 million slaves endured the traumatic middle passage to the Caribbean and Americas where they faced cruel treatment and codes regulating their lives, though some achieved freedom or substantial roles in society through maroon communities or Catholic teachings.
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HI 333 – The History & Politics of Africa
Topic 2B Sources – The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Secondary Sources – Scholarly Sources
1. M. Malowist – “The Struggle for International Trade”
Malowist provides some historical context for the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. When Europeans first began purchasing Africans, what was their purpose? How and why did that purpose change over time?
[p.6] Portugal was initially attracted to Black Africa by its gold, previously exported to the Islamic countries. The Portuguese, however, soon discovered a second African product attractive to Europeans, namely slaves. Though slavery in Africa differed from that known to Europeans, the tradition of exporting slaves to the Arab countries was an old one in large parts of the continent, particularly Sudan. This tradition seems to have facilitated somewhat the organization—during the 1400s and 1500s—of regular purchases of slaves by the Portuguese from a large part of West Africa, particularly Senegambia, a long-standing economic partner of the Maghrib. The Portuguese, who penetrated farther and farther inland in the south-eastern part of West Africa, successfully applied the trade methods used in Senegambia. Realizing success depended on the cooperation of local chiefs and traders, they worked to interest them in the slave trade. The Portuguese also realized that such trade would lead to
[p.7] increased fighting between peoples and states, because prisoners of war soon became the main subject of the trade. The Portuguese soon abandoned their moral objections to the slave trade, believing, as did many in Europe, that it enabled blacks to reach salvation, whereas had they remained in their own countries, they would as non-Christians have been damned to eternal perdition….
Throughout the 1400s and early 1500s, the main market for ‘the black merchandise’ was Europe, particularly Portugal and the Spanish countries and, to a certain extent, islands in the Atlantic such as Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands and subsequently St. Thomas Island—although the number of slaves transported to these islands was limited by the small size of the islands themselves. The main incentive for the slave trade in Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands and, in particular, St. Thomas Island was the introduction of the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton. Slavery could not develop to any great extent on the European continent because there was no economic reason for it…. It was the discovery of America and its economic development by the whites that gave impetus to the [slave] trade. The enormous shortage of labour in Spanish colonies where local populations were already too few to carry out the heavy production tasks demanded by the Spaniards is currently seen as the main reason….
[p.8] The demand for black labour was already great in the Antilles in the early 1500s and grew rapidly with the territorial expansion following the Spanish conquests. Bec.
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The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
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Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
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MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
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Africans in the atlantic world
1.
2. Finding New Lands &
Labor
Africans and the Conquistadors: Africans accompanied the conquistadors on their
exploration of the southwestern parts of the United States. The Africans helped
them claim the land and lives of the native American peoples.
Demand for Slave Labor: Europeans became interested in exploiting the natural
resources in this new world. European conquers enslaved Indians making them
work in mines and agriculture fields. Unfortunately disease carried by Europeans
wiped out the entire native population. They needed Africans to make up for the
deficiency of Indian labor. Plus the Africans were already familiar with the cultivation
of these crops because they had worked with those crops before .
From Indenture to Slavery: England more then other nations attempted to use white
indentured labor, but ultimately this proved unsatisfactory. “Indentured Servitude”
meant that a laborer agreed to serve a master for a term of years after which he or
she would gain freedom and ideally a grant of land. Many of the white slaves went
so far to sue masters for illegal detention, also many ran away. Blacks presented so
few of the difficulties the white laborers caused them. Also Africans slaves cost less.
In a period when economic consideration dominated colonial policy this calculation
made New World slavery a fixed institution.
3. Trading in Slaves
Acquiring Slaves: Slaves were mostly obtained through negotiation although slave
raids by Europeans did occur. Europeans’ sales of guns cause new levels of havoc
and civil strife among Africans, ensuring that rising numbers of slaves were captured
for the transatlantic market.
Africans in the Slave trade: Africans were both perpetrators and victims of the
Atlantic slave trade. Europeans followed strict rules of protocols for trade
negotiations. They consulted doctors when uncertain about age or physical
condition.
Slave Trade Challenges: Europeans ran into costly delays. They would bring goods
that weren't desired leaving them unable to find a sufficient number of slaves at a
single trading post. The ship might be compelled to call at four or five ports in order
to purchase as many as five hundred slaves.
The Trauma of Capture : They could not understand the white people, their
complexions differed so much from the Africans. They believed they were going to
be eaten by them. Enslaved Africans offered stiff resistance to their capture , sale
and transport across the Atlantic.
African Resistance: Would jump off the ships into the ocean and drown themselves
or into the mouths of sharks just to avoid enslavement of the new world. They also
attacked the slave ships or attempted to rescue captives.
4. The Middle Passage
A Profitable Trade: More slaves on the ship meant
more profits: hence few traders could resist the
temptation to wedge a few more in. The slave trade
was one of the most important sources of European
wealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
From African slave trade Europeans income had a
steady increase throughout the centuries.
Approximately 12.5 million slaves were transported
to the New World.
5. Slavery in the Caribbean
The Spanish Monopoly: They had control over the Caribbean because of the prior claim done by
the popes actions in 1493.African slaves produced very desirable staple crops which caught
other countries eyes.
Loss of Spanish Control: They lost all claim to Denmark, Dutch Republic, France, and England
which all acquired their own respective lands. They gained control by their sneaky monopoly of
slave trade in the Caribbean's New World territory.
Living Conditions: Deaths became extremely high due to improper food, disease, intolerable
working conditions, suicide, and far more males then females. The Caribbean did not become a
place of residence but merely a temporary source for wealth.
Slave Codes Punishment: The African population quickly came to outnumber whites. The
Caribbean promoted the enactment of slave codes to regulate the African Americans on the
British Plantations. This prohibited slaves from leaving plantation. If they revolted back they were
severely whipped or branded.
Punishment: Suspend Slave from tree by a rope and tie iron weights around his or her neck
Slave Revolts : Cruel punishment towards the African slaves only made them revolt. they
terrorized the whites which made Britain sign treaties with the maroons during the 1700s.
Conspiracies, uprising and revolts were happening everywhere.
Seasoned Slaves: Time proved that slaves adjusted to climate, disease and food. Slaves were
regarded as seasoned within 3 or 4 years and were shipped out to other islands.
6. Slavery in Mainland Latin
America
Mexico: Demand for slaves in mainland increased. More then 60,000 Africans
entered Mexico during the first century conquest. The Mexican market was a
veritable paradise for slave traders. At one point there was about 120,000 slaves.
Central America: The number of slaves was never larger then 10,000 but the slaves
were a considerable source of trouble for the Spanish. The Guatemala City found it
impossible to subdue them so slaves became free and developed into substantial
citizens.
South America: The largest concentration of blacks were in the viceroyalty of New
Granada. New Granada's ports became the largest slave markets in the New World
off the Caribbean.
The Viceroyalty of Peru: Served as a market from which Andean planters and
herders purchased black workers, some arriving from Panama and others came
directly from Africa and around Cape Horn. They also had two currents converging
on Peru.
Uruguay & Argentina: Large plantations of blacks lived here. There was about
seven African societies that lived there.
Brazil: 44,000 Africans arrived annually here. Africans were largely responsible for
the increase in total population. Brazil had the largest percentage of slaves brought
to the new world.
7. Slave Societies in the
Americas
The Catholic Church: Scholars argued for pivotal role of
Catholic Church in shaping the slaves experience in Latin
America. Priests insisted that slaves became baptized.
Reading was open and optional for them. Owners were
not permitted to work slaves on Sundays.
Intermarriage: Choices for white men in South American
colonies were limited. Interracial marriage was frowned
upon greatly. Most of the time slaves could not get
married, it was not really an option. The consent by their
owner however, was the only way for a slave man and
women to share the equivalent of a marital relationship.
8. Works Cited
Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New
York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
Jiménez, Michael. "What Is Atlantic History." CPAS Newletter, 2001. Web.
<www.marcusrediker.com/Articles/what_is_atlantic_history.htm>.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries. "Web of Connections." Http://www.amhistory.si.edu/.
Smithsonian NAtional Museum of American History, 2011. Web.
9. Strength shown by the Africans in the
Atlantic World
They have the ability to work hard in the most unbearable conditions.
Whites no longer became wanted as slaves because Africans worked way harder
and were way tougher dealing with slave owners then the whites were.
They never stopped fighting against enslavement.
They always fought for what they believed in.
All new land and territories would not be possible without the Africans work.
They helped conquistadors fight for new territory in the Americas.
Africans produced high demand staple crops in the Caribbean making the land very
desirable to other countries.
They revolted against whites when they had cruel treatment in the Caribbean.
They terrorized the whites by revolting which made Britain sign treaties with the
maroons during the 1700s.
Guatemala City found it impossible to subdue them so slaves became free and
eventually became substantial citizens.
Editor's Notes
PG #23-27 Slide 2 Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
PG #27-33 Slide 3Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
PG #33-35 Slide 4Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
PG #35-41 Slide 5Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
PG #41-44 Slide 6Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.
PG # 45-46 Slide 7Franklin, John Hope, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. From Slavery to Freedom. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.