The document discusses the origins and evolution of humanity in Africa over millions of years. It describes 3 major revolutions that occurred in Africa: 1) The emergence of the first hominid, Proconsul, around 24 million years ago. 2) The emergence of the genus Homo around 2 million years ago, including species like Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and Homo ergaster. 3) The emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa around 200,000-100,000 years ago, from which all modern humans are descended, leading to the colonization of Asia, Europe, and the rest of the world.
This document provides information on human evolution and different types of societies. It discusses four categories of hominids (Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo), with details on several types of Homo (H. habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens, H. floresiensis, H. naledi, H. rudolfensis, H. heidelbergensis). It also outlines the differences between H. sapiens neanderthalensis and H. sapiens sapiens. The document describes six types of societies (hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, post-industrial)
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Human Evolution Interactive Powerpoint Presentationsanfojam
The document provides an overview of human evolution and the major species in our family tree, including Homo, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus genera. It describes five Homo species, four Australopithecus species, and three Paranthropus species. Each species entry includes its scientific name, date range, and key distinguishing characteristics. The document is an interactive learning resource for students to learn about early human ancestors and how they fit within our evolutionary tree.
There is no consensus on the evolutionary history of hominids due to an incomplete fossil record. This presentation will provide a brief overview of hominid evolution from the beginning of life in the Tertiary period to modern Homo sapiens. While the exact timeline is uncertain, evidence suggests early hominids like Australopithecus emerged around 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Traits like reduced canine teeth and bipedalism developed over time. Later species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus had larger brains and more human-like features. Anatomically modern humans are believed to have evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa.
This document summarizes the evolution of early human ancestors from 7 million years ago to present day Homo sapiens. It describes several key species including Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Each species is briefly discussed with details about when and where they lived as well as important traits that linked them to later human ancestors or differentiated them from other species.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Here are the key points about the Paleolithic Age marked by hominids:
- The Paleolithic Age occurred 5 million years ago or more and was marked by early hominids.
- Hominids from this time period had a nomadic lifestyle as hunter-gatherers, gathering plants/fruits and hunting wild animals for food.
- A major development was that hominids evolved to walk upright, freeing their hands to hold/carry things while moving.
- Walking upright allowed hominids to develop tools that could be transported, laying the foundations for more advanced tool use later on.
- Agriculture had not yet been developed during the Paleolithic Age, so homin
1) Anthropologists study prehistory by examining physical remains and artifacts from early humans and their ancestors. They investigate periods before written records to understand how people lived.
2) Early human ancestors like Ardipithecus ramidus lived 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Australopithecines like Lucy lived 3 million years ago. Homo habilis 2.6 million years ago was the first to make tools.
3) Homo erectus emerged around 2 million years ago, were the first upright walkers, and migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, emerged around 250,000 years ago in Africa and eventually replaced Neanderthals
This document provides information on human evolution and different types of societies. It discusses four categories of hominids (Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo), with details on several types of Homo (H. habilis, H. erectus, H. sapiens, H. floresiensis, H. naledi, H. rudolfensis, H. heidelbergensis). It also outlines the differences between H. sapiens neanderthalensis and H. sapiens sapiens. The document describes six types of societies (hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial, post-industrial)
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Human Evolution Interactive Powerpoint Presentationsanfojam
The document provides an overview of human evolution and the major species in our family tree, including Homo, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus genera. It describes five Homo species, four Australopithecus species, and three Paranthropus species. Each species entry includes its scientific name, date range, and key distinguishing characteristics. The document is an interactive learning resource for students to learn about early human ancestors and how they fit within our evolutionary tree.
There is no consensus on the evolutionary history of hominids due to an incomplete fossil record. This presentation will provide a brief overview of hominid evolution from the beginning of life in the Tertiary period to modern Homo sapiens. While the exact timeline is uncertain, evidence suggests early hominids like Australopithecus emerged around 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Traits like reduced canine teeth and bipedalism developed over time. Later species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus had larger brains and more human-like features. Anatomically modern humans are believed to have evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa.
This document summarizes the evolution of early human ancestors from 7 million years ago to present day Homo sapiens. It describes several key species including Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Each species is briefly discussed with details about when and where they lived as well as important traits that linked them to later human ancestors or differentiated them from other species.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Here are the key points about the Paleolithic Age marked by hominids:
- The Paleolithic Age occurred 5 million years ago or more and was marked by early hominids.
- Hominids from this time period had a nomadic lifestyle as hunter-gatherers, gathering plants/fruits and hunting wild animals for food.
- A major development was that hominids evolved to walk upright, freeing their hands to hold/carry things while moving.
- Walking upright allowed hominids to develop tools that could be transported, laying the foundations for more advanced tool use later on.
- Agriculture had not yet been developed during the Paleolithic Age, so homin
1) Anthropologists study prehistory by examining physical remains and artifacts from early humans and their ancestors. They investigate periods before written records to understand how people lived.
2) Early human ancestors like Ardipithecus ramidus lived 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Australopithecines like Lucy lived 3 million years ago. Homo habilis 2.6 million years ago was the first to make tools.
3) Homo erectus emerged around 2 million years ago, were the first upright walkers, and migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, emerged around 250,000 years ago in Africa and eventually replaced Neanderthals
This document summarizes key hominin species in human evolution including Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Cro-Magnons. It discusses where and when these species lived, debates about relationships between Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis, and physical adaptations of Homo erectus. The document emphasizes that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago and have since spread worldwide, noting that understanding evolution enhances appreciation for life rather than demeaning humanity.
This document discusses several hominin species from the genus Homo that existed between 2.4-1.5 million years ago, including Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis. It examines the connections between these species and why they are considered part of the same genus, while also touching on their cultural developments. The author aims to analyze the relationships between these later hominins in the Homo lineage.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
This document discusses key concepts in human biological and cultural evolution, including:
- Major hominin species such as Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens.
- Key biological evolutionary processes like natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin that led to changes in hominin genetics and traits over generations.
- The development of cultural evolution in humans marked by changes in way of life, including tool usage, language, group living, culture, and the Neolithic agricultural revolution.
This document provides an overview of primate evolution, beginning with early primates like lemurs and tarsiers, followed by descriptions of different monkey groups. It then discusses the evolution of great apes including humans' closest relatives chimpanzees. Key human ancestors like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus are summarized along with debates around early human migration out of Africa. The document concludes with discussions of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.
Prehistory is divided into three main periods - the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic, which began over 2 million years ago, saw the emergence and evolution of early humans from primate ancestors in Africa. Key hominid species that developed over this time include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Neanderthals and Homo sapiens existed side by side in Europe for thousands of years before Neanderthals went extinct. The Neolithic began around 9000 BC when early humans adopted agriculture and settled in villages. During the Metal Ages beginning around 5000 BC, humans began using
The document discusses human evolution and several early hominid species, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and modern humans. It describes how humans first evolved in Africa and traces the evolution of traits like bipedalism. Key points made include that Homo habilis was the first tool-making hominid and Homo erectus was one of the first hominids with modern human-like body proportions. The document also discusses evidence of interbreeding between early hominids like Neanderthals and modern humans.
The document provides an overview of Ayurveda, one of the traditional Indian systems of medicine. Some key points:
- Ayurveda is considered the oldest holistic healing system and dates back over 5,000 years. It views health as a balance between the body, mind and spirit.
- The main texts are the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtang Hridaya Samhita. Ayurveda is based on the concepts of doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), dhatus, malas and agni.
- Health according to Ayurveda is defined as a balanced state of doshas,
The document discusses human evolution from a common ancestor with apes. It provides details on:
1) Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, though this ancestor was not identical to modern chimpanzees or apes.
2) Early humans like Australopithecines evolved traits like bipedalism, while Homo habilis began using simple tools, and Homo erectus was migratory.
3) The closest living relatives to humans are chimpanzees and bonobos, with human DNA being 98.4% identical to chimpanzees. Molecular evidence suggests gorillas and chimpanzees split from the human line between 8
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. He formulated his theory privately in 1837-1839 after returning from a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, and published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which has deeply influenced Western society and thought. Primates including humans evolved from earlier species like Australopithecus afarensis, which lived 3.85-2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa and had characteristics of both apes and humans. Later species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens exhibited increasingly human-like traits and behaviors as they adapted to
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
This document discusses theories about human evolution, including the evolution of Homo sapiens from earlier species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It describes some of the key anatomical changes that distinguish Homo sapiens, such as bipedalism, larger brain size, and differences in dental structure. The document also references debates about whether Homo sapiens evolved recently in Africa or evolved simultaneously in different parts of the world from Homo erectus populations that migrated out of Africa.
The document summarizes research on human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses topics like the incomplete fossil record, disagreements around hominid species numbers and timelines, and key species like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Comparisons are made between skeletal structures, brain sizes, and pelvises of different hominids to illustrate anatomical changes over time.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early hominids to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses that the evolutionary history of hominids is not clear due to incomplete fossil records. Early hominid species included Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis. Later species such as Homo erectus showed adaptations for walking and larger brain size. The document compares physical traits between hominid species and modern humans. It also addresses debates around the emergence of modern humans and their relationship to Neanderthals.
This document provides an introduction to anthropology and the study of human societies and culture. It discusses the origins and early development of anthropology as a field. It also summarizes the key topics covered in subsequent chapters, including the origin of man based on evolutionary theory, the development of human societies and thought, what defines culture and its components, and how culture influences and shapes human behavior.
This document outlines the evolution of humans and their hominid ancestors. It discusses key species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Important developments include the evolution of bipedalism, increasing brain size, tool use, and the migration of hominids out of Africa between 1-2 million years ago. The timeline of human evolution began with tree-dwelling primate ancestors 5-10 million years ago and led to modern humans.
Louis Leakey was a pioneering British archaeologist and anthropologist who, along with his wife Mary, made several important discoveries regarding human evolution in East Africa. Some of their key findings included discovering fossils of early hominids like Zinjanthropus boisei and Homo habilis that supported the "Out of Africa" theory of human evolution. Leakey also established research sites at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania that yielded many significant fossil finds. Despite facing setbacks, Leakey's work in East Africa in the mid-20th century helped prove the "Out of Africa" model of human origins.
Similarities Between Chimpanzees And ChimpanzeesLissette Hartman
The document discusses theories of human evolution and the fossil Australopithecus afarensis, nicknamed "Lucy". It provides context on the debate between creationism and evolution, and examines evidence from Lucy's fossil remains, which are considered one of the most complete fossils of an early hominin. However, some dispute the classification of Lucy as a "missing link" in human evolution. The document explores both sides of the debate over Lucy's role as evidence for evolution from apes to humans.
The document discusses the genus Australopithecus, which was an early hominin that evolved in Eastern Africa around 4 million years ago. Several Australopithecus species emerged during this time period, including A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. anamensis, and A. garhi. A. anamensis is considered the earliest known Australopithecus, existing between 3.8-4.2 million years ago. Evidence from fossils shows that A. anamensis could walk on two legs but also had adaptations for climbing trees.
The document discusses the hominin species Paranthropus aethiopicus. Key points include:
- P. aethiopicus dates back to 2.3-2.7 million years ago and was one of the earliest known robust forms of Australopithecus.
- The species was first discovered in Omo, Ethiopia and nicknamed the 'Black Skull'.
- An important fossil discovery of the species was KMN-WT-17000 found in West Turkana, Kenya in 1985.
- P. aethiopicus had strong jaw muscles and teeth adapted for grinding, allowing it to consume harder foods than other species.
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The customer will receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied or request revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarism.
13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
This document summarizes key hominin species in human evolution including Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Cro-Magnons. It discusses where and when these species lived, debates about relationships between Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis, and physical adaptations of Homo erectus. The document emphasizes that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago and have since spread worldwide, noting that understanding evolution enhances appreciation for life rather than demeaning humanity.
This document discusses several hominin species from the genus Homo that existed between 2.4-1.5 million years ago, including Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis. It examines the connections between these species and why they are considered part of the same genus, while also touching on their cultural developments. The author aims to analyze the relationships between these later hominins in the Homo lineage.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
This document discusses key concepts in human biological and cultural evolution, including:
- Major hominin species such as Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens.
- Key biological evolutionary processes like natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin that led to changes in hominin genetics and traits over generations.
- The development of cultural evolution in humans marked by changes in way of life, including tool usage, language, group living, culture, and the Neolithic agricultural revolution.
This document provides an overview of primate evolution, beginning with early primates like lemurs and tarsiers, followed by descriptions of different monkey groups. It then discusses the evolution of great apes including humans' closest relatives chimpanzees. Key human ancestors like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus are summarized along with debates around early human migration out of Africa. The document concludes with discussions of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.
Prehistory is divided into three main periods - the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic, which began over 2 million years ago, saw the emergence and evolution of early humans from primate ancestors in Africa. Key hominid species that developed over this time include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Neanderthals and Homo sapiens existed side by side in Europe for thousands of years before Neanderthals went extinct. The Neolithic began around 9000 BC when early humans adopted agriculture and settled in villages. During the Metal Ages beginning around 5000 BC, humans began using
The document discusses human evolution and several early hominid species, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and modern humans. It describes how humans first evolved in Africa and traces the evolution of traits like bipedalism. Key points made include that Homo habilis was the first tool-making hominid and Homo erectus was one of the first hominids with modern human-like body proportions. The document also discusses evidence of interbreeding between early hominids like Neanderthals and modern humans.
The document provides an overview of Ayurveda, one of the traditional Indian systems of medicine. Some key points:
- Ayurveda is considered the oldest holistic healing system and dates back over 5,000 years. It views health as a balance between the body, mind and spirit.
- The main texts are the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtang Hridaya Samhita. Ayurveda is based on the concepts of doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), dhatus, malas and agni.
- Health according to Ayurveda is defined as a balanced state of doshas,
The document discusses human evolution from a common ancestor with apes. It provides details on:
1) Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, though this ancestor was not identical to modern chimpanzees or apes.
2) Early humans like Australopithecines evolved traits like bipedalism, while Homo habilis began using simple tools, and Homo erectus was migratory.
3) The closest living relatives to humans are chimpanzees and bonobos, with human DNA being 98.4% identical to chimpanzees. Molecular evidence suggests gorillas and chimpanzees split from the human line between 8
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. He formulated his theory privately in 1837-1839 after returning from a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, and published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which has deeply influenced Western society and thought. Primates including humans evolved from earlier species like Australopithecus afarensis, which lived 3.85-2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa and had characteristics of both apes and humans. Later species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens exhibited increasingly human-like traits and behaviors as they adapted to
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
This document discusses theories about human evolution, including the evolution of Homo sapiens from earlier species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. It describes some of the key anatomical changes that distinguish Homo sapiens, such as bipedalism, larger brain size, and differences in dental structure. The document also references debates about whether Homo sapiens evolved recently in Africa or evolved simultaneously in different parts of the world from Homo erectus populations that migrated out of Africa.
The document summarizes research on human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses topics like the incomplete fossil record, disagreements around hominid species numbers and timelines, and key species like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Comparisons are made between skeletal structures, brain sizes, and pelvises of different hominids to illustrate anatomical changes over time.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early hominids to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses that the evolutionary history of hominids is not clear due to incomplete fossil records. Early hominid species included Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis. Later species such as Homo erectus showed adaptations for walking and larger brain size. The document compares physical traits between hominid species and modern humans. It also addresses debates around the emergence of modern humans and their relationship to Neanderthals.
This document provides an introduction to anthropology and the study of human societies and culture. It discusses the origins and early development of anthropology as a field. It also summarizes the key topics covered in subsequent chapters, including the origin of man based on evolutionary theory, the development of human societies and thought, what defines culture and its components, and how culture influences and shapes human behavior.
This document outlines the evolution of humans and their hominid ancestors. It discusses key species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Important developments include the evolution of bipedalism, increasing brain size, tool use, and the migration of hominids out of Africa between 1-2 million years ago. The timeline of human evolution began with tree-dwelling primate ancestors 5-10 million years ago and led to modern humans.
Louis Leakey was a pioneering British archaeologist and anthropologist who, along with his wife Mary, made several important discoveries regarding human evolution in East Africa. Some of their key findings included discovering fossils of early hominids like Zinjanthropus boisei and Homo habilis that supported the "Out of Africa" theory of human evolution. Leakey also established research sites at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania that yielded many significant fossil finds. Despite facing setbacks, Leakey's work in East Africa in the mid-20th century helped prove the "Out of Africa" model of human origins.
Similarities Between Chimpanzees And ChimpanzeesLissette Hartman
The document discusses theories of human evolution and the fossil Australopithecus afarensis, nicknamed "Lucy". It provides context on the debate between creationism and evolution, and examines evidence from Lucy's fossil remains, which are considered one of the most complete fossils of an early hominin. However, some dispute the classification of Lucy as a "missing link" in human evolution. The document explores both sides of the debate over Lucy's role as evidence for evolution from apes to humans.
The document discusses the genus Australopithecus, which was an early hominin that evolved in Eastern Africa around 4 million years ago. Several Australopithecus species emerged during this time period, including A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. anamensis, and A. garhi. A. anamensis is considered the earliest known Australopithecus, existing between 3.8-4.2 million years ago. Evidence from fossils shows that A. anamensis could walk on two legs but also had adaptations for climbing trees.
The document discusses the hominin species Paranthropus aethiopicus. Key points include:
- P. aethiopicus dates back to 2.3-2.7 million years ago and was one of the earliest known robust forms of Australopithecus.
- The species was first discovered in Omo, Ethiopia and nicknamed the 'Black Skull'.
- An important fossil discovery of the species was KMN-WT-17000 found in West Turkana, Kenya in 1985.
- P. aethiopicus had strong jaw muscles and teeth adapted for grinding, allowing it to consume harder foods than other species.
The document provides instructions for submitting a paper writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Writers will bid on the request and the customer will choose a writer based on qualifications.
4. The customer will receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied or request revisions.
5. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and full refunds for plagiarism.
13 Original Colonies Essay. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
The document provides instructions for using a writing assistance website to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The purpose is to outline the process for having assignments written by third parties on the site.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
4 Year Old Observation Essays. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher born in 1806 in London. He was educated from a very young age by his father James Mill, a noted philosopher and economist who introduced him to the school of thought known as Utilitarianism. John Stuart studied languages, mathematics, science, and history extensively as a child, often tutoring his younger siblings as well. He was heavily influenced by his father's philosophies of scientific foundation for philosophy and humanist approach to politics and economics.
10 Lines Essay On Mahatma Gandhi In EnglishDarian Pruitt
This document provides instructions for requesting an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
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This document outlines the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains that users must first create an account with a password and email. They can then submit a 'Write My Paper For Me' request by filling out a form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer based on qualifications. The writer will complete the paper and the user can request revisions until satisfied. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality work and refunds for plagiarized content.
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The document discusses using the heat shock method to perform genetic transformation, which involves implanting a segment of DNA from one organism (a jellyfish) into another organism (E. coli bacteria) to make the recipient organism express the donor's genes. Specifically, it describes an experiment where heat shock was used to genetically transform a piece of DNA from a jellyfish into a sample of E. coli bacteria in order to observe the effects on the bacteria. The goal was to integrate the foreign jellyfish DNA into the E. coli genome and have the bacteria display characteristics specified by the new genetic material.
1. Social learning theory posits that violence is learned through observation and reinforcement. By witnessing violence, people learn aggressive behaviors which may be repeated, especially if rewarded.
2. Impulsivity and poor self-control have been linked to violence according to traits theories. Those with difficulties regulating emotions and impulses may act violently when angry or frustrated.
3. Attachment theory suggests that children who experience neglect, abuse or inconsistent caregiving are more likely to develop mental representations of relationships as distrustful and aggressive. This can influence the use of violence in future relationships.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
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400 Words Essay On Security Threats In IndiaDarian Pruitt
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and approve for payment or request revisions. 5) Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
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The document discusses beech forest ecosystems. It describes their main characteristics and distribution pre-human and currently. Beech forests support diverse vegetation structures and native fauna. Environmental factors like altitude, latitude, rainfall and soil drainage affect beech forest composition. Human activity also impacts ecological processes and species composition within beech forests. Specific examples of New Zealand beech species and their typical environments are provided.
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The document discusses comparing American zoos and aquariums. It notes that over 140 million people in North America visit zoos annually, more than various sports combined. However, some believe zoos and aquariums are unethical. It provides background on the issues, noting zoos aim to educate the public and conserve species, while critics argue animals are not suited to captivity and their needs cannot be met. The document examines both perspectives on the ethics of zoos and aquariums.
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History Essay - Writing Portfolio. Online assignment writing service.Darian Pruitt
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The passage discusses how the Great Depression and harsh weather conditions during the 1930s caused extreme hardship for many Americans, especially migrant farmers. The Great Depression led to bankruptcies and destitution as farmers struggled to survive. Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the struggles of migrant farmers through her photos from this era.
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How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Africa The Cradle Of Mankind
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The leadership of Africa in
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Learning Unit: The leadership of Africa in the history of humanity. Syllabus
1. Africa: The Cradle of Mankind.
2. From Pro-Consul to Homo Sapiens
1. The first African revolution: the first hominid (Proconsul)
2. The second African revolution: the Genus Homo
3. The third African revolution (and fundamental): the Homo Sapiens
1. The colonization of the world by the Homo Sapiens.
3. Conclusions
Autor: Pedro Nonell.
"Africa: The cradle ... and the future of humanity"
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Introduction. Africa: The Cradle of Mankind
From 6 million years ago, the most important steps, three authentic revolutions of mankind,
have occurred in Africa to become who we are, the Homo sapiens. Only for this reason Africa
should be the protagonist in the history of mankind. Climate change has been a key factor. In
this article is synthesized the long history of our origins and its relationship with Africa.
Important note. The information presented in this article, may not be accepted or may
be can generate discomfort in some readers, perhaps in some Christians or Muslims,
thinking that is not compatible with the Bible or the Koran. In any case, the objective is
not to go against the principles of these or other higher religions, but to show scientific
information that allows us to better understand the fundamental role of Africa in the
history of mankind. If any reader believes that this article goes against their religious
principles, we apologize in advance and humbly suggest that he/she firmly maintains
its religious positions, and to read this information only from a scientific point of view.
A very brief history of the evolution
Homo sapiens, we, the humanity, belong to the group of primates, along with 180 other
species. This does not mean that we descend from current monkey species, but other species
that have disappeared. It is estimated that the separation of the evolutionary line of
Chimpanzee took place between 4.5 and 7 M.Y. (millions of years ago)
Human beings, along with orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees, are "Hominids (Hominidae)".
This family of primates includes four genera and seven living species. Humans and
anthropomorphic belong to the group of hominoids.
All humans, the current Homo sapiens, has an African origin, like chimpanzees and gorillas.
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The first African revolution: the first hominid (Proconsul)
1. Date: between 24 and 2 M.Y. (Millions of years ago)
2. Place: Africa
According to actual available data, the first hominid, called Proconsul, appeared in Eastern
Africa, in the Great Lakes region, in the Miocene (between 24 and 5 M.Y. ago). Fossils of
Morotopithecus, Afropithecus and Kenyaphitecus (between 23 and 14 M.Y. ago) have been
found in this region.
If one accepts that the earth has an age of 4,540 million years, the period from the emergence
of Proconsul (24 million years ago) to the present is near insignificant. However, this period is
almost inconceivable in human terms.
It is estimated that about 17 M.Y. ago, when the Arabian Peninsula and Africa were united,
these hominoids began the first colonization of the world, expanding by Eurasia, emerging
new genera and species. Almost all of them disappeared between 8 and 7 MY, mainly by geo-
climatic reasons, appearing new species. Fossils of Ardiphitecus Ramidus (4,4 MY) have been
found, probably they walked upright, they were bipedal. From this time is also the
Australopithecus Amarensis (Australopithecus translation would be "the southern ape"), and
we have the certainty that he was bipedal.
About 1 M.Y. later appears the Australopithecus afarensis, the anthropologist Donald
Johanson discovered it in 1974 in Ethiopia. Perhaps the most famous fossil is that of a female
barely a meter of high and 30 Kg of weight, which he named Lucy (3.2 m), the fossils founds
suggest the possible existence of the "first family".
Skeleton and restoration model of Lucy (Australopithecus). Exhibit in the National Museum of
Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan. To the right, Donald Johanson.
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Also, the so-called "footprints of Laetoli" were found, so it's deduced that they walked in a
similar way to us. It is estimated that his intelligence would be the equivalent to a current
chimpanzee.
Afarensis moved toward West Africa. In 1995, the fossils of a new species were found in Chad:
the Australopithecus Bahrelghazali (3 M.Y). In 1924 in South Africa, were found the remains of
a new species: the Australopithecus Africanus (2 and 3 MY)
As we have seen, Africa, in particular Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania) has been
the main region where this evolution took place. This East African origin has been called the
"East Side Story" by Ives Coppens. This important step to bimetallism, will bring advantages to
the australopithecines: release of hands, access to new ecological niches, stability,
modification of the centre of gravity (saving of energy in movements), higher strength, better
regulation of body temperature (receives less solar radiation)...
About 2.5 M.Y. these hominids were diversified into two evolution lines: the Paranthropus
(characterized by a strong chewing apparatus, disappeared around 1 M.Y. ago) and the first
Homos.
Summary table of the Evolution of Humanity in Africa (Source: Juan Carlos Sastre)
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The second African re
• Date: about 2 M.Y
• Place: Africa
In 1758, Charles Linnaeus nam
that the oldest remains of this
(Ethiopia), with an antiquity of
Oldowan or mode 1) has been
To carve a stone for a particula
to aid in the production. Thus,
simpler, this increased protein
of energy of the body). We kno
The increase of the brain (doub
was born more unprotected, m
survival. This brain increase, pa
relationships within the group
although not all experts share
Sexual dimorphism (difference
height should be similar to our
Today, the three species accep
1- Homo habilis (1,8 y
He had a brain larger
Australopithecus Africa
1960 by Louis Leackey
2- Homo rudolfensis
Rudolfensis had a brain
apparatus. The only sit
name). They were disc
3- Homo ergaster ("the
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n revolution: the genus Homo
Y.
named the human race with the term Homo. Today
this genus are found by Donald Johanson in 1994 at
y of about 2.3 MY. Besides this fossil, several stone t
een found, an indispensable condition of this second
Charles Linneo Stone tool (Oldow
icular purpose, involves planning. It implies also to
hus, they could start cutting, and the access to meat
tein consumption, favored the growth of the brain
know that the brain structure of these homos was s
doubled) difficult births. Women had to be helped. T
d, more and more dependent of his mother and of
e, particularly the cortex, made it possible to develop
oups; the "social intelligence" was born (Dunbar and
are this opinion, also appeared the first forms of lan
nce between the size of the man and woman) was r
ours. Later, these early homos also colonized Eurasi
ccepted of Homo proposed by Bernard Wood are:
,8 y 1.6 M.Y.)
than Australopithecus and has some similarity wit
fricanus. The main site is Olduvai (North of Tanzania
key.
(1,9 y 1,6 M.Y.).
brain larger than Habilis and a more developed mast
ly site is in the Lake Turkana (formerly Lake Rudolph,
discovered by Richard Leackey.
the worker") (1,8 y 1,4 M.Y.)
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day it is accepted
4 at Hadar
ne tools (called
cond revolution.
ldowan)
to have other tools
eat was increasingly
in (consumes 20%
as similar to ours.
d. The newborn
of the group for his
elop better social
r and Aiello). Surely,
f languages.
as reduced. Its
rasia.
with the
ania), discovered in
asticator
lph, and hence the
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The volume of the brain of Homo Ergaster grows significantly, between 800 and 900 cc
(between the chimpanzee and us). Some experts consider to habilis the ancestor of
ergaster. Also it includes Homo Erectus (Asia)
Summary table of the Evolution of Humanity in Africa -2nd part- (Source: Juan Carlos
Sastre).
It also should be noted that other experts do not distinguish between Habilis and Rudolfensis.
As we can see these three species of Homo coexisted in time and space.
Homo Ergaster, has a largest brain than Rudolfensis and Habilis, the molars were reduced, the
nose is more prominent. The most important fossil was discovered again by Richard Leakey in
1984 near the Lake Turkana (Kenya), therefore called the Turkana Boy, it is estimated that he
has 1.5 M.Y. It is the better skeleton found of a hominid; it is estimated that he should
measure 1.60 meters, so it is believed that he would measure 1.80 (adult). Also fossils of Homo
Ergaster were found in Southern Africa.
Homo Ergaster invents a new way to carve the stones; the Acheulean or Mode 2, a much more
advanced industry. Ergaster invents the first bicephalic tools (two-sided): axes, picks ... With
them he can do many new things, perhaps even tanning leather.
Homo ergaster (Source: arqueoeducablog)
Acheulean Mode
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As in the past, the three species disappeared.
As we have seen the first two revolutions, from Proconsul to Homo Ergaster, has been fully
realized in Africa.
Homo erectus - The colonization of Asia.
In 1891, the Dutch physician Eugene Dubois discovered fossils on the island of Java -
Indonesia- (between 1.8 - 1.6 M.Y); in other words, at the same time as Homo Ergaster.
Scholarships have deduced that while both species have common features, they also have
differentiated, and thus they created a new species: Homo Erectus, almost certainly derived
from Homo Ergaster. In China, especially in the cave of Zhoukoudian, near Beijing, also have
been found fossils that have been assigned to Homo Erectus. Homo Erectus had a cranial
capacity between 915 cc and 1225 cc, greater than Homo ergaster.
Homo erectus lived in Asia, until Homo Sapiens arrived and finally also disappeared.
• Homo Antecessor - The Great Dolime
The discoveries of Juan Luis Arsuaga, Eudald Carbonell, Ignacio Martinez and Jose Maria
Bermudez de Castro in the Great Dolime (Spain) in 1997, allowed to speak of a new specie:
Homo antecessor, who "precedes the other," which he lived in Europe about 900,000 or
800,000 years ago. This specie is not Homo Erectus, and probably would be close to Homo
ergaster, but not so. That is, Homo antecessor would be "an evolutionary intermediate
between Homo ergaster and Homo Sapiens." But it was also found which was related to
Neanderthals. His origins are probably Asiatic.
• Homo Heidelbergensis
400,000 years ago a group of Homo Heidelbergensis lefts Africa and goes to Asia and Europe
where evolves to Neanderthals. It is the specie between Neanderthals and Homo antecessor.
The rest of Heidelbergensis which rested in Africa would evolve to Homo Sapiens.
• Neandertales (Homo Neanderthalensis)
We know that Neanderthals lived in Europe from about 230,000 years ago. It was very cold-
adapted specie to the freezing cold of Europe. Neanderthals disappeared about 30,000 years
ago with the arrival of Homo sapiens, but coexisted for some time.
Summary table evolution of humanity (Source: Stringer, 2003)
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(Source: Stringer, 2003)
In the picture we can observe t
populations; it is a possible fam
leaves two branches: the Asian
(Heidelbergensis and Homo an
heidelbergensis emerge Homo
disappeared except Sapiens.
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rve the temporal and geographical distribution of ho
family tree of the genus Homo. From Homo ergaste
sian (Homo Erectus) and the African -and European
o antecessor), from this derive the Neanderthal. Fina
mo sapiens in Africa colonizing the rest of the worl
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f hominid
aster in Africa,
ean-
Finally from
orld. All species
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The third African revolution (and fundamental): Homo Sapiens
Today it is accepted that mankind, each and every one of us, has a common African origin.
We know that due to our homogeneity, we come from a small group of individuals from
Africa, placing our origins between 300,000 and 100,000 years. From this African origin,
Homo Sapiens colonized the entire world. In Asia, he replaced Homo erectus and Neanderthal
in Europe. The first globalization of the history of humanity was realized. Since then Homo
sapiens has not stopped moving.
This hypothesis of a common African origin has been called "Out of Africa". It should be noted
that there is also a multiregional origin hypothesis. But it seems with no doubt the reality of
our African origin.
In 1987 was published a work on the variation of mitochondrial DNA in humans (Cann,
Stoneking and Willson). According to this research, there are two groups regarding the
similarity of mitochondrial DNA, one exclusively of African origin and another of mixed origin.
Thus they estimated that the origin of mankind would be around 200,000 years ago and also,
all would come from the same woman, the "Black Eve (Mitochondrial Eve)".
In 1986, Wainscoat submitted its nuclear DNA studies. Their conclusions were that the entire
humanity comes from six hundred Homo sapiens who lived in Africa 100,000 years ago.
Subsequent studies of chromosomes have also discovered that there was a second migration
from Africa 50,000 years ago and ended up colonizing Asia and Australia. It is estimated that
Sapiens reached the American continent about 17,000 years ago by crossing the Bering Strait.
It has also been found that in this global migration, the woman was who most moved, being
the man most sedentary, indicating a possible patrilocal society (*).
(*) In anthropology, in a patrilocal society man at marriage remains in the parental home
along with his wife.
Summary of the last 6 M.Y.
1- In Africa, about 5 M.Y., the evolutionary line between hominids and chimpanzees is
divided
2- About 4 M.Y.: in Kenya, the hominid Australopithecus anamensis begins bipedalism.
3- About 3 M.Y.: Lucy lived in Africa (Australopithecus afarensis).
4- About 2.5 M.Y.: Existence of several African hominids. First stone tools.
5- About 2 M.Y.: Back in Africa, appears the first HOMO with a growing brain.
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(Source: Berkeley University)
6) 1,5 M.Y.: First axes. Colonization of Asia and Europe. Homo neanderthalensis in
Europe and Homo erectus in Asia.
7) 100,000 years ago: in Africa again appear early Homo sapiens, who coexisted for a
time with Homo Erectus and Neanderthal.
8) 50,000 years ago: first cave paintings and burials. Sapiens begins the colonization of
the world from Africa.
9) 25,000 years ago all Homo species except Homo sapiens have disappeared. Homo
Sapiens is present worldwide.
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Conclusions
As we have seen, Africa has the leading role in the last 6 million of years; all these changes
have taken place in a continent today marginalized. All of us, each one of the 7,000 million of
humans who are living in the five continents, we have a common origin since that 100,000
years ago a small group of African Homo sapiens began colonizing the world.
In African lands will emerge one of the major civilizations of all times, the Egyptian Civilization,
and today we know, thanks to the studies of Cheick Anta Diop, the very strong relationship
between Africa and the Egyptian civilization. Cheick Anta Diop also discussed, among other
issues, the contributions of Africa to humanity.
May be, the first monotheistic conception of the story emerged in Egypt with the figure of
Akhenaton (1,300 BCE).
"Africa has a history. Africa is the cradle of humanity and where the history was born.
That's why every African, every African should be, here and now, an added value. Each
generation has to build pyramids." Joseph Ki -Zerbo
Something that Western historiography has ignored for centuries.
In recent centuries, African Civilization interacts with Islamic and Western civilizations. Two
external religions, first Christianity penetrating North Africa and later Islam, take root in Africa.
Perhaps this is one of the greatest threats facing Africa today: a possible clash of civilizations,
especially in the Sahel.
Africa suffered the greatest scourge of humanity, the slave trade for 400 years; the UNESCO
estimates that between "25 and 30 million of Africans were deported, not counting the
number of dead in the ships, wars and raids". Slave trade will be one of the foundations of the
political and economical domain of the Western civilization.
Africa has experienced the African Diaspora, the colonialism, the independence, the
destruction of many traditional values, the effects of the cold war, bloody civil wars, new
pandemics such as AIDS, the draconian conditions of debt, the marginalization in the
globalization process (today Africa only accounts for 3% of world trade ...)
But Africa's future is optimistic.
The UNICEF recently stated that "the future of humanity is increasingly African". Today,
Africa's population is 1,100 million of people (of a total of 7,000 million), 1.6 billion in 2030
and 4,000 million of Africans in 2100, which will means that within 35 years 25% of humanity
will be African (and 1,000 million of Nigerians).
Population, world regions, 2010-2100
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In Africa, It’s emerging a new middle class (350 million of Africans, 34% of the active
population). We have seen the so-called "African mobile revolution"; it is estimated that there
are 650 million of mobile phone’s users. In 2,040, the African Middle class can be 1,100 million
of people (42% of the active population). It is also estimated that in 2,040, half of Africans will
live in a city.
In 2050, the African population will reach 2.4 billion and will continue growing till 4.2 billion—
four times its current size—in the next 100 years.
Beyond the "demographic dividend of Africa" (it is considered that Africa is the largest labor
market in the world thanks to the young population - 60%), the huge natural resources, the
emergence of several African economies (half of the world’s frontier markets are Africans,
Nigeria is the world's largest frontier market and the first African economy, having displaced to
South Africa) and the unstoppable trend towards African integration (the African Continental
Free Trade Area formed by 54 countries, 1,000 million people and a combined GDP of 1.2
trillion USD) led by the African Union, it seems that Africa takes its rightful role in the history
of mankind, taking a new geo-strategic, economic and human status in the global economy.