Key baseline findings of the impact evaluation of USAID's Property Rights and Artisanal Diamond Development II (PRADD II) Project. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- Kate Marple-Cantrell, The Cloudburst Group
- Mike McGovern, PhD, University of Michigan
- Darrin Christensen, Stanford University
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGpradd
Key baseline findings of the impact evaluation of USAID's Tenure and Global Climate Change (TGCC) Project impact evaluation in Zambia. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- Lauren Persha, PhD, The Cloudburst Group and UNC Chapel Hill
- M. Mercedes Stickler, USAID
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGtgcc
Key baseline findings for USAID's Community-Based Forest Management Program (CFP) impact evaluation in Zambia. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- M. Mercedes Stickler, USAID
- Stephanie Fenner, The Cloudburst Group
- Aleta Haflett, The Cloudburst Group
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGcbfp
This document summarizes findings from a baseline study evaluating a USAID-funded Community-based Forest Management Program (CFP) in Zambia. The study used mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, including household surveys, focus groups, and participatory mapping exercises. Key findings include:
1) Respondents observed increases in deforestation and changes in rainfall patterns and seasonal cycles. Most viewed these environmental changes as severe problems.
2) Perceptions of the causes of environmental change were mixed and included deforestation, population changes, poverty, and biblical explanations.
3) Participatory mapping revealed tensions between communities and "outsiders" over land and forest resource use and control.
The document is Georgia's Forest Action Plan from 2013. It provides a 3-5 year strategic plan for sustaining and expanding the benefits of Georgia's over 24 million acres of forestland and forest products industry. It outlines key priorities like conserving working forests, protecting forests from threats, and enhancing public benefits from trees. It summarizes the state of Georgia's forests and the top threats identified by stakeholders like water quality issues, urbanization, and forest health concerns. It also provides the Georgia Forestry Commission's strategies and programs to address each priority over the lifetime of the plan.
China's Environment and power relations: The case of the Conversion of Cropla...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document provides an overview of China's Conversion of Cropland to Forest Programme (CCFP). It discusses:
1) The background and goals of the CCFP, which was established after floods in 1998 to control soil erosion, prevent flooding, and reduce poverty through converting cropland and barren land to forests.
2) The theoretical frameworks used to analyze power relations between different actors and the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the program.
3) A systematic review that will evaluate the effectiveness of the CCFP in achieving its objectives over 15 years and identify any unintended outcomes.
This document summarizes a project that provided incentives for dairy farmers to adopt management intensive grazing (MIG) systems to improve soil and water quality while sustaining productivity. The project recruited 16 dairy farmers across three counties, who converted over 788 acres to permanent pastures. This saved an estimated 2,337 tons of topsoil per year. Participating farmers installed over 13,000 feet of fencing and watering facilities. Extension agents held 28 educational pasture walks. The incentive payments and technical assistance helped overcome barriers to adoption and increased the use of more sustainable grazing practices.
Key baseline findings of the impact evaluation of USAID's Tenure and Global Climate Change (TGCC) Project impact evaluation in Zambia. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- Lauren Persha, PhD, The Cloudburst Group and UNC Chapel Hill
- M. Mercedes Stickler, USAID
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGtgcc
Key baseline findings for USAID's Community-Based Forest Management Program (CFP) impact evaluation in Zambia. Presented at the American Evaluation Association's Evaluation 2015 Conference. Credit:
- Heather Huntington, PhD, The Cloudburst Group
- M. Mercedes Stickler, USAID
- Stephanie Fenner, The Cloudburst Group
- Aleta Haflett, The Cloudburst Group
Learn more: http://bit.ly/TCGcbfp
This document summarizes findings from a baseline study evaluating a USAID-funded Community-based Forest Management Program (CFP) in Zambia. The study used mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, including household surveys, focus groups, and participatory mapping exercises. Key findings include:
1) Respondents observed increases in deforestation and changes in rainfall patterns and seasonal cycles. Most viewed these environmental changes as severe problems.
2) Perceptions of the causes of environmental change were mixed and included deforestation, population changes, poverty, and biblical explanations.
3) Participatory mapping revealed tensions between communities and "outsiders" over land and forest resource use and control.
The document is Georgia's Forest Action Plan from 2013. It provides a 3-5 year strategic plan for sustaining and expanding the benefits of Georgia's over 24 million acres of forestland and forest products industry. It outlines key priorities like conserving working forests, protecting forests from threats, and enhancing public benefits from trees. It summarizes the state of Georgia's forests and the top threats identified by stakeholders like water quality issues, urbanization, and forest health concerns. It also provides the Georgia Forestry Commission's strategies and programs to address each priority over the lifetime of the plan.
China's Environment and power relations: The case of the Conversion of Cropla...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document provides an overview of China's Conversion of Cropland to Forest Programme (CCFP). It discusses:
1) The background and goals of the CCFP, which was established after floods in 1998 to control soil erosion, prevent flooding, and reduce poverty through converting cropland and barren land to forests.
2) The theoretical frameworks used to analyze power relations between different actors and the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the program.
3) A systematic review that will evaluate the effectiveness of the CCFP in achieving its objectives over 15 years and identify any unintended outcomes.
This document summarizes a project that provided incentives for dairy farmers to adopt management intensive grazing (MIG) systems to improve soil and water quality while sustaining productivity. The project recruited 16 dairy farmers across three counties, who converted over 788 acres to permanent pastures. This saved an estimated 2,337 tons of topsoil per year. Participating farmers installed over 13,000 feet of fencing and watering facilities. Extension agents held 28 educational pasture walks. The incentive payments and technical assistance helped overcome barriers to adoption and increased the use of more sustainable grazing practices.
The document outlines six steps for scaling up regreening efforts across landscapes: 1) Identify and analyze existing regreening successes; 2) Build a grassroots movement for regreening; 3) Address policy and legal issues to improve conditions for regreening; 4) Develop and implement a communication strategy; 5) Develop or strengthen agroforestry value chains; and 6) Expand research activities. It discusses farmer-managed natural regeneration as a promising agroforestry practice where farmers protect and manage naturally regenerating trees. Examples of regreening successes in parts of Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Malawi are provided. Barriers to wider adoption include lack of awareness, limited mainstreaming in
1. The ASB matrix tool analyzes synergies and tradeoffs between different land uses in a landscape by evaluating them according to various criteria like carbon storage, biodiversity, soil quality, economic returns, and more.
2. The tool uses quantitative metrics and measurements to fill in each cell of the matrix to compare land uses. Additional qualitative measures can also be included.
3. The matrix helps identify which land uses provide the best outcomes according to the various criteria to inform landscape planning and management.
The document summarizes the CGIAR Consortium's landscapes approach, which aims to integrate agriculture, natural environments, livelihoods, and social interactions for sustainable development. It discusses why a landscapes approach is important, noting that 3 billion rural people depend on agriculture and forestry for livelihoods and agriculture contributes to 75% of deforestation. The CGIAR conducts research programs like Forests, Trees and Agroforestry and Water, Land and Ecosystems to better understand landscape dynamics and transitions, engage communities, develop ecosystem services approaches, and promote climate-smart agriculture practices across landscapes. The goal is to develop a common language for landscapes to measure sustainability at multiple scales.
From the rivers to Gulf of Mexico, Towards an ecosystem management approachIwl Pcu
This document discusses ecosystem services and their economic valuation. It describes the different types of ecosystem services including provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. It then discusses methods to quantify the total economic value of ecosystem services, including market and non-market valuation techniques. The document also covers the concepts of eco-compensation, no net loss, and net gain in the context of offsetting environmental impacts. It provides an example of applying habitat hectare assessment and compensation ratios to ensure no net loss of habitat quality.
Dissemination and Adoption of Soil Fertility TechnologiesHector Malaidza
This document summarizes a study on the dissemination and adoption of soil fertility technologies (SFTs) among smallholder farmers in Kasungu District, Malawi. The study found that the key attributes influencing adoption of compost manure were its compatibility, relative advantage, and observability. For pigeonpea, compatibility, complexity, and observability most influenced adoption. Factors promoting dissemination included government commitment to SFTs and availability of technologies and service providers. Constraints were lack of knowledge about SFTs, poor extension services, and lack of input/output markets. The study recommends increasing farmer outreach, facilitating information sharing, and developing policies to guide SFT promotion based on factors influencing adoption and disse
Three key points from the document:
1. Large areas of land in Asia, particularly China and India, are experiencing degradation from factors like accelerated soil erosion from agriculture. This contributes to high global sediment loads discharged into oceans.
2. Many regions in India are experiencing widespread deficiencies in micronutrients and secondary nutrients important for agriculture due to issues like nutrient depletion and inappropriate management practices.
3. Community-based watershed management approaches can help address problems of land degradation, poverty, and water scarcity when designed and implemented through a collaborative approach focused on sustainability, equity, participation, and capacity building.
Strategies for development of livelihoods on drylands converted (1)A Amarender Reddy
This document discusses strategies for developing livelihoods in dryland areas. It outlines how drought impacts agriculture and livelihoods through reduced rainfall, crop failures, and economic losses. Farmers employ ex-ante strategies like crop diversification and flexible decision making to reduce risk. Ex-post, they utilize activities like selling assets, taking loans, and seasonal migration. The document argues for integrated approaches involving drought tolerant technologies, soil/water management, diversified livelihoods, market access, infrastructure, and policies like insurance and early warning systems. Success requires identifying vulnerable areas, adopting global best practices to local conditions, scaling solutions, and problem-driven iterative development to address farmer needs.
1. The group discussed prioritizing deforestation alerts from Global Forest Watch by filtering them based on areas of high conservation importance for biodiversity, like key biodiversity areas, intact forests, and sites for endangered species.
2. They proposed three options - filtering by ecoregions, mapping sites of range rarity as a continuous layer, or allowing users to select layers like protected areas, tiger habitats, and ape sites.
3. Integrating biodiversity data into Global Forest Watch could help conservation groups and governments better target responses to deforestation alerts in the most critical areas for nature. However, challenges may include refining models and maps
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Investing in projects to change practice and build community capacity. Naomi ...Joanna Hicks
1. Barkly Landcare aims to support pastoralists in adopting best management practices through projects, activities, and building community capacity.
2. A key challenge is balancing conservation and production values in the Barkly region. Barkly Landcare's weed management projects use aerial surveys, workshops, treatment programs, and long-term monitoring to effectively manage weeds like Parkinsonia across large areas.
3. Through strategic multi-year projects, Barkly Landcare works to bring entire regions under active weed control to improve both production and ecosystem outcomes in the Barkly.
Sustainable Oil Palm Investments: Benefits of a Landscape Management Approach...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by CPI, IDH & Unilever was given at a session titled "Sustainable Oil Palm Investments: Benefits of a Landscape Management Approach" at the Global Landscapes Forum: The Investment Case on June 10, 2015. For more, please visit http://www.landscapes.org/london/
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Steven Lawry and Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “GLF Discussion Forum on Commons Tenure for a Common Future” on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
The document summarizes India's National Mineral Policy (NMP) of 2008. The key objectives of the NMP are to incentivize investment and technology flows through public-private partnerships, build infrastructure, ensure transparency, and adopt an open sky policy. It aims to promote sustainable development through community engagement, benefit sharing, and R&D. It also seeks to establish a mining tribunal for grievance redressal and form international collaborations. While the policy focuses on economic growth, there are concerns around ambiguity in relief measures for local communities and emphasis on the private sector. The mining sector has potential to significantly contribute to GDP, jobs, and growth in mineral-rich states if implemented properly with support and resolution of legal
1) The document discusses a post-mining environmental rehabilitation project in the Central African Republic called POMIGER that converts old mining pits into fish ponds, vegetable farms, and agroforestry sites.
2) POMIGER saw rapid growth from 18 sites in 2010 to 580 sites in 2011, restoring over 50 hectares of degraded land. The majority of sites were fish ponds, with about 40% located in confirmed mined out pits.
3) The apparent success of POMIGER is attributed to complementing livelihood needs in the context of the diamond economic crisis and food insecurity, while also providing environmental benefits and increased land tenure security.
The document outlines six steps for scaling up regreening efforts across landscapes: 1) Identify and analyze existing regreening successes; 2) Build a grassroots movement for regreening; 3) Address policy and legal issues to improve conditions for regreening; 4) Develop and implement a communication strategy; 5) Develop or strengthen agroforestry value chains; and 6) Expand research activities. It discusses farmer-managed natural regeneration as a promising agroforestry practice where farmers protect and manage naturally regenerating trees. Examples of regreening successes in parts of Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Malawi are provided. Barriers to wider adoption include lack of awareness, limited mainstreaming in
1. The ASB matrix tool analyzes synergies and tradeoffs between different land uses in a landscape by evaluating them according to various criteria like carbon storage, biodiversity, soil quality, economic returns, and more.
2. The tool uses quantitative metrics and measurements to fill in each cell of the matrix to compare land uses. Additional qualitative measures can also be included.
3. The matrix helps identify which land uses provide the best outcomes according to the various criteria to inform landscape planning and management.
The document summarizes the CGIAR Consortium's landscapes approach, which aims to integrate agriculture, natural environments, livelihoods, and social interactions for sustainable development. It discusses why a landscapes approach is important, noting that 3 billion rural people depend on agriculture and forestry for livelihoods and agriculture contributes to 75% of deforestation. The CGIAR conducts research programs like Forests, Trees and Agroforestry and Water, Land and Ecosystems to better understand landscape dynamics and transitions, engage communities, develop ecosystem services approaches, and promote climate-smart agriculture practices across landscapes. The goal is to develop a common language for landscapes to measure sustainability at multiple scales.
From the rivers to Gulf of Mexico, Towards an ecosystem management approachIwl Pcu
This document discusses ecosystem services and their economic valuation. It describes the different types of ecosystem services including provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. It then discusses methods to quantify the total economic value of ecosystem services, including market and non-market valuation techniques. The document also covers the concepts of eco-compensation, no net loss, and net gain in the context of offsetting environmental impacts. It provides an example of applying habitat hectare assessment and compensation ratios to ensure no net loss of habitat quality.
Dissemination and Adoption of Soil Fertility TechnologiesHector Malaidza
This document summarizes a study on the dissemination and adoption of soil fertility technologies (SFTs) among smallholder farmers in Kasungu District, Malawi. The study found that the key attributes influencing adoption of compost manure were its compatibility, relative advantage, and observability. For pigeonpea, compatibility, complexity, and observability most influenced adoption. Factors promoting dissemination included government commitment to SFTs and availability of technologies and service providers. Constraints were lack of knowledge about SFTs, poor extension services, and lack of input/output markets. The study recommends increasing farmer outreach, facilitating information sharing, and developing policies to guide SFT promotion based on factors influencing adoption and disse
Three key points from the document:
1. Large areas of land in Asia, particularly China and India, are experiencing degradation from factors like accelerated soil erosion from agriculture. This contributes to high global sediment loads discharged into oceans.
2. Many regions in India are experiencing widespread deficiencies in micronutrients and secondary nutrients important for agriculture due to issues like nutrient depletion and inappropriate management practices.
3. Community-based watershed management approaches can help address problems of land degradation, poverty, and water scarcity when designed and implemented through a collaborative approach focused on sustainability, equity, participation, and capacity building.
Strategies for development of livelihoods on drylands converted (1)A Amarender Reddy
This document discusses strategies for developing livelihoods in dryland areas. It outlines how drought impacts agriculture and livelihoods through reduced rainfall, crop failures, and economic losses. Farmers employ ex-ante strategies like crop diversification and flexible decision making to reduce risk. Ex-post, they utilize activities like selling assets, taking loans, and seasonal migration. The document argues for integrated approaches involving drought tolerant technologies, soil/water management, diversified livelihoods, market access, infrastructure, and policies like insurance and early warning systems. Success requires identifying vulnerable areas, adopting global best practices to local conditions, scaling solutions, and problem-driven iterative development to address farmer needs.
1. The group discussed prioritizing deforestation alerts from Global Forest Watch by filtering them based on areas of high conservation importance for biodiversity, like key biodiversity areas, intact forests, and sites for endangered species.
2. They proposed three options - filtering by ecoregions, mapping sites of range rarity as a continuous layer, or allowing users to select layers like protected areas, tiger habitats, and ape sites.
3. Integrating biodiversity data into Global Forest Watch could help conservation groups and governments better target responses to deforestation alerts in the most critical areas for nature. However, challenges may include refining models and maps
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Investing in projects to change practice and build community capacity. Naomi ...Joanna Hicks
1. Barkly Landcare aims to support pastoralists in adopting best management practices through projects, activities, and building community capacity.
2. A key challenge is balancing conservation and production values in the Barkly region. Barkly Landcare's weed management projects use aerial surveys, workshops, treatment programs, and long-term monitoring to effectively manage weeds like Parkinsonia across large areas.
3. Through strategic multi-year projects, Barkly Landcare works to bring entire regions under active weed control to improve both production and ecosystem outcomes in the Barkly.
Sustainable Oil Palm Investments: Benefits of a Landscape Management Approach...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by CPI, IDH & Unilever was given at a session titled "Sustainable Oil Palm Investments: Benefits of a Landscape Management Approach" at the Global Landscapes Forum: The Investment Case on June 10, 2015. For more, please visit http://www.landscapes.org/london/
Investment in the sustainable commons conditions for commons based enterprisesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Steven Lawry and Ruth Meinzen-Dick at “GLF Discussion Forum on Commons Tenure for a Common Future” on the first day of the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
The document summarizes India's National Mineral Policy (NMP) of 2008. The key objectives of the NMP are to incentivize investment and technology flows through public-private partnerships, build infrastructure, ensure transparency, and adopt an open sky policy. It aims to promote sustainable development through community engagement, benefit sharing, and R&D. It also seeks to establish a mining tribunal for grievance redressal and form international collaborations. While the policy focuses on economic growth, there are concerns around ambiguity in relief measures for local communities and emphasis on the private sector. The mining sector has potential to significantly contribute to GDP, jobs, and growth in mineral-rich states if implemented properly with support and resolution of legal
1) The document discusses a post-mining environmental rehabilitation project in the Central African Republic called POMIGER that converts old mining pits into fish ponds, vegetable farms, and agroforestry sites.
2) POMIGER saw rapid growth from 18 sites in 2010 to 580 sites in 2011, restoring over 50 hectares of degraded land. The majority of sites were fish ponds, with about 40% located in confirmed mined out pits.
3) The apparent success of POMIGER is attributed to complementing livelihood needs in the context of the diamond economic crisis and food insecurity, while also providing environmental benefits and increased land tenure security.
This document discusses the Dryland Systems Research Program, which takes an integrated systems approach to address challenges in dryland agricultural systems. It focuses on developing effective partnerships between research and development organizations. The program establishes research sites in different dryland regions globally to set priorities and conduct research on innovative technologies and risk management. An example is provided of a long-term partnership that developed a successful biological control program for a major pest in West Africa. The program emphasizes national research leadership, capacity building, and partnerships to ensure solutions are adopted by farmers.
Applied Research for Inclusive Rural Communicationcccomdev
This document summarizes findings from a research project on agricultural innovation systems in East Africa. It discusses trends in how innovation support is provided, patterns of farmer communication, and issues of inclusion and exclusion in rural communication. Key findings include:
1) Formal support systems are decentralizing but constrained by bureaucracy, while actors are playing diverse roles to support innovation.
2) Farmers actively seek to improve livelihoods through adapting technologies, driven by markets and food security.
3) Communication maps show farmers rely more on localized sources for timely information, while infrastructure challenges disrupt access.
4) There are gender differences in networks, access to information sources, and support for different crops.
Solutions for managing and protecting rangelands: Ongoing research and innov...ILRI
Presented by Fiona Flintan at the workshop on Pastoralism in the Current of Global Changes (P2CG): Stakes, Challenges and Prospects, Dakar, 20-24 November 2017
This document provides recommendations for establishing sustainable artisanal mining in Southern Africa. It outlines five pillars for artisanal mining operations: ownership, venture registration, mineral production, mineral marketing, and exit strategy. For each pillar, principles and guidelines are proposed. The recommendations aim to formalize artisanal mining through simple registration processes, foster collaboration between miners and local communities, promote environmentally-friendly practices, and ensure land is properly reclaimed after mining is complete. The goal is to develop artisanal mining into a well-regulated sector that provides economic opportunities while mitigating social and environmental impacts.
James Hansen and Arame Tall of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security research theme on Climate Risk Management, presented at the World Bank on the challenges and opportunities for supporting smallholder farmers with climate services on a large scale. Learn more about our work on climate services for farmers: http://bit.ly/KUV7Fa
Presented by IFPRI Senior Research Fellow Ruth Meinzen-Dick and University of Dar Es Salaam Professor Faustin Maganga at Workshop on “New Directions for Irrigation
in Tanzania: The Context of Public Private Partnership” on September 2, 2016. https://www.ifpri.org/event/new-directions-irrigation-development-tanzania
The document summarizes a presentation given by Daisy Diamante Leoncio, Communications Officer for the African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC). The presentation covers:
- The Africa Mining Vision (AMV), which was adopted in 2009 to harness mineral resources for development in Africa.
- AMDC's mission to enable minerals to play a greater role in development through economic and social linkages and improved governance.
- AMDC's work streams/pillars including policy and licensing support, improving geological data systems, governance, artisanal mining, linkages and diversification, human capital and advocacy.
- Examples of AMDC's work providing technical support for new mining legislation in Lesotho,
Property rights and artisanal diamond developmentDr Lendy Spires
This presentation summarizes the PRADD (Property Rights and Artisanal Diamond Development) Pilot Project in the Central African Republic. It describes how PRADD aims to secure and enforce property rights for artisanal miners, which can help bring diamonds into a secure supply chain, improve miner livelihoods, manage the environment, and reduce conflict. The presentation reports on PRADD activities in its first year, including creating a geographic information system database and mining claims registry to formally document miner claims and locations. It explains how this registry can help sort out property rights claims and conflicts, while furthering the goals of transparency and information sharing under the Kimberley Process.
FIRST Policy Assistance Facility: Land Tenure Issues in MyanmarFAO
FIRST Webinar #2 - FIRST Policy Assistance Facility: Land Tenure Issues in Myanmar
This webinar is organized jointly with the European Commission Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, in the framework of the FAO-EU Partnership Programme: Food and Nutrition Security Impact, Resilience, Sustainability and Transformation (FIRST).
SPEAKERS:
1.Mr. Paul De Wit, Senior Land Tenure Consultant, FIRST Programme, FAO Representation in Myanmar
2. Ms. Claudia Antonelli, Programme Officer for Rural Development and Food Security, EU Delegation to Myanmar
Find out more about FIRST, FAO-EU Partnership Programme: http://www.fao.org/europeanunion/eu-projects/first/en/
Research investments in institutional innovations: The case of rangeland gove...ILRI
This document summarizes research on rangeland governance in Tunisia conducted by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas. The research examines pathways to enhance rangeland governance under different land tenure systems, assesses the performance of rangeland governance groups, and identifies strategies for private and collective rangeland restoration. The research also provides inputs for Tunisia's new pastoral code based on analyses of rangeland governance failures. Results have been implemented through trainings, manuals, and workshops to validate findings with development partners. Moving forward, the researchers aim to develop a toolbox to strengthen community organizations and networks to support more effective pastoral investment projects.
Large scale land acquisitions and responsible investment in Africafutureagricultures
Presentation by Ruth Hall at the event "The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy Processes in Africa", September 2014.
http://www.future-agricultures.org/events/the-political-economy-of-agricultural-policy-processes-in-africa
Creating and managing the social license to operate a mining company in South...James AH Campbell
Rockwell Diamonds is a mid-tier diamond mining and development company in South Africa. The document discusses Rockwell's approach to earning a social license to operate, which includes:
1) Going beyond legal requirements by creating a culture that embraces transformation for employees and stakeholders.
2) Making meaningful contributions to transformation through a long-term disciplined approach rather than quick fixes.
3) Focusing on job creation, community development, environmental stewardship, and diversity training to build trust with stakeholders.
4) Relocating 220 employees from a closed mine to a new mine to retain skills and support employees.
James Hansen, leader of the of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security's Climate Risk Management theme, presented experiences in providing climate information services to farmers at an International Fund for Agricultural Development East and Southern Africa regional Knowledge Management and Capacity Building Forum, 16-18 October 2013 in Nairobi, Kenya.
http://ifad-un.blogspot.com/2013/10/linking-knowledge-to-action-across-east_17.html
ccafs.cgiar.org/themes/climate-risk-management
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AEA Presentation: Impact Evaluation of PRADD - Guinea
1. Land Tenure & Resource Management
IMPACT EVALUATION OF THE PROPERTY
RIGHTS AND ARTISANAL DIAMOND
DEVELOPMENT II
(PRADD II) PROJECT
Lead researchers—Heather Huntington, PhD (The Cloudburst Group),
Kate Marple-Cantrell (The Cloudburst Group),
Mike McGovern, PhD (University of Michigan),
Darrin Christensen (Stanford University)
November 2015
2. OUTLINE
• Context:
• Background on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) and the Kimberley Process in
Guinea
• Program Overview of USAID-funded PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ARTISANAL DIAMOND
DEVELOPMENT II (PRADD II)
• Objectives and methodology of the impact evaluation
• Key baseline findings:
• Livelihoods,
• Land use and management,
• Customary tenure, and
• ASM
• Conclusion: Practical Challenges and Considerations for Endline
4. Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) in Guinea
• The extraction of minerals with minimal technology and manual labor.
• Mining sites are defined by small-scale mining where artisanal diamond
miners utilize open pit methods without the aid of mechanized tools and
equipment.
• An important, if often-overlooked, means of income generation for
individuals living in developing countries that are rich in resources such as
gold, gemstones, and other minerals (Hilson 2009).
5. The Kimberley Process (KP) in Guinea
• The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) is an international certification scheme
designed to prevent conflict diamonds from entering legitimate trade on world markets.
• Lays out standards and requirements for monitoring the internal chain of custody from
the mine site up to the point of export. Participants must:
1. Certify diamond shipments as conflict free;
2. Establish mine-to-export traceability systems;
3. Implement national legislation and institutions pertaining to diamond mining;
4. Possess internal controls;
5. Commit to transparency and exchange of statistical data (USAID 2014b).
• Guinea has been a participant since 2003.
6. Development Problem
• Diamond mining is critical for Guinea’s economic growth and sustainable development—accounts
for 95% of the country’s exports.
• Strong incentives for national governments and international donors to prioritize programs that
subdivide mining areas into parcels that can be licensed out to miners for exploitation:
• Potential revenues for governments through formalization of the ASM sector;
• International ethical concerns about labor standards and safety;
• Danger of ASM’s use to fund rebel groups and gangs.
• However, artisanal mining of diamonds throughout Sub-Saharan Africa often occurs within informal
systems:
• Complex land tenure system typified by overlapping statutory and customary regimes (Freudenberger et al.
2015);
• Diamonds sold into informal networks, hindering production tracking to comply with KP.
7. Property Rights and Artisanal Diamond
Development (PRADD) II Project
• Developed to support diamond-producing States’ compliance with the Kimberley Process
Certification Scheme (KPCS) by:
• Strengthening internal control systems;
• Increasing the volume of rough diamonds that enter the legal supply chain.
• Aims to improve artisanal miners’ livelihoods and support vulnerable communities by:
• Strengthening the tenure security of both primary (land owners’) rights;
• Strengthening secondary (miners’) rights;
• Improving governance of surface and sub-surface resources;
• Promoting economic development/alternate livelihoods.
8. PRADD II Project
Area
• Map (right) displays the
prevalence of diamond
occurrences across Guinea.
• Red highlighted region
indicates the location of the
PRADD II program under
evaluation.
DIAMOND OCCURENCES IN GUINEA
Source: Chirico, et al. 2012
9. Research Motivation
• Rigorously assess PRADD II’s impact on strengthening surface and sub-surface property rights,
enhancing livelihood outcomes, reducing land and natural resource conflict, and promoting
environmental rehabilitation of artisanal mining sites.
• Empirical data on ASM of this scope and scale is uncommon, especially in Guinea.
• One of the first impact evaluations conducted on the effects of a property rights intervention in the
context of the ASM sector.
• A unique contribution to literature around tenure security, resource contestations and land
governance for mining communities and the ASM sector in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Broader contribution to research surrounding resource expropriation and environmental protection in areas
with a history of strong but informal customary governance.
• Additional potential implications in contexts where ambiguity about the relationship between informal and
formal land tenure systems has led to concerns about expropriation of community resources without
adequate localized compensation.
10. Evaluation Purpose
• What are the effects of property rights intervention in the context of the
artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector at the household, miner, and
community level?
• Motivating questions:
• Can formalization schemes absorb/integrate existing customary practices that govern
ASM into the mainstream of a country’s legal and economic affairs?
• Does formalization improve economic development in ASM communities? Are there
different outcomes for different groups?
• Can formalization improve environmental conditions in mining areas?
12. Evaluation Design & Analytic Approach
• Quasi-experimental fixed effects Difference-in-Difference (DID)
• 4 quantitative survey instruments:
1. Household survey;
2. Miner survey;
3. Plantation owner survey;
4. Customary Landowner (CLO) survey.
• Supplemental qualitative data (focus group discussions) details shifting attitudes and outcomes
regarding the security, governance, and condition of land and water resources, as well as
perceptions about ASM and the legality of diamond production in mining communities.
• Secondary or administrative data on land expropriation, contracts between communities and
investors, maps, studies, production data and M&E data commissioned and collected as part of
PRADD II.
13. Impacts Assessed for Indicators of:
• Reduced incidence of community land
expropriation by the government without
adequate consultation and fair and timely
compensation
• Improved environmental and natural resource
conditions
• Greater capacity to negotiate mutually
beneficial contracts between communities, the
state, and private sector investors
• Improved livelihood and welfare outcomes
• Improved mining techniques
• Reduced incidence of conflicts
• Greater perceived tenure security, secondary
land use rights, and protection of their
community land from encroachment by outside
actors
• Greater control, monitoring and legality of
diamond production
• Knowledge and Awareness about Kimberley
Process provisions and associated national
mining law
• More transparent, accountable, and
representative institutions for land and mining
governance
• Greater investment in improving the condition
of land and natural resources
14. Variance of Impacts Assessed Across:
• Female- vs male-headed households;
• Household wealth status;
• Age of household head.
15. Treatment and
Control Groups
• Treatment and control sites are located in the
Atlantic-draining Konkouré River basin of
Southwestern Guinea (map, right).
• Dominant ethnic group and language in both
areas is Soussou.
• Treatment Area: Forecariah prefecture
• 100 km from Conakry;
• Selected as a site for PRADD II due to its
inefficient and unproductive mining system and
the illegal and informal nature of most
diamond sales.
• Control Area: Kindia prefecture
• 137 km from Conakry;
• Identified in collaboration with PRADD II team
as the most suitable approach for creating a
counterfactual.
TREATMENT AND CONTROL AREAS
Source: Chirico, et.al. 2012.
16. Baseline Data Collection
• Baseline completed December 2014
• Population-based household survey data collected from 2,165 households in 104 communities.
• Survey of 916 artisanal miners and masters with indigenous and foreign diggers, washers and
masters.
• Survey of 324 self-identified plantation owners.
• Survey of108 Customary Land Owners (CLOs).
• Qualitative transcripts from a series of 35 focus group discussions (FGD), from 18 different
communities.
• 11 women-only focus groups, 10 youth focus groups, and 14 general groups of adults.
• Evaluation will examine changes over a 5 year period between:
• 58 villages, covering 11 artisanal mining sites, in Forecariah prefecture (the treatment group);
• 61 villages, covering 12 artisanal mining sites, in Kindia prefecture (the control group).
17. Baseline Data Collection Challenges
• The 2014 Ebola outbreak in Guinea dramatically shaped the implementation of the
baseline data collection, imposing numerous challenges on the survey firm, such as:
• No on-site coordination or training by Cloudburst;
• Paper data collection and data entry;
• Health threats to the survey team;
• Safety threats to the survey team.
• These challenges ultimately had some impact on data quality.
• In addition to numerous Ebola related challenges, the survey had a lower-than-
anticipated number of female respondents.
• Survey conditions will likely be vastly different at endline data collection.
19. Livelihoods, Land Use, and Management
• Roughly 20% of households report any involvement with ASM
• Households are dependent on agriculture, trade, and forest resources (charcoal production and
cutting timber).
• In Forecariah, rice cultivation is the main agricultural activity.
• Kindia is defined by the subsistence farming of vegetables, rice, cassava, and fruits.
• Most income comes from trade and the selling of forest products.
• Decisions about what crops are planted, what inputs are used, and what investments to make on
household’s fields are overwhelmingly made by male decision makers.
• Plot-level investment is low (low uptake of fertilizer, irrigation, fencing).
• Little pressure on land in villages in the study area; rather, land is plentiful and the limiting factor to
increasing cultivated land is a lack of additional labor and inputs.
20. Customary Tenure
• The customary land tenure system remains sophisticated and flexible.
• Descendants of founding families oversee communal land:
• Allocate land for household use;
• Allow access to outsiders for mining or investment.
• System of land allocation works effectively in villages, and satisfaction with land governance by
Customary Land Owners (CLOs) and elders is high among respondents.
• When dealing with outsiders, savvy village-level actors know the limits of their lands and the
customary prerogatives of each senior male actor and have a repertoire for negotiating with a range
of different types of outsiders interested in land for farming, plantations, or mining.
21. Customary Tenure, cont.
• Despite very low levels of land documentation, respondents report high levels of perceived tenure
security.
• Although junior men and women are in principle granted insecure tenure rights, the prevailing
situation of land abundance means that there is no indication of these groups being disadvantaged
in practice, even in cases where the state or state-sponsored actors have tried to expropriate land
from locals.
• The local land tenure system as it is currently constituted seems to effectively manage the full range
of land tenure challenges that are encountered.
22. Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM)
• Full-time job for some young men, but more often a secondary or tertiary economic activity.
• Customary tenure system remains the predominant means for gaining authorization to mine a site.
• This is an informal process that does not require miners to obtain a formal license to use the mining site.
• Government formalization of mining activities in the study area is not well established.
• Despite the close proximity of diamond mining and agricultural activities, there are minimal
conflicts.
• Conflicts that do occur are low-level.
• Thus, strong social organization and an abundance of land minimize conflicts between miners and farmers.
• Knowledge and awareness of Kimberley Process provisions and National Mining Law is low.
• Concern exists about the effects of mining on the environment, but miners rarely use smarter mining
techniques or complete mining site rehabilitation.
24. Practical Challenges and Considerations for Endline
• Balance between treatment and control groups emerged as an issue in both large N
surveys (household and ASM).
• Due to the quasi experimental design of the evaluation.
• Need to carefully account for at endline data collection and analysis.
• Paper surveys are more prone to errors than electronic surveys, and need careful review in
the field to check for consistency and completeness. Despite the safeguards put into
place, missing household survey data is a problem in the baseline dataset.
• ASM miners in Guinea are a challenging population to rigorously survey due to the
transient nature of work.
• Rarity of occurrences for some outcomes of interest at baseline, particularly conflict,
hinders detection of changes in these outcomes.
25. Ongoing Research from PRADD II Baseline Data
(K. Marple-Cantrell, H. Huntington, in prep)
• In practice, what is the application of customary versus statutory tenure systems for use,
access, and management rights to mining sites? What is the comparative status of tenure
rights for miners, landowners, and farmers, especially when disputes arise?
• How can customary institutions heighten social gains and mitigate the social and
environmental impacts of mining? How can ASM formalization bolster the well-being of
receiving communities?