The document discusses different ways to give advice or express obligation in English. It outlines expressions used for present and past tense situations. For the present, it recommends using "should/ought to" for opinions/recommendations, "had better" for stronger advice/warnings, and "must/have to" for obligations. For the past, it suggests using "should/shouldn't have" and "ought to have" followed by a past participle to express regret about past actions or lack thereof. Examples are provided to illustrate the different expressions.

1. Giving advice
expressing obligation

2. Part 1: the present
Advice:
should or shouldn‟t
ought to
*ought to
(not common in negative form)
Warning:
Had better (not) … OR …
(„d better)
Obligation:
must
have to

3. I don‟t feel
well today.
-You should stay
home and rest.
-You ought to call
in sick to work.
-You‟d better stay
home or you‟ll get
sicker.

4. My in-laws are coming to visit
tomorrow and my house is a mess!
-You should start cleaning now.
-You ought to call a maid service to
help you clean.
-You‟d better start cleaning quickly
or you‟ll mother-in-law will criticize
you!

5. I‟m failing my
history class.
-You should get a tutor to help you.
-You ought to talk to your teacher to
see if you can do any extra work.
-You‟d better improve your grade or
your parents will be very upset.

6. -People should recycle more.
-We shouldn‟t use our cars so often.
-We ought to use less water each day.
-We‟d better start taking care of our planet or
the world our kids inherit will be much worse.
-We have to start addressing
environmental problems.

7. grammar:
present forms
-Always use the simple form of
the verb after these
-should / shouldn‟t
-ought to
-had better
-must
-have to

8. Part 2: advice for the past
should have (+ past participle)
shouldn‟t have (+past participle)
ought to have (+past participle)
*ought to (not common in negative form)

9. In English, we often want to express our
regrets about something we did (or didn‟t
do) in the past. We use past form
advice to lament our mistakes.

10. Joe was late to work this morning
. . . again!
-He should have woken up earlier.
-He shouldn‟t have stayed out so
late last night with his friends.
-He shouldn‟t have forgotten to
set his alarm clock.
-He ought to have gone to bed
earlier.

11. The movie that
we rented was
boring.
-We shouldn‟t have
rented it.
-We should‟ve chosen
another film.
-We ought to have
gone to the movies
instead.

12. The dentist told me I have
four cavities!
-I should‟ve taken
better care of my
teeth.
-I shouldn‟t have
eaten so much sugar.
-I ought to have
brushed my teeth
more frequently.

13. Review:
1. For the present tense (NOW), what
expression you choose depends on how
strong you want your advice to be.
-should/ought to: for your opinion, your
recommendation
-had better: for stronger advice, for a
warning
-must/have to: for obligation
*remember we can also say: “If I were
you, I would…” to give our opinion.

14. Review:
2. For past forms, we give advice about
what we should/shouldn‟t have to avoid the
negative consequence.
-should have / should‟ve + past participle
-shouldn‟t have + past participle
-ought to have + past participle
*remember ought to is not typically used in
negative form and is not as common as
“should.”

15. Go to our class website to
practice these forms!