The document describes research on creating composite membranes from chitosan and silica rice husks to adsorb chromium (VI), a toxic heavy metal found in industrial waste. Membranes were created with different ratios of chitosan to silica rice husks. Characterization of the membranes found the largest pores in a 3:2 chitosan to silica ratio membrane. Testing showed the membrane with the smallest pores, a 2:1 ratio, had the greatest rejection of chromium (VI) at 70%. Overall, the composite membranes were effective at adsorbing chromium (VI), with an average adsorption capacity of 1665.85 mg/g.
Fabrication of microfluidic channels in glass and siliconYichen Sun
Microfluidic channels in glass and silicon chips are fabricated in the cleanroom. Their acoustic focusing properties are then tested and reported in this project report (MEMS 5801).
This paper reports on the adsorption of an ultrathin chitosan layer on spin-coated films of cellulose,
where efficient attachment was induced by oxidizing cellulose which provided anionic sites for electrostatic
interaction with the positively charged chitosan. Both the cellulose oxidation and the chitosan
adsorption were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The molecular-level interaction between chitosan and cellulose
involved the NAH groups, as inferred from the disappearance caused by chitosan adsorption of the amide
band at 1667 cm1 in the FTIR spectrum of cellulose. The XPS data confirmed a significant increase in the
atomic concentration of nitrogen groups, from 2.16% to 4.73% when chitosan was adsorbed on the oxidized
cellulose film, which also led to rougher films as illustrated by atomic force microscopy images.
One may now envisage applications in which the bactericide action of chitosan is combined with the biocompatibility
of cellulose
Fabrication of microfluidic channels in glass and siliconYichen Sun
Microfluidic channels in glass and silicon chips are fabricated in the cleanroom. Their acoustic focusing properties are then tested and reported in this project report (MEMS 5801).
This paper reports on the adsorption of an ultrathin chitosan layer on spin-coated films of cellulose,
where efficient attachment was induced by oxidizing cellulose which provided anionic sites for electrostatic
interaction with the positively charged chitosan. Both the cellulose oxidation and the chitosan
adsorption were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The molecular-level interaction between chitosan and cellulose
involved the NAH groups, as inferred from the disappearance caused by chitosan adsorption of the amide
band at 1667 cm1 in the FTIR spectrum of cellulose. The XPS data confirmed a significant increase in the
atomic concentration of nitrogen groups, from 2.16% to 4.73% when chitosan was adsorbed on the oxidized
cellulose film, which also led to rougher films as illustrated by atomic force microscopy images.
One may now envisage applications in which the bactericide action of chitosan is combined with the biocompatibility
of cellulose
Crimson publishers-Biosynthesis of the Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilot...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Biosynthesis of the Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilotica Leaf Extract and their Effect on Degradation of Congo Red Dye in Aqueous Solution by Vasantha Jyothi NVV* and Venkateswarlu P* in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Corrosion of mild steel in HCl was investigated using the weight loss method. The
mild steel used was cut into 16 coupons with 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 0.2 cm dimensions
which were degreased with ethanol and washed with distilled water and finally
weighed. The mild steel coupons were exposed to HCl with varied concentrations (0,
10, 25 and 40%) of Garcinia kola extracts used as corrosion inhibitors for 4 hours at
400C and 600C respectively. The result showed that at 400C; the inhibition efficiency
of 65.5% was observed at 25 % HCl concentration and 62.9% at 40% HCl
concentration while at 600C; inhibition efficiency of 87.7% was at 25% HCl
concentration and 88.1% at 40% concentration respectively. It can be concluded that
increase in concentration increases the inhibition efficiency. The presence of
flavonoid and alkanoids in bitter kola stem is a good inhibitor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
This paper reports on the preparation and optical characterization of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): (49.5)B2O3 - 10PbO - 30CdO -10AlF3 (BPCA)glasses. Due to the homogeneous distribution of Cu2+ ions, the glasses are found to be in bright blue color has been noticed. From the XRD profile, amorphous nature the glass has been studied. Triogonal BO3 units transformed into tetrahedral BO4 units has evidenced from the FTIR spectrum of reference glass. From the measured absorption spectrum of the copper glass exhibits broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 760 nm have been measured. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): B2O3- CdO – PbO - AlF3 glass has revealed a blue emission at 447 nm with an excitation wavelength 389 nm.
Mechanical properties of bio mineralized concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Quantities of sludge from septic tank and quarry rock dust from industries have been on the rise in recent years due to the rapid improvement in the standard of living and the increase in industrialization. Unfortunately, the majority of sludge from septic tank is not being recycled and hence it causes serious problems on natural resources and environment. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling the sludge from septic tank as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this research various proportions of septic tank sludge and quarry rock dust are used as supplement to sand in cement concrete and also various proportions of bacterial solutions are used as a supplement to water. The works under taken here dealt with the use of quarry rock dust, septic tank sludge and bacterial water as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this investigation ,% of water absorption and compressive strength criteria were analyzed by introducing septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust and bacterial solution into the cement concrete. Keywords: recycling, septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust
Modifying of Float Glass Surface with Silver Nanoparticles by Ion - Exchangeinventionjournals
In this study we treated float glass samples in melts of silver containing salts. Our aims are to study the processes of Ag nanoparticle formation in order to clarify the most likely mechanism of colour and nanostructuring processes in the modified surface layer. The UV-VIS spectra show an absorption peak around 450 nm as a prove for colloidal silver particle formation. The cut-off wavelength of the transmission varies from 400 to 520 nm. The process of particle formation is studied by SEM and XRD. The structural changes in the glassy matrix are studied using DRIFT spectroscopy. The IR spectra proof that the structure of the glasses was modified mainly by the shift of the main stretching vibration in the 1050 – 1100 cm-1 spectral range. The analysis of the results of spectroscopic and microscopic studies allow conclusions to be drawn on the influence of the ion exchange time (5–60 min), composition of the salt melt (1-5 mol% AgNO3, 95-99 mol% NaNO3) and the additional heat treatment (700 - 900°C, 60 min) on the nanoparticle sizes, optical characteristics and structural changes in the surface layer of the glasses.
Washing Denim with Stone-free Process EnzyboosterCHEMPRO
Stone Wash performed with ENZYBOOSTER is a technical proposal for industrial washing denim.
Superior faded look is achieved with several advantages, both technical and operational.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
Crimson publishers-Biosynthesis of the Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilot...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
Biosynthesis of the Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilotica Leaf Extract and their Effect on Degradation of Congo Red Dye in Aqueous Solution by Vasantha Jyothi NVV* and Venkateswarlu P* in Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Corrosion of mild steel in HCl was investigated using the weight loss method. The
mild steel used was cut into 16 coupons with 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 0.2 cm dimensions
which were degreased with ethanol and washed with distilled water and finally
weighed. The mild steel coupons were exposed to HCl with varied concentrations (0,
10, 25 and 40%) of Garcinia kola extracts used as corrosion inhibitors for 4 hours at
400C and 600C respectively. The result showed that at 400C; the inhibition efficiency
of 65.5% was observed at 25 % HCl concentration and 62.9% at 40% HCl
concentration while at 600C; inhibition efficiency of 87.7% was at 25% HCl
concentration and 88.1% at 40% concentration respectively. It can be concluded that
increase in concentration increases the inhibition efficiency. The presence of
flavonoid and alkanoids in bitter kola stem is a good inhibitor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optical and Morphological Characterization of BaSeThinFilms Synthesized via C...IOSR Journals
Barium selinide (BaSe) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate via chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The effect of deposition time on the thin film formation mechanism has been studied to understand the optimum conditions for synthesis process. The phase identification and surface morphology of thin coated films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively while the optical characterizations were conducted by means of ultraviolet visible (UV- Vis) spectroscopy. XRD study confirms the polycrystalline hexagonal structure of the thin films. The XRD peaks at 2θ =23.84° and 2θ = 23.86o showed the preferential orientation along the (021) and (201)plane with deposition time 20 hours and 22 hours respectively, whereas the major peak at (111) was obtained with a deposition time of 24 hours. With the increase in deposition time up to 24 hours, the film gradually grew thicker along with the fine increase in the grain size. The direct optical band gap of the films was measured to be varied from 1.33 to 3.37 eV.
IRJET-Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous ...IRJET Journal
Subitha V , Vanathi M " Fixed Bed Column Study for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium From Aqueous Solution by using Denolix Regia Pods (Flamboyant Pods) ",International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The contamination of chromium (VI) in water posed severe health issues throughout the world. Several methods are available to remove chromium from aqueous environment but they are not feasible in all places and conditions due to various reasons. Some of the processes are electrochemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, etc from contaminated water. The development of low cost adsorbent is essential for benefit of the society. In present work, the study on performance of low cost adsorbent such as Denolix regia pods were used in removal of toxic heavy metal hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was performed. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be efficient media for removal of Chromium (VI) using fixed bed column which was having the total column height of 40cm, diameter of 7cm and a bed height of 30cm. The removal percentage has achieved 49% at optimum condition with the initial concentration of Cr (VI) as 500 mg/ml. The extend of adsorption was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and adsorption of Cr (VI) was found to be time and concentration dependent.
This paper reports on the preparation and optical characterization of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): (49.5)B2O3 - 10PbO - 30CdO -10AlF3 (BPCA)glasses. Due to the homogeneous distribution of Cu2+ ions, the glasses are found to be in bright blue color has been noticed. From the XRD profile, amorphous nature the glass has been studied. Triogonal BO3 units transformed into tetrahedral BO4 units has evidenced from the FTIR spectrum of reference glass. From the measured absorption spectrum of the copper glass exhibits broad absorption band (2B1g→2B1g) at 760 nm have been measured. Emission spectrum of Cu2+ (0.5 mol %): B2O3- CdO – PbO - AlF3 glass has revealed a blue emission at 447 nm with an excitation wavelength 389 nm.
Mechanical properties of bio mineralized concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Quantities of sludge from septic tank and quarry rock dust from industries have been on the rise in recent years due to the rapid improvement in the standard of living and the increase in industrialization. Unfortunately, the majority of sludge from septic tank is not being recycled and hence it causes serious problems on natural resources and environment. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling the sludge from septic tank as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this research various proportions of septic tank sludge and quarry rock dust are used as supplement to sand in cement concrete and also various proportions of bacterial solutions are used as a supplement to water. The works under taken here dealt with the use of quarry rock dust, septic tank sludge and bacterial water as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this investigation ,% of water absorption and compressive strength criteria were analyzed by introducing septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust and bacterial solution into the cement concrete. Keywords: recycling, septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust
Modifying of Float Glass Surface with Silver Nanoparticles by Ion - Exchangeinventionjournals
In this study we treated float glass samples in melts of silver containing salts. Our aims are to study the processes of Ag nanoparticle formation in order to clarify the most likely mechanism of colour and nanostructuring processes in the modified surface layer. The UV-VIS spectra show an absorption peak around 450 nm as a prove for colloidal silver particle formation. The cut-off wavelength of the transmission varies from 400 to 520 nm. The process of particle formation is studied by SEM and XRD. The structural changes in the glassy matrix are studied using DRIFT spectroscopy. The IR spectra proof that the structure of the glasses was modified mainly by the shift of the main stretching vibration in the 1050 – 1100 cm-1 spectral range. The analysis of the results of spectroscopic and microscopic studies allow conclusions to be drawn on the influence of the ion exchange time (5–60 min), composition of the salt melt (1-5 mol% AgNO3, 95-99 mol% NaNO3) and the additional heat treatment (700 - 900°C, 60 min) on the nanoparticle sizes, optical characteristics and structural changes in the surface layer of the glasses.
Washing Denim with Stone-free Process EnzyboosterCHEMPRO
Stone Wash performed with ENZYBOOSTER is a technical proposal for industrial washing denim.
Superior faded look is achieved with several advantages, both technical and operational.
Metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (Titanium/Nickel-Titanium/Tantalum/Cobalt chromium and stainless steel ).
We will discuss metallic scaffolds requirements,disadvantages,types and the pros and cons of each type.
The light side of the numbers - A importância dos Dados para a Experiência do...Luis Felipe Fernandes
O estudo de dados e Business Intelligence são comumente confundidos com o lado "capitalista" da experiência do usuário, em que somente resultados e lucros são levados em consideração, muitas vezes prejudicando o usuário em prol de "números".
O objetivo da palestra do Luis Felipe, da HandMade UX, é mostrar como o estudo de dados é mais do que essencial para criarmos experiências incríveis (para o USUÁRIO) e como devemos inserir estes estudos no processo de Design de todo e qualquer projeto.
Luis Felipe Fernandes é UX Designer, Sócio na HandMade Consultoria de UX, Fundador e Professor da UX Academy e professor de UX na FIAP.
Passive style of Architecture.
Designed by renowned Sri Lankan architect Geoffrey Bawa.
Hotel located at Bentota Beach.
Designed as per the climate and location of site.
Keeping its promise to progressively contribute towards a cleaner and greener planet, India’s largest global flexible packaging solution company Uflex has rolled out natural resource conservation initiatives
Líder Vencedor é o site especializado em liderança no qual você pode confiar e se espelhar para conquistar uma liderança memorável e impactante.
O eBook 95 Frases Inspiradoras de Liderança, surge com o intuito de compartilhar o conhecimento de grandes líderes da história.
Seguir a orientação de grandes líderes é o caminho mais rápido para o seu sucesso.
Site: www.lidervencedor.com
www.Facebook.com/liderevencedor
Liderança é um processo em que há algum nível de influência de uma pessoa sobre outra, ou sobre um grupo, para que objetivos sejam alcançados em uma situação. Quanto à liderança em enfermagem é importante que o enfermeiro concilie os objetivos organizacionais com os objetivos de seu grupo, para que seja aprimorada a prática profissional e, consequentemente, uma assistência de enfermagem adequada à equipe, aos pacientes e à instituição.
Este mini e-book visa compartilhar algumas dicas para ajudar profissionais que estejam dando seus primeiros passos no desafio de escalar Agile. Não há uma ordem exata dentre essas dicas. Algumas delas podem inclusive não fazer sentido algum para seu contexto. O objetivo de produzir esse material é compilar diferentes lições importantes que foram aprendidas (muitas vezes duramente) no campo de batalha de transição e experimentação de métodos ágeis dentro de grandes organizações.
How we structure our work process
_____
Covered topics and methods:
- why we are using methods
- what tools do designers use today
- Brainstorming (635, aoki, 101)
- Research (POEMS, AEIOU, AAAA)
- Persona
- Customer journey map
- Blueprint
- Storyboards
- DeBono's thinking hats
- Delight Driver Canvas
- Actor map/ stakeholder map
- Customer needs matrix
- Business Canvas Model
Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibers From Coconut Coir FibersIOSR Journals
Cellulose nanofibers were isolated from coconut coir fibers by chemical treatment using alkaline, mineral acids and inorganic salts, followed by mechanical treatment and disintegration methods like sonication, cryo crushing and dissolution. The size and morphology of cellulose nanofibers were investigated by using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The width of synthesized cellulose nanofibers investigated by the FESEM was around 30 nm to 90 nm and few microns in length. Elemental analysis of cellulose nano fibers were confirmed with the Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDS) results. XRD study was conducted for the crystalline property of cellulose nanofibers synthesized from coconut coir fibers using standard microcrystalline cellulose as reference. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of hydroxyl groups, C-H bond and the C-O-C groups in the synthesized cellulose nanofibers. The cellulose nano fibers were successfully utilized in the preparation of transparent thin film, filtration and water treatment.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt. nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energy∆G^o, entropy ∆S^o and enthalpy ∆H^o were discussed and the results demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Characterization of Clay/Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Use for Adsorption...Editor IJCATR
In this study, composites films were prepared from Chitosan biopolymer and Montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) by
dispersion of MMT into Chitosan solution with different weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 75% wt. /wt.
nanoclay/chitosan), using both sonication and casting technique methods to obtain good dispersion of nanoclay. The structural
properties of these nanocomposites samples examined by XRD and FTIR . The XRD patterns indicating that formation of an
intercalated nanostructure as exfoliated and flocculated structure . Also the complexion of the dopant with the biopolymer was
examined by FTIR studies. The experiments of Mn(ΙΙ) ions adsorption were carried out on MMT/chitosan nanocomposites. The
effect of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption mass, initial Mn(ΙΙ) concentration and temperature on the
adsorption of Mn(ΙΙ) removal onto MMT/chitosan nanocomposites was investigated. Two adsorption isotherm models were
applied Freundlich and Langmuir to fit the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm modeling was suitable for description the data
at equilibrium state. The kinetic isotherm was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the thermodynamics
parameters of the adsorption such as Gibbs free energyΔ퐺표 , entropy Δ푆표 and enthalpy Δ퐻표 were discussed and the results
demonstrate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Using Groundnut Shell Activated Carbon C...IOSRJAC
In this work, activated carbon prepared from groundnut shells (GSAC) by sulphuric acid treatment was coated with Fe3O4(GSAC- Fe3O4) and tested for its efficiency as an adsorbentfor the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. The structural morphology and functional groups present were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various sorption parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were studied. The percentage removal of methylene blue increased with decrease in initial methylene blue concentration and increased with increase in contact time and dose of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models.
Removal of Cr (VI) Using Low Cost Activated Carbon Developed By Agricultural ...IOSRJAC
Rice straw is find out as agricultural waste material labundantly in india. It is also used in paper industry due to it abundantly available in rice-producing countries. Activated carbon of rice straw (ACRS) was used to remove Cr(VI) from waste water. The Batch process were used to evaluate the effect activated carbon of rice straw for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption studies on pH effect, contact time, adsorbent dose were examined. The removal decreased from 74.2 to 47.2% by increasing the Cr(VI) concentration from 1.5 to 5.0 mg/l. Removal, however, decreased from 80.3 to 7.2% by increasing the adsorbent particle size from 100 µm to 200 µm. The adsorbed dose of Cr (VI) tend to increase with the increase of pH. It has been found that a low cost and high capabilities of the ACRS make it potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from wastewater.
Extraction of Silica and other related products from Rice HuskIJERA Editor
The main objective of the present work is the synthesis of silica from rice husk and to study its characterization
studies. The alkaline method succeeded by acid precipitation is done for the extraction of silica. The
optimization of the concentration of sodium hydroxide and the amount of rice husk ash that goes with it for
attaining the maximum yield of silica is done. X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
studies are executed for acquiring its characteristic. Activated carbon and silica gel are the intermediate products
formed during the synthesis process of silica.
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED BAC...AM Publications
The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 103, 105 and 107 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 105cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Adsorption of Waste Metal Cr(VI) with Composite Membranes (Chitosan-Silica Rice Husks)
1. Makara Journal of Science 16/3 (2012) 163-168
doi: 10.7454/mss.v16i3.1477/Makara J. Sci. 16/3 (2012) 163-168 163
Adsorption of Waste Metal Cr(VI) with Composite Membranes
(Chitosan-Silica Rice Husks)
Fifia Zulti1*)
, Kiagus Dahlan2
, and Purwantiningsih Sugita3
1.Research Center for Limnology, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
2. Departmen of Physic, FMIPA, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Darmaga, Bogor 16880, Indonesia
3. Departmen of Chemistry, FMIPA, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Darmaga, Bogor 16880, Indonesia
*)
E-mail: fifia.zulti@limnologi.lipi.go.id
Abstract
Chromium compounds are widely used in modern industry. Many of these compounds are dumped into the surrounding
environment. Membrane technology is more efficient and effective than conventional methods for waste treatment. The
research objective was to make a membrane separation process that can be applied to Cr(VI). Membranes were made
from chitosan and silica rice husks. Variations of chitosan and silica rice husk used (g) are 2:1 (A1), 2:2 (A2), 3:1 (B1),
and 3:2 (B2). The membrane was made by using an inverted phase technique. Results of SEM characterization of
membranes showed that B2 has the largest pores at 2.58 μm. The FTIR characterization results indicate the presence of
crosslinking between chitosan with silica rice husk with the appearance of Si-O adsorption band at wavelength 1122-
980/cm. A1 membrane, with the smallest pore size has the greatest rejection value towards Cr(VI) which is 70%. The
result of this research showed that the composite membrane of silica rice husk was effective enough to adsorb metal
Cr(VI) with an average adsorption capacity of 1665.85 mg/g.
Abstrak
Penyerapan Limbah Logam Cr(VI) dengan Membran Komposit (Kitosan-Silika Sekam Padi). Senyawa kromium
banyak digunakan dalam industri modern. Senyawa tersebut banyak dibuang begitu saja ke lingkungan sekitar.
Teknologi membrane lebih efisien dan efektif dari pada metode konvensional untuk pengolahan limbah. Tujuan
penelitian adalah membuat membran yang dapat digunakan dalam proses pemisahan Cr(VI). Membran dibuat dari
kitosan dan silika sekam padi. Variasi kitosan dan silika sekam padi yang digunakan (g) adalah 2:1 (A1), 2:2 (A2), 3:1
(B1), dan 3:2 (B2). Membran dibuat dengan menggunakan teknik inversa fasa. Dari hasil karakterisasi SEM diketahui
bahwa membran B2 mempunyai pori yang paling besar yaitu 2,58 μm. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR menunjukkan adanya
ikatan silang antara kitosan dengan silika sekam padi dengan munculnya pita serapan Si-O pada bilangan gelombang
1122-980/cm. Membran A1 dengan ukuran pori paling kecil mempunyai nilai rejeksi terhadap Cr(VI) paling besar yaitu
70%. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa membran komposit-silika sekam padi cukup efektif untuk menyerap logam Cr(VI)
dengan kapasitas adsorpsi rata-rata adalah 1665.85 mg/g.
Keywords: chitosan, Cr(VI), membrane, silica rice husk
1. Introduction
The increase in industrial activity in Indonesia has had
an effect on increasing environmental pollution.
Pollution of water, air, soil and the disposal of
hazardous and toxic waste (B3) is a problem that must
be faced by communities living around the industrial
area. Heavy metals, a type of B3 waste, are toxic and
carcinogenic [1]. Metal Cr(VI) is a heavy metal that is
commonly found in electroplating industrial waste and
is hazardous to health and the environment.
Many methods have been used to process waste metal
Cr(VI) including adsorption methods such as chromium
with activated biomass sludge as an adsorbent [2],
reduction methods with the compound KI as a reductor
of Cr(VI) [3] and adsorption with straw [4]. However,
none of these waste treatment methods are effective in
treating wastewater. The method now widely used to
treat wastewater is membrane technology because the
process is very simple, energy efficient, retains the
material and does not use additional chemicals [5]. In
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164
this study, composite membranes made of chitosan are
mixed with silica rice husk.
Rice husk is an abundant material because Indonesia is
a country that produces rice husks. The rice husks
contain silica. Based on research conducted, the content
of silica (SiO2) in the rice husk is quite high, ranging
from 87-90% [6].
Chitosan is a polymer that has been widely used as a
membrane material. Chitosan has the ability to adsorb
metals by forming complexes with metals so chitosan
can be used to treat waste metal [7]. Chitosan membrane
has a dense structure so it has very small porosity. For
that reason chitosan is combined with silica to form
pores that are more effective in screening waste.
Particles of silica are ideal porogens for producing
porous chitosan membranes with controlled porosity
and good mechanic properties [8].
The purpose of this research was to make membrane
filtration from chitosan composited with silica rice
husks. Furthermore, the membrane is tested for its
ability to adsorb metal Cr(VI) from artificial waste.
2. Methods
The main materials used in this study were rice husk
and chitosan. Rice husk is taken from the rice mills
around IPB at Darmaga campus. Chitosan was
purchased from the Fisheries Faculty of the Department
of Technology, IPB, with 74.25% degree of
deacetylation.
Making silica rice husk was conducted in three stages
i.e. drying, incinerating and acidification Pre-dried rice
husks were washed with distilled water and then dried at
190 o
C for 1 h in a furnace. Then the husks were
incinerated at a temperature of 300 o
C for 30 minutes,
and 600 o
C for 1 h. Once charcoal had formed it was
heated again at a temperature of 600 o
C for 1 h to
become ash. The next process is acidification with HCl
(37%) and more heating at a temperature of 1000 o
C for
6 hours [9].
Preparation of composite membranes. The inverse
phase technique was used. Chitosan was dissolved in 50
ml of 2% acetic acid solution and sonicated for 1 h.
Then, the silica particles were gradually added to the
chitosan. The solution was further sonicated for 1 h to
make a homogeneous solution. Sonication was
performed at a frequency of 42 kHz with a Bronson
2510 which breaks down the molecules so that they
dissolve faster. The solution was then filtered, then
shaped in the membrane mold and dried at 50 o
C for 12
h in an incubator. After drying, the membrane was
soaked in a solution of NaOH (5%). Membranes were
further heated for 2 h at a temperature of 80 o
C to
remove silica and produce a porous chitosan membrane.
The membrane was washed again with distilled water to
remove residual NaOH. The modification made from
previous studies [9-10] was the use of chitosan and
silica rice husk mass composition. Variations in
composition were performed to make membranes with
the best pores to filter waste. In making this membrane
the various mass compositions (g) of chitosan and silica
rice husk used are: 2:1 (A1), 2:2 (A2), 3:1 (B1) and 3:2
(B2).
Test of flux and membrane rejection. Determining
water flux and waste rejection is obtained by measuring
the amount of permeate volume that passes through a
unit of membrane surface per unit area per unit time.
The waste used is artificial wastewater obtained by
dissolving K2Cr2O7 in distilled water with a
concentration of 300 ppm. The rejection coefficient (R)
can be calculated using the following equation [11]:
%100x
C
CC
R
f
pf −
= (1)
where Cf,, Cp (mg/L) showed the value of feed
concentration and permeation.
3. Results and Discussion
Characterization of silica rice husk using XRD and
FTIR. Heat at a temperature of 1000 o
C produces silica
rice husk in the form of crystals. Figure 1 depicts two
silica peaks (SiO2) at an angle of 2θ at 22o
and 36o
with
quite high intensity. Referring to the XRD analysis
research by Handayani [9], peaks also appear with high
intensity at 2θ at 22o
and 36o
. The degree of crystallinity
formed was 75.98%. The type of crystal formed can be
determined by calculating the parameters of the crystal
lattice by a value of 2θ. Lattice parameters can be
determined by determining the value of a, b, and c. The
XRD results of silica rice husk in Figure 1 have lattice
parameter values of a = b ≠ c with α = β = γ = 90°,
Figure 1. X-rayDifraction (XRD) Analysis of Silica Rice
Husk at a Heating Temperature of 1000 o
C
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165
therefore the dominant type of crystal formed at heating
temperature of 1000 o
C is β-crystobalite with tetragonal
crystalline structure.
The IR spectra of silica rice husk in Figure 2 show the
appearance of a sharp peak of Si-O functional group at
wavelengths of around 1055/cm. Si-O functional group
is a characteristic of the silica compound. Moreover, the
groups of O-H, Si-C and Si-Cl also appear at
wavelengths 3371/cm, 820/cm, and 471/cm respectively.
Analysis of functional groups membrane. Functional
groups that appear in membranes A1, A2, B1 and B2
have transmittance intensity similar to the sharp peaks
in the adsorption band of each group function. Figure 3
shows the emergence of functional groups on the Si-O
wavelength of around 1055 and 1122-980/cm. The Si-O
adsorption band of the membrane appears around the
wavelength range 1122-980/cm indicating a cross-link
between chitosan and silica rice husk. Si-O wave length
that appears in membranes A1 (1110/cm), A2
(1092/cm), B1 (1122/cm) and B2 (1118/cm) is greater
than the value of the Si-O wavelength on silica rice husk
(1055/cm.) This indicates a shift in the Si-O adsorption
band due to a hydrogen bond between the functional
groups of Si-O silica rice husk with the O-H chitosan
group.The hydrogen strengthens the link between silica
rice husk with chitosan, but causes the Si-O bond to be
shortened so that the Si-O bond becomes stronger and
the vibrational energy bond becomes greater. Based on
the plank equation (E=h.c.ν), the wave length is
proportional to the energy (E), so the increase in energy
will make the adsorption band shift towards a greater
wavelength (ν).
Morphological analysis of membrane. The membrane
formed is porous. The porous membrane is formed due
to the influence of the silica composition. The pore
shapes formed area symmetrical and the pore size is not
homogeneous, see Figure 4.
Pore size of the membrane that forms varies depending
on the composition of chitosan and silica (Table 1). A2
membrane has a larger pore size than membrane A1
because A2 added as much as 2 grams of silica while
A1 has only 1 gram of silica. Similarly, for the B
membranes, B1 has bigger sized pores compared to B2
which as more silica than B1. So the addition of silica
will increase thepore size of the membrane formed. The
Figure 2. FTIR Spectra of Silica Rice Husk
Figure 3. FTIR Spectra of Chitosan-Silica Rice Husk
Membranes A1, A2, B1, and B2
Figure 4. Result of SEM Membrane as Seen from (A) Surface, (B) Cross-Section
Wave Number (Cm-1
)
Transmittance(%)
Wave Number (Cm-1
)
Membrane Surface Pictures
Cross-Sectional Images
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Table 1. Membrane Pore Size
Membrane Pore size (μm)
A1 0.12–0.57
A2 0.22–0.43
B1 1.08–1.35
B2 2.58
Figure 5. Flux Value of Membranes; A1 (■), A2 ( ), B1
(●), B2 (♦)
results are consistent with previous research by Liu et
al. [10] that states that silica serves as a porogen,
meaning the particles of silica form pores in the
chitosan membrane. This research revealed that the
mass ratio of silica/chitosan is 10:1 (g), the membrane
pore size on average is 25-35 μm.
Flux membrane. In Figure 5 it can be seen that in
minute10 the flux sharply declined until minute 22. If
screening is continued the flux values continue to fall
until they almost reach zero. Decline in the flux value is
due to membrane fouling. The direct effect of fouling
causes a decrease in permeated flux, while the long-
term effect can cause irreversible fouling of the
membrane material and reduce its lifetime [12]. In this
condition the membrane begins to clog up, thus
affecting the amount that permeates the membrane.
The flux test results showed that membrane A1
produces a maximum flux value of about 50,000
Lm/m2
hour in 300 ppm potassium dichromate (artificial
waste). The value decreases within creasing flux time.
At 10 minute the flux value is almost constant until 20
minute. This indicates clogging in the membrane called
fouling. The maximum flux value of membrane A2 in
artificial waste is around 60,000 Lm/m2
hour. This flux
value is higher than the A1 membrane. This indicates
that membrane A2 has larger pore sizes. The A2
membrane has a chitosan:silica composition of 2:1
whereas the A1 membrane composition is 2:2. An
increased amount of silica in the membrane causes
larger pore size and consequently a greater flux value.
Likemembrane A1, fouling of A2 membrane begins at
minute10.
Flux values of membranes B1 and B2 are not too
different from membranes A1 and A2 as shown in
Figure 3. Fouling also occurred in 10 minute marked by
an increase of flux values that almost fell to zero at
minute twenty. The average values of the artificial
waste flux on membranes are in sequence 9,192.46
Lm/m2
hour; 8,788.74 Lm/m2
hour; 8,460.25 Lm/m2
hour,
and 2,403.77 Lm/m2
hour respectively for membranes
A2, A1, B1 and B2. Membrane flux values are also
influenced by the degree of membrane swelling. When
the feed concentration permeates membrane A2 it opens
pores thereby increasing pore size thus causing
swelling.
Membrane rejection. In the A1 membrane, as can be
seen in Figure 6, the rejection value does not vary
significantly from the screening waste process. The
average value of membrane rejection for A1 is 70%.
The average concentration of the final solution of
Cr(VI) after being filtered by membrane A1 is 90.12
ppm. The average rejection value of membrane A2 is
66.18%, which is less than membrane A1. The final
concentration of Cr(VI) after being filtered by
membrane A2 is 101.47 ppm. The average rejection of
B1 membrane is 67.55%. The average final
concentration of Cr(VI) after being filtered by
membrane B1 is 97.35 ppm, while after being filtered
by membrane B2 it is 101.48 ppm.
In Figure 6 it can also be seen that the chitosan
membrane without silica is capable of holding metal
Cr(VI) to a maximum of 41.37%. Chitosan can act as an
adsorbent as it is able to bind the metal. However, the
rejection value is still small because the chitosan
membrane without silica is dense so its pores are very
small compared to if it has the addition of silica. So, of
the four membranes that have been tested, based on
rejection ability the average is 70%, 66.18%, 67.55%,
55.32% and 30.50% for membranes A1, A2, B1, B2 and
chitosan for separation within 22 minutes. A1
membrane with smaller pore sizes than membranes A2,
B1 and B2 has the highest rejection value of metal
Cr(VI) which is an average of 70%, meaning that only
30% of the metal membrane Cr(VI) can escape. This
value is greater than the metal uptake of Cr(VI) with the
ion exchange membrane cell method at the amount of
30% for 300 minutes [13]. The results of research by
Devaprasath et al. [14] using spicigeraprosopis plant
leaves also has a Cr(VI) percentage adsorption of about
69.4%.
The mechanism of metal adsorption that occurs between
the membrane composite of chitosan with silica rice
husk is supported by the nature of chitosan as a
polycationic polymer. Chitosan is a chelating polymer
t (minute)
Flux(Lm-2Hours-1
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167
derived from natural ingredients so that chitosan is able
to bind metals to form a metal-chitosan complex.
Chitosan is an excellent ion chelating agent. Electrons
of nitrogen contained in the amine group can form
covalent bonds with transitory metal ions, including
chromium. Chitosan acts as an electron pair donor in the
transition of metal ions in the formation of a metal-
chitosan complex. While silica, in addition to forming
pores in the membrane is also thought to act as a metal
adsorbent of Cr(VI). This is evidenced by the increased
rejection value of Cr(VI) on the chitosan membrane
composited with silica compared with the chitosan
membrane without the addition of silica rice husk.
Average adsorption capacity of chitosan-silica rice husk
composite membrane is 1665.85 mg/g. When compared
with the results of research by Vijaya et al. [15], the
adsorption ability of chitosan with silica rice husk
composite is greater than adsorbent chitosan coated with
a commercial silica which is 294.1 mg/g.
Kinetic adsorption. Determining the reaction rate (k) is
calculated using the first-order and second-order kinetic
model [16]. According to Table 2 the adsorption of
Cr(VI) with chitosan-silica rice husk membrane followed
Figure 6. Value of Chitosan Membrane Rejection, A1, A2,
B1, and B2 on the Artificial Wastewater;
Chitosan (■), A1 ( ), A2 (X), B1 ( ), B2 (♦)
Table 2. First Order and Second Order Kinetic Model of
Cr(VI) Adsorption with Chitosan-Silica Rice
Husk Membrane
1st
orde 2nd
ordeChitosan/silica
rice husk mass
variation
(gram)
R2 k
(/min)
R2 k (g/mg
/min)
A1 (2:1) 0.0597 1.84 x 10-3
0.9908 2.5 x 10-3
A2 (2:2) 0.3004 5.76 x 10-3
0.9978 1.62 x 10-3
B1 (3:1) 0.1056 -5.07 x 10-3
0.9937 -2.5 x 10-3
B2 (3:2) 0.1126 11.74 x 10-3
0.9741 1.8 x 10-3
the second order because the value of R2
is close to 1
(linear). The k values obtained in this study illustrate
that the greater the reaction rate constant is the faster is
the depletion of reactants.
4. Conclusions
This study has created a composite membrane with
chitosan and silica rice husk. Composite membrane can
be used as membrane filtration for separating Cr(VI)
metal. Based on the results of this study it can be
concluded that the addition of silica rice husk in the
manufacture of chitosan membrane affects the pore size
of the membrane. Chitosan and silica rice husk form
cross-links as indicated by the appearance of the Si-O
adsorption b and at wavelength 1122-980/cm. SEM
characterization results show that membrane B2 with 3
gram of chitosan and 2 grams of silica has the greatest
pore size. A1 membrane with mass ratio 2:1 produces a
smaller pore size and more effectively eliminates the
metal Cr(VI) compared to other membranes with a
rejection value of 70%. The average adsorption capacity
of chitosan-silica rice husk membrane is equal to
1665.85 mg/g with the adsorption rate following the
second-order kinetics model.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank LIPI Competitive
Scholarship Batch II (2008-2010) for funding this
research.
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