This document summarizes a study on the effect of cationization on the adsorption of silver nanoparticles on cotton surfaces and its antibacterial activity. The key findings are:
1) Cotton was cationized using CHPTAC to introduce quaternary ammonium groups, which increased the surface roughness and decreased crystallinity.
2) Cationized cotton adsorbed more silver nanoparticles from colloidal solutions compared to normal cotton when exposed using an exhaustion method.
3) Testing showed the cationized cotton with higher levels of adsorbed silver nanoparticles had greater antibacterial activity against E. coli bacteria.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
The effect of cationic modification of cotton fabrics, using cationic agent (Chromatech 9414) on direct dyeing characteristics was studied in this work. Cationization of cotton fabric at different conditions (pH, cationic agent concentration, temperature and time) was investigated and the optimum conditions were determined . Nitrogen content of cotton samples pretreated with cationic agent was indicated. The results showed that increasing cationic agent concentration lead to higher nitrogen content on cotton fabric . The cationized cotton fabrics were dyed with two direct dyes (C.I. Direct Yellow 142 - C.I. Direct red 224) and the results were compared to untreated cotton fabrics. The parameters which may affect the dyeing process such as dye concn., addition of salt, time and temperature of dyeing were studied. The dyeing results illustrate that cationization improves the fabric dyeability compared to the uncationized cotton and the magnitude of increase in colour depth depends on the nitrogen content of the cationized cotton fabric .The results also refer to possibility of dyeing cationized cotton fabric with direct dyes without addition of electrolytes to give colour strength higher than that achieved on uncationized cotton using conventional dyeing method .Another important advantage of cationic treatment is in the saving of dye concn., energy ,dyeing time , rinse water and subsequently saving of waste water treatment , and finally minimizes the environmental pollution . The changes in surface morphology of fibres after cationization were identified by various methods such as wettability and scanning with the electron microscope. Different fastness properties were evaluated.
In this work, membrane based activated carbon have been studied, and because of the large surface area and, consequently, adsorption of pores, has a wide use for purification of liquids or gases in its entirety. The basic idea is the refinement of the technological expertise of obtaining organic resin composite membranes - activated carbon with porosity characteristics typical of type UF membranes. The membranes were prepared with 40% vol. epoxy resin and 60% vol. Commercial activated carbon micro and mesoporous MADECARBO®, crude, evaluating three types of solvents (toluene, ethyl acetate and ethanol). Physical characterizations such as density Archimedes demonstrated an apparent porosity of 47% - 70% for raw coal and 49% - 62% for dry coal. The microstructure of the specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, indicating good homogeneity of the resin-carbon interaction for both formulations with raw coal, and for dry coal. The flow tests were conducted in a test cell to tubular membranes that simulates parallel flow type filter. As for the flow, the formulation with the lowest result of this property was a coal dry amid ethyl acetate. As for the raw coal, the lowest flow was obtained from the coal of the same nature, but amid absolute ethyl alcohol. From the results, it was concluded that this type of media is strongly influenced by the process for obtaining the formulation and, consequently, the microstructure of the specimens, plays an important role for the type of filtration obtained.
The Influence of Cationization on the Dyeing Performance of Cotton Fabrics wi...IJERA Editor
The effect of cationic modification of cotton fabrics, using cationic agent (Chromatech 9414) on direct dyeing characteristics was studied in this work. Cationization of cotton fabric at different conditions (pH, cationic agent concentration, temperature and time) was investigated and the optimum conditions were determined . Nitrogen content of cotton samples pretreated with cationic agent was indicated. The results showed that increasing cationic agent concentration lead to higher nitrogen content on cotton fabric . The cationized cotton fabrics were dyed with two direct dyes (C.I. Direct Yellow 142 - C.I. Direct red 224) and the results were compared to untreated cotton fabrics. The parameters which may affect the dyeing process such as dye concn., addition of salt, time and temperature of dyeing were studied. The dyeing results illustrate that cationization improves the fabric dyeability compared to the uncationized cotton and the magnitude of increase in colour depth depends on the nitrogen content of the cationized cotton fabric .The results also refer to possibility of dyeing cationized cotton fabric with direct dyes without addition of electrolytes to give colour strength higher than that achieved on uncationized cotton using conventional dyeing method .Another important advantage of cationic treatment is in the saving of dye concn., energy ,dyeing time , rinse water and subsequently saving of waste water treatment , and finally minimizes the environmental pollution . The changes in surface morphology of fibres after cationization were identified by various methods such as wettability and scanning with the electron microscope. Different fastness properties were evaluated.
In this work, membrane based activated carbon have been studied, and because of the large surface area and, consequently, adsorption of pores, has a wide use for purification of liquids or gases in its entirety. The basic idea is the refinement of the technological expertise of obtaining organic resin composite membranes - activated carbon with porosity characteristics typical of type UF membranes. The membranes were prepared with 40% vol. epoxy resin and 60% vol. Commercial activated carbon micro and mesoporous MADECARBO®, crude, evaluating three types of solvents (toluene, ethyl acetate and ethanol). Physical characterizations such as density Archimedes demonstrated an apparent porosity of 47% - 70% for raw coal and 49% - 62% for dry coal. The microstructure of the specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, indicating good homogeneity of the resin-carbon interaction for both formulations with raw coal, and for dry coal. The flow tests were conducted in a test cell to tubular membranes that simulates parallel flow type filter. As for the flow, the formulation with the lowest result of this property was a coal dry amid ethyl acetate. As for the raw coal, the lowest flow was obtained from the coal of the same nature, but amid absolute ethyl alcohol. From the results, it was concluded that this type of media is strongly influenced by the process for obtaining the formulation and, consequently, the microstructure of the specimens, plays an important role for the type of filtration obtained.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Indian Rice Husk Ash – Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A ReviewIJERA Editor
The objective of this paper is to study a review of Indian Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement in different percentage and performance of strength and durability of RHA blended concrete. The demand for producing durable construction material is the result of the environmental pollution. Supplementary cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete, RHA is available in plenty to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash, Due to its high pozzolanic activity, and the strength and durability of concrete are improved. This paper presents an over view of the work carried out on the use of Indian RHA to improve the strength and durability of concrete
Improvement on the concrete cracks by using Bacillus pastueriiijsrd.com
Cracks in concrete are irreversible and are one of the naturally weaknesses of concrete. Bacillus Pasteruii, a common soil bacterium induce the precipitation of calcite exhibited its positive potential in selectively consolidating simulated fractures in the consolidation of sand. A compression, flexural and durability tested on mortar cubes and concrete beams treated with bacteria were studied. The effect of different depth of crack on the compression, flexural and durability of concrete was studied. It was found that all the increase in depth of crack reduce the strength of cubes and beams.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Strength Properties of Concrete ...HARISH B A
The experiment work carried out by micro silica as a supplementary material for cement and evaluate
cement for M20 grade of concrete. We are adding 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement in concrete. The
material chosen for structural up gradation should not pollute the environment. They should be accessible to the
ordinary people and low monetary cost. Coconut fibre is abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap and more resistant
thermal conductivity. Coconut fibres have the highest toughness amongst natural fibre. They have potential to be used
as reinforcement in low cost concrete structures, especially in tropical earth quake region. The aim of investigation is
study the possibilities to use coconut fibre in addition to other constituents of concrete and strength properties. The
influence of 1%, 2% and 3% fibre content by mass of cement and aspect ratio 125, fibre cut length 2.80cm is
investigated. To evaluate the effect of coconut fibres improving the properties of concrete.At 1% addition of coconut
fibre, 5% silica fume with water cement ratio 0.53. compressive strength test and split tensile strength gives best result
in concrete.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Char Made Hybrid CompositeIJERA Editor
Material discoveries and development have always been the cause of the growth and development of a nation
and the need of naturally made materials is the need of hours. Thus this paper takes you to the development of a
hybrid composite made of sisal fiber with epoxy as the matrix intertwined with softwood bio-char. Softwood
chip bio-char, produced by slow pyrolysis, has a porous structure improving its nutrient absorbing capacity,
surface area and thus a potential substituent. Bio-char has an appreciable carbon sequestration value i.e. a carbon
absorbing product. The orientation of sisal fiber are changed and studied in longitudinal and orthogonal
direction indicating superiority of longitudinal fiber orientation .It also addresses the variation in mechanical
characteristic (tensile flexural and impact) with different constituent of the new composite and its position in
material selection charts with a direction for further work.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Temperature on Wear Rate of Si-Epoxy- Eglass Polymer composite Mate...IDES Editor
With the increase use of polymer composites in
erosive work environment, it has become extremely important
to investigate their erosion characteristics. The hybrid
composite consisting of a Epoxy resin reinforced with Eglass
fiber and Si particles was developed. The effect of temperature
on wear rate applied to Si – Epoxy – Eglass polymer composite
has been studied. It has been found that the wear rate increases
as the temperature of carrier media (air) is increased.
Temperature of carrier media is one of the significant factor
influencing the erosion wear. The results were compared with
the plain epoxy composite material. Micrographs of eroded
surface are also presented to study the wear rate and Wear
behavior of composite.
Indian Rice Husk Ash – Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A ReviewIJERA Editor
The objective of this paper is to study a review of Indian Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement in different percentage and performance of strength and durability of RHA blended concrete. The demand for producing durable construction material is the result of the environmental pollution. Supplementary cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete, RHA is available in plenty to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash, Due to its high pozzolanic activity, and the strength and durability of concrete are improved. This paper presents an over view of the work carried out on the use of Indian RHA to improve the strength and durability of concrete
Improvement on the concrete cracks by using Bacillus pastueriiijsrd.com
Cracks in concrete are irreversible and are one of the naturally weaknesses of concrete. Bacillus Pasteruii, a common soil bacterium induce the precipitation of calcite exhibited its positive potential in selectively consolidating simulated fractures in the consolidation of sand. A compression, flexural and durability tested on mortar cubes and concrete beams treated with bacteria were studied. The effect of different depth of crack on the compression, flexural and durability of concrete was studied. It was found that all the increase in depth of crack reduce the strength of cubes and beams.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Strength Properties of Concrete ...HARISH B A
The experiment work carried out by micro silica as a supplementary material for cement and evaluate
cement for M20 grade of concrete. We are adding 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement in concrete. The
material chosen for structural up gradation should not pollute the environment. They should be accessible to the
ordinary people and low monetary cost. Coconut fibre is abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap and more resistant
thermal conductivity. Coconut fibres have the highest toughness amongst natural fibre. They have potential to be used
as reinforcement in low cost concrete structures, especially in tropical earth quake region. The aim of investigation is
study the possibilities to use coconut fibre in addition to other constituents of concrete and strength properties. The
influence of 1%, 2% and 3% fibre content by mass of cement and aspect ratio 125, fibre cut length 2.80cm is
investigated. To evaluate the effect of coconut fibres improving the properties of concrete.At 1% addition of coconut
fibre, 5% silica fume with water cement ratio 0.53. compressive strength test and split tensile strength gives best result
in concrete.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Green Processing of Dyes: Influence on Physico- Mechanical Properties, Color ...CrimsonpublishersTTEFT
The present article describes the role of dyes in enhancing the various properties of fibers along with their brief history and the recent methodologies used to minimize their negative impact on environmental safety. Since primitive age, natural dyes were used as coloring agents in textile industry. Later, in nineteenth century, synthetic dyes due to their high dyeability, varying shades ability, and comparatively low cost have replaced natural dyes. However, environmental concerns like water and marine pollutions forced the textile industry to develop new methodologies for the utilization of natural dyes with improved properties. Literature reveals that the use of new and advanced techniques have enhanced the dyeability, strength, softness, antimicrobial and other properties of textiles. These are mainly classified in to; a) the chemical modifications of natural dyes, and b) the surface modification of fabrics. In addition to these, the negative and positive impacts of these methods along with the future scope of research have also been discussed.
The adsorption behavior of Methylene blue dye, Bismarck brown Y dye, and Indigo dye on to Sphagnum cymbifolium (moss) was investigated as a function of flow rate, and bed height through the fixed bed process.
One of the main objectives of this research is to expand the field of application of natural biomass for the treatment of dye waste waters from industrial effluents. Additionally, it is aimed at elucidating the dependency or otherwise of flow rate, and bed height on adsorption using the fixed bed technique method of adsorption.
The biomass was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy in order to examine the morphology of the biomass. The screened biomass samples were characterized at 1000 ×magnification, and 500 ×magnification respectively for their surface morphologies. This was done using a scanning electron microscope which was equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectrophotometer employed for the elemental composition analyses. It was equally characterized with Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. This was done using a Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, England) in the wavelength range of 350-4000 nm.
Results for the biomass morphology obtained through the Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the presence of tiny pores. These pores represent sites where dye molecules could be trapped in the course of the adsorption. The result from the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy after adsorption show that C-H, C≡H, C≡C functional groups were responsible for the adsorption. For methylene blue dye, at the flow rate of 20 m3/s, the amount of dye adsorbed was 18.80 mg/g, 22.70 mg/g at 30 m3/s, and 25.40 mg/g at 40 m3/s. For Bismarck brown Y dye, at the same range of flow rate, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 12.34 mg/g - 20.62 mg/g. For indigo dye, the values obtained ranged from 6.48 mg/g - 17.71 mg/g. In addition, at the bed height range of 4.0 - 6.0x10-2(m), the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 6.31 mg/g - 27.73 mg/g for methylene blue dye. Within the same range of bed height, the amount of dye adsorbed ranged from 16.40 mg/g - 25.60 mg/g for Bismarck brown y dye, and 12.57 mg/g - 17.71 mg for indigo dye.
An investigation on heavy metal tolerance properties of bacteria isolated fro...AbdullaAlAsif1
The presence of high concentration of toxic heavy metals in industrial waste directly leads to contamination of receiving soil and water bodies and has deleterious impact on both human health and aquatic life. In the present study samples from textile mill effluent from different areas of Jessore city were analyzed for the identification and characterization of bacteria which shows tolerance to Copper, Mercury and Zinc. The bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of their morphological and physiological studies including size and shape of the organisms, arrangement of the cells, presence or absence of spores, regular or irregular forms, gram reaction, cultural characteristics, IMViC test, H 2S production, nitrate reduction, deep glucose agar test etc. All the bacterial isolates belonged to 3 genera Bacillus, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas. All the gram positive isolates used in our study showed highest level of tolerance to Zn and moderate level of tolerance to Cu while gram negative isolates showed higher tolerance to Zn in comparison with Cu in nutrient broth. But all of the isolates showed almost no tolerance to Hg. So, our bacterial isolates have the probability to use in the treatment of industrial effluent containing heavy metals and thus pollution due to heavy metal can be controlled. The goal of this study was to identify heavy metal tolerant bacteria from the textile effluent. This kind of study is very significant for broader investigation to obtain data about metal tolerant bacteria considering their potential use for bioremediation and about the interactions between metals and bacteria.
Antibacterial Finishing Of Cotton FabricsKEVSER CARPET
You can find functionalization of antibacterial agents when applied to cotton fabrics,chloroacetate groups, bioactive carboxylic acid, antibacterial activities in these documents.
I found this documents last year while I was searching some datas about antibacterial finishes on warp kniteed blankets , and now I share with you.
Here is now.
Take it and enjoy.
Good lucks.!
Effect of Alternative Scouring Agents on Dyeing Properties of Cotton/Polyeste...IOSR Journals
This research comprises of six alternative agents ((NH4)2C2O4, liquid NH3, CH3COOH, NH4OH, (COOH) 2, CH3CH2OH) at various concentrations of 1-5% used as scouring agents with NaOH as control on cotton/polyester blend fabric. The samples were bleached, mercerized and dyed. The suitability and reliability of the agents were evaluated for dyeing properties of the treated fabric. Water imbibing properties of the treated fabric, was investigated. The experimental results showed that the percentage exhaustion of indigo dye on the treated fabric were wonderful with values far above average (86.8-62.6%) except for 1% (NH4)2C2O4 that recorded slightly below average (49.7%). 2% liquid NH3 ranked the highest. The wash fastness is another interesting results where only 1-5% liquid NH3, 2% and 4% (NH4)2C2O4 that gave a grey scale rating for wash fastness of 4 (very good). The other alternative agents strongly competed at various concentrations with the control which revealed a rating of 5 (excellent wash fastness). 4% (NH4)2C2O4 scoured fabrics recorded the highest water of imbibitions (2.9 g). This implies that the alternative agents are suitable and reliable as impurity-removing (scouring) agents. The alternative agents improved the dyeing and water imbibing properties of the treated fabric far better than the control. Therefore could be employed in the textile industry.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...
1
1. Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
DOI 10.1007/s10570-009-9351-8
Effect of cationization on adsorption of silver nanoparticles
on cotton surfaces and its antibacterial activity
Mohammad Shateri Khalil-Abad Æ
Mohammad Esmail Yazdanshenas Æ
Mohammad Reza Nateghi
Received: 11 October 2008 / Accepted: 28 March 2009 / Published online: 13 August 2009
Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
Abstract Cotton was cationized by exhaustion coli bacteria as an indication of antibacterial effect of
method using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl samples. Cationized cotton samples adsorbed more
ammonium chloride (CHPTAC) as a cation-generat- silver nanoparticles and then had greater ability to
ing agent. Adsorption of silver nanoparticles on inhibit bacteria.
normal and cationized cotton was studied by exhaus-
tion method at temperatures of 80°C and 100°C. Two Keywords Antibacterial Á Cationization Á
exhaustion baths were used, containing nanosilver Cotton Á Exhaustion Á Modification Á
colloidal solutions stabilized by two different stabi- Silver nanoparticles
lizers and various concentrations of silver nanopar-
ticles. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of
normal and cationized samples confirmed the exis-
tence of quaternary ammonium groups on cationized Introduction
cellulose fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns
showed that crystallinity of the modified cellulose Nanotechnology is an extremely powerful emerging
fibers was decreased. Scanning electron microscope technology which is expected to have a substantial
(SEM) images revealed that the surface of the impact on medical technology now and in the future.
modified cotton was rougher than that of normal Nowadays the introduction of new silver-based
cotton. In addition, SEM images showed the presence antimicrobial polymers represents a great challenge
of silver nanoparticles on the surface of treated fabric for both academia and industry (Kumar and Munstedt
samples. The amount of silver particles adsorbed on 2005). Silver is a nontoxic inorganic metal that is a
the fabric samples was determined using inductively strong agent capable of killing ca. 650 disease-
coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. Anti- causing organisms in the body (Jeong et al. 2005). It
bacterial tests were performed against Escherichia is well known that silver has a broad antibacterial
activity while exhibiting low toxicity towards mam-
malian cells (Yuranova et al. 2003; Lee et al. 2007;
M. Shateri Khalil-Abad Á M. E. Yazdanshenas
Textile Department, Islamic Azad University, Wang et al. 2007; Sambhy et al. 2006). Thus, silver
Yazd Branch, P.O. Box 155, Yazd, Iran has the potential to be an excellent antibacterial
agent.
M. R. Nateghi (&)
Modification of fiber surfaces has been one of the
Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University,
Yazd Branch, P.O. Box 155, Yazd, Iran main areas of research in the development of func-
e-mail: m_nateghi60@hotmail.com tional fibers. In addition to research in developing
123
2. 1148 Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
and synthesizing new fiber-forming polymers with phosphonium, and other groups have been employed
specialized properties, surface modification offers to modify cellulose fabrics. However, disadvantages
many new opportunities. Various techniques are such as high cost, inadequate reactivity, fabric
available for surface modification of different fibers. yellowing, excessive fabric tendering, and toxicity
Balu et al. (2008) have employed oxygen plasma were observed in the case of these substances, which
processing technique to give superhydrophobicity to prevented their industrial applications. CHPTAC is a
cellulose fabrics. To improve dyeability, air and argon relatively cheap, reactive, and low toxic chemical
atmospheric plasma has been used for surface activa- which is potentially a good cationic agent for the
tion of cotton fabrics (Karahan et al. 2008). Better and modification of cellulosic fibers (Liu et al. 2007;
faster dye uptake on textiles was achieved using Montazer et al. 2007; Kanik and Hauser 2004;
surface modification of wool and cotton fabrics after Hashem et al. 2003). Dyeing and printing properties
environmentally safe enzyme pretreatment (Kantouch of the chemically modified cellulosic fibers using this
et al. 2006; Vankar and Shanker 2008). Modification agent are greatly improved. However, no previous
of silk with aminated polyepichlorohydrin to improve attempts appear to have been made to study the effect
dyeability with reactive dyes was carried out by of the cationization process on the adsorption of silver
Weibin et al. The effects of various pretreatments and nanoparticles on the cellulose fibers. The aim of the
dyeing conditions were studied. The quality of the present work is to study surface modification of
dyed silks obtained after pretreatment was shown to cellulose fibers by CHPTAC and its effect on
be satisfactory and the dyeing effluent was less adsorption of silver nanoparticles on the surface of
polluted (Weibin et al. 2007). Biomimetic procedure cotton fibers.
as a surface modification process has been used to
prepare superhydrophobic cotton textiles (Hoefnagels
et al. 2007). By in situ introduction of silica particles Experimental
to cotton fibers to generate a dual-size surface
roughness, followed by hydrophobization with poly- Materials
dimethylsiloxane (PDMS), normally hydrophilic cot-
ton can easily be converted to superhydrophobic Desized, scoured, and bleached plain woven cotton
fabric. fabric (Yazd Baf Co., Ltd., Iran) was used in this
Cotton is the most significant and also the purest work. Two commercial water-based nanosilver col-
source of fibers of cellulose that normally occurs in loids with two different stabilizers and concentration
nature (Gordon and Hsieh 2007). Various studies have of 2,000 mg L-1 (L) and 4,000 mg L-1 (LS) were
been performed on cellulose modification via cation- supplied by Pars Nano Nasb Co., Ltd., Iran. The
ization process in order to investigate the effect of cationic agent CHPTAC is commercially available as
cationic agents on the dyeing properties of cellulosic a 65% aqueous solution and was purchased from
fibers. The effects of various compounds containing Fluka. Reagent-grade NaOH crystals, nitric acid, and
cationic and anionic groups as fixing agents on the acetic acid were purchased from Merck (Germany).
dyeing properties of cotton fabrics have been evalu- Double-distilled water was used throughout the
ated (Sharif et al. 2008, 2007; Xie et al. 2008; Mughal experiments.
et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2007, 2005; Montazer et al.
2007; Fang et al. 2005). The results indicated that Methods
pretreatment of cotton fabrics with cationic agents
enhanced the color strength and fastness properties of Cationization of the cotton fabric
dyeings over untreated dyeings without using high
electrolyte concentrations. Cationic modification is a Cationized cotton was prepared by using CHPTAC to
method that has been employed in order to change insert cationic groups on the surface of cotton fibers.
the surface charge of cellulosic fibers (Chen et al. The reaction of cationic agent with cotton in the
2004; Kim and Sun 2002; Wu and Kuga 2006; presence of alkaline catalyst yields cationic cotton
Rong and Feng 2006). In these studies, a variety of (Montazer et al. 2007; Hyde et al. 2007). In the
cationic agents with amino, ammonium, sulfonium, exhaustion method, at 30:1 liquor ratio, cationic
123
3. Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157 1149
agent solution was mixed with water to prepare a bath well mixed with the KBr and pressed in an evacuated
containing cationic agent with 20% w/w fiber sam- die under suitable pressure. Fourier-transform infra-
ples. The samples were introduced into the bath and, red (FT-IR) spectra were recorded with a Bruker
after 5 min dwell time, the temperature was increased Tensor 27 FT-IR spectrometer, which operated from
from ambient to 60°C at 2–2.5°C/min and then held 400 to 4,000 cm-1 with resolution of 4 cm-1 at room
constant during the cationization process. The bath temperature.
was well agitated during the process. After that, 15%
on weight of fabric, sodium hydroxide (40 g/L) was
added in three steps every 5 min, and after the last X-ray diffractometry
addition the mixture was agitated for 10 min. At
the end of the reaction the samples were removed X-ray diffraction patterns of samples were recorded
from the bath, rinsed several times with water, and on a STOE STADI P transmission X-ray powder
acidified with 1% acetic acid. They were then again diffractometer system by monitoring the diffraction
rinsed with water and dried at ambient temperature. angle from 5° to 65° (2h) using monochromatized Cu
˚
Ka (k = 1.54051 A) radiation.
Adsorption of nanosilver colloids
Scanning electron microscopy measurements
Fabric samples were treated with nanosilver colloids
by conventional exhaustion method, at 30:1 liquor Microscopic investigations on fabric samples were
ratio. The silver concentration was varied as 10, 25, carried out using a Philips XL30 scanning electron
50, 100, and 150 mg L-1 of nanosized silver particles microscope (SEM) equipped with a LaB6 electron
in the exhaustion bath. Samples were immersed in a gun and a Philips-EDAX/DX4 energy-dispersive
fresh colloidal bath for 5 min at ambient temperature spectroscope (EDS). Images were taken at different
and then the temperature of the bath was increased to magnifications (from 1509 to 3,0009), using sec-
80°C and 100°C during 20 min and held at final ondary electrons (SE) in accordance with the clarity
temperature for 30 min. Finally, the samples were of the images. Fabric samples were fixed with carbon
taken out of the bath, rinsed with water, and dried in glue and metalized by gold vapor deposition to record
the dark at room temperature. images.
Measurements
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission
UV–visible spectrophotometry spectrometry
Solutions of two different nanosilver colloids (L and Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spec-
LS) were characterized by a Varian-Cary 100 scan trometry (ICP-OES) CCD Dimultaneous was used on
ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrophotometer. Varian Vista Pro (argon plasma, Ag 328.068-nm
excitation, Ag sensitivity 0.004 mg L-1), Australia to
Dynamic light scattering measure the quantity of silver concentration on fabric
samples. Fabric samples (0.5 g) were incinerated in a
The particle size distribution of silver colloidal digitally controlled furnace. Temperature was grad-
solutions was determined by dynamic light scattering ually increased to 600°C and then maintained for
(DLS) using a SEM-633 goniometer (SEMATech) 60 min. Remaining ashes were dissolved in concen-
with a He–Ne laser (k = 632.8 nm) at room trated nitric acid in a 50-mL volumetric flask, which
temperature. was then filled with double-distilled water to the
indication line. All solutions were stored in plastic
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy containers at room temperatures unless otherwise
mentioned. Measurements for each sample were
Infrared spectra of the cotton samples were obtained performed in triplicate and average results are
by KBr pellet technique. Samples were ground and reported.
123
4. 1150 Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
Antibacterial tests in the UV–vis spectra at 404 and 416 nm are the
characteristics of the silver metallic nanoparticles
All antibacterial activity tests were done in triplicate (Shervani et al. 2008), because surface plasmon
to ensure reproducibility. The antibacterial activity of absorbance occurs in particles having a particle size
fabric samples was evaluated against Escherichia smaller than a 100 nm (Dubas et al. 2006). These two
Coli (ATCC 1533) bacteria using disk diffusion peaks at 404 and 416 nm confirm that the size of the
method. A mixture of nutrient broth and nutrient agar silver nanoparticles in the solutions are approximately
in 1 L distilled water at pH 7.2 as well as the empty between 4 and 20 nm, being smaller in the LS colloid
Petri plates were autoclaved. The agar medium was than in the L colloid solution. However, for further
then cast into the Petri plates and cooled in laminar verification particle size measurements were carried
airflow. Approximately 105 colony-forming units of out on L and LS solutions. The size distribution of
E. coli bacteria were inoculated on plates, and then silver particles in L and LS solutions was in the range
2 9 2 cm2 of each fabric samples was planted onto 3–20 and 2–12 nm, respectively (Fig. 2a, b), in very
the agar plates. All the plates were incubated at 37°C good agreement with the results obtained by UV–vis
for 24 h and examined if a zone of inhibition was spectroscopy.
produced around samples.
Interaction of cationic agent with cotton cellulose
Results and discussion In this work cotton fabric was cationized using
CHPTAC in the presence of sodium hydroxide.
Characterization of nanosilver colloids Reaction of cationic agent with cotton cellulose
produced cationized cotton (Montazer et al. 2007;
The silver nanoparticles were characterized by Hyde et al. 2007), which can be represented as in
UV–vis spectroscopy; this technique has proved Schemes 1; the cationization process includes two
useful for the analysis of colloid nanoparticles steps: (a) the chlorohydrin form of the reagent is
(Shahverdi et al. 2007). We used two commercial converted to the epoxy intermediate (2,3-epoxypro-
nanosilver colloids (L and LS) with two different pyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; EPTAC), (b) the
stabilizers in this study. L and LS nanosilver colloid epoxy reacts with the cellulose fibers and converts it
solutions have a dark brown and bright yellow color, to the cationized cellulose, and (c) in a side-reaction
respectively. Figure 1a, b illustrates UV–vis spectra the epoxy can be converted to the nonreactive 2,3-
of L (50 mg L-1) and LS (4,000 mg L-1) colloid dihydroxy derivatives through a hydrolysis reaction
solutions. Surface plasmon resonance bands observed (Hashem 2006).
FT-IR analysis
Fourier-transform infrared spectra were used to iden-
tify the presence of functional groups on the solid
surface of the modified cotton. Figure 3 shows FT-IR
spectra of normal (a), cationized cotton (b), normal
cotton, and cationized cotton samples treated with L
and LS colloid solutions (c, d, e, and f, respectively).
FT-IR spectra of all samples showed characteristic
cellulose peaks around 1,000–1,200 cm-1. Other
characteristic bands related to the chemical structure
of cellulose were the hydrogen-bonded OH stretching
at ca. 3,550–3,100 cm-1, the CH stretching at
2,917 cm-1, and the CH wagging at 1,316 cm-1.
Fig. 1 UV–visible spectra of a diluted L (50 mg L-1), b LS Compared with normal cotton, cationized cotton has
(4,000 mg L-1) nanosilver colloid solutions an obvious new peak at 1,491 cm-1 (CN), which
123
5. Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157 1151
Fig. 2 Particle size
distribution of a L and b LS
colloid solutions
Scheme 1 Steps in (a)
cationization process
H H H CH3 O H CH3
Cl C C C N CH3 Cl NaOH H2C C C N CH3 Cl NaCl
H OHH CH3 H H CH3
(CHPTAC) (EPTAC)
(b)
H CH3
O H OHH CH3
-OH
H2C C C N CH3 Cl Cell-OH Cell O C C C N CH3 Cl
H H CH3 H H H CH3
(EPTAC) Cellulose fibres Cationized cellulose
(c)
O H CH3 H OHH CH3
-OH
H2C C C N CH3 Cl H2O HO C C C N CH3 Cl
H H CH3 H H H CH3
(EPTAC)
should be attributed to the quaternary ammonium between silver nanoparticles and cellulose fibers
groups (Zhang et al. 2007). These results indicate that during the treatment of the normal or the cationized
the reaction has successfully converted cotton into cotton with colloids. Therefore, silver adsorption on
cationic cotton. Analysis based on the determination the surface of fibers cannot be related to the formation
of absorptions at 1,491 cm-1 (characteristic band of of chemical bonds between Ag particles and the
cationization agent attached to the fibers) to absorp- functional groups on the surface of the fibers.
tion at 1,648 cm-1 (absorption band related to the
cellulose fibers) reveals that about 23% of the fibers X-ray diffraction analysis
have been cationized during the cationization process.
Fourier-transform infrared spectra of normal and X-ray diffraction has been extensively used for the
modified cotton samples before and after treating with investigation of the supramolecular order (crystallin-
L and LS colloids are quite similar to untreated ity) of cellulose and its derivatives (Cunha et al.
samples. No new peaks appear in the treated samples, 2007). XRD patterns of normal and cationized cotton
indicating that no chemical reactions occurred are shown in Fig. 4a, b. It can be seen that the normal
123
6. 1152 Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
Fig. 3 FT-IR spectra of a normal cotton, b cationized cotton, c Fig. 4 XRD pattern of a normal, and b cationized cotton
normal cotton treated with L and d LS colloids, e cationized
cotton treated with L and f LS colloid solutions
SEM–EDS measurements
The cationization process influenced the morphology
cotton has main diffraction signals at 2h = 14.8° and and structure of the cotton fibers. The morphologic
16.4° for the (101) plane, 2h = 22.6° for the (002) changes of cotton samples after the cationization
plane, and 2h = 34.5° for the (040) plane (Sun et al. process and treatment with nanosilver colloids can be
2007), which are typical for the cellulose I crystalline clearly observed from the SEM images. Figure 5a, b
form (Yin et al. 2007). These characteristic peaks shows the morphology of normal and cationized
also appear in the XRD patterns of cationized cotton, cotton samples. Significant differences are clear
which reveals that the cationization reaction does not between these cotton fibers; the former has a smooth
change the main crystalline form of the cotton surface and is uniform, whereas the latter is rough,
samples. Meanwhile, in comparison with normal which can be related to the imposition of ammonium
cotton, the peak intensity of the cationized cotton groups onto the surface of the fibers. Figure 5c, d
declined due to the abundant –OH group in the presents pictures of normal and modified cotton
texture of cotton being substituted by grafting of the samples after treatment with L nanosilver colloid,
cationic agent. The substitution of hydroxyl group and Fig. 5e, f presents normal and modified cotton
reduces the density of hydrogen bands and thus pictures after treatment with LS nanosilver colloid,
partially destroys the crystalline structure of cotton respectively. From the images it can be observed that
fibers. So, the amorphous region is extended for the the silver nanoparticles have been dispersed onto the
modified cotton, leading to lower crystallinity (Liu surface of the fibers uniformly. Some of the nanopar-
et al. 2007; Radosta et al. 2004; Xie et al. 2007; ticles have also agglomerated into clusters because of
Zhang et al. 2007). The effects of these changes on attractive forces bringing them together into groups.
adsorption of silver nanoparticles are discussed in the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was
following sections. employed to establish the chemical identity of the
123
7. Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157 1153
Fig. 5 SEM images of
a normal cotton,
b cationized cotton,
c normal cotton treated with
L colloid, d cationized
cotton treated with L
colloid, e normal cotton
treated with LS colloid, and
f cationized cotton treated
with LS colloid solutions
observed particles. It can be clearly seen from the cotton is much greater than that of normal cotton. The
EDS analysis (Fig. 6a, b) that particles existing on the much higher silver content of the cationized cotton
surfaces of the fibers are silver particles adsorbed samples may be explained by the following consid-
onto fibers after treatment by L and LS colloid eration. The maximum amount of nanoparticles
solutions. The Au signals are from the gold coating. adsorbed on the fibers is strongly dependent on the
physical and chemical characteristics of the fibers.
Study of adsorption of silver nanoparticles When cotton fibers are immersed in a nanosilver
colloid bath, negative charges resulting from disso-
Effects of cationization on adsorption of silver ciation of the functional groups of cellulose repulse
nanoparticles were studied by comparing the silver the anions on the surface of the nanoparticles. Silver
content of normal and cationized cotton fabric nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions usually
samples treated with L and LS colloids in different have negative surface charge (Jones 2002) and then
concentrations of nanosilver solutions at 80°C and create a repulsive force against the cellulose fibres,
100°C. The quantity of silver adsorbed on the fabric which inhibits the sedimentation of silver nanoparti-
samples was measured quantitatively by ICP-OES cles on the surface of the fibres. Consequently, silver
technique and the results are presented in Table 1. It nanoparticle adsorption is much lower on the normal
is observed that the silver content on all cationized cotton than on cationized cotton fibres. In the case of
123
8. 1154 Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
Fig. 6 EDS spectra of
cotton treated with a L
and b LS colloid solutions
the cationized cotton, large quantities of positive crystalline one, nanosilver adsorption increases
charges decrease the zeta potential of the fibre (Zhang et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2007). Also from the
surfaces, which increases the sedimentation of silver SEM micrographs it is clear that the roughness of the
particles because of the greater attractive forces surfaces of the fibres increases after cationization,
between the fibres and the nanosilver (Liu et al. which leads to the presence of more voids on the
2007). Also, the XRD patterns reveal that in modified surfaces of the fibres, entrapping silver particles.
cotton the crystalline phase decreases and, because Coating by other nanoparticles such as ZnO onto the
amorphous structures have more vacancies than surface of cellulose fibres due to the impaction of
123
9. Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157 1155
Table 1 Silver content of normal and cationized cotton determined by ICP-OES technique
Silver concentration Temperature (°C) Ag content (lg g-1)
in exhaustion
bath (mg L-1) Normal cotton treated by Cationized cotton treated by
L LS L LS
10 80 54.0 ± 0.9 92.0 ± 2.3 97.0 ± 1.4 151.0 ± 3.4
100 61.0 ± 1.1 98.0 ± 1.6 89.0 ± 1.8 141.0 ± 1.3
25 80 78.0 ± 1.2 113.0 ± 3.1 305.0 ± 8.7 383.0 ± 4.6
100 85.0 ± 1.4 121.0 ± 1.5 282.0 ± 6.3 351.0 ± 2.8
50 80 109.0 ± 2.2 164.0 ± 2.9 588.0 ± 3.2 686.0 ± 10.1
100 117.0 ± 1.6 172.0 ± 2.6 527.0 ± 5.2 607.0 ± 5.6
100 80 213.0 ± 2.0 260.0 ± 4.6 792.0 ± 9.6 1,065.0 ± 17.8
100 222.0 ± 2.4 271.0 ± 2.3 698.0 ± 4.8 973.0 ± 8.3
150 80 321.0 ± 7.8 379.0 ± 8.0 947.0 ± 13.4 1,387.0 ± 13.2
100 336.0 ± 4.2 385.0 ± 6.1 894.0 ± 7.9 1,215.0 ± 9.8
particles onto the surface has been reported by other phenomena occurring in colloid systems as well as
researchers (Ghule et al. 2006). The silver content of their stability (Toth 2001). L and LS nanosilver
normal cotton samples treated at 100°C is greater colloids have different stabilizers that have various
than for those treated at 80°C, whereas in the case of surface characteristics, which may explain why
modified samples the amount of silver adsorbed on samples treated with LS colloid adsorbed more silver.
the surface of the fibres treated at 80°C is greater than
those treated at 100°C. This may be related to an Determination of inhibition zone
increase of the rate of hydrolysis of the cationic
reagent with increasing temperature, leading to a Antibacterial activity of fabric samples was deter-
decrease in nanosilver adsorption. All samples treated mined in terms of inhibition zone formed on agar
with LS colloid had more silver content than those medium. The control samples were normal and
treated with L colloid solutions. To understand this cationized cotton without treatment with colloidal
effect, we need to consider the forces that small solutions, which did not show any antibacterial
particles experience and how these forces affect their activity. Results of antibacterial activity tests are
behavior. The presence of fixed or induced charges presented in Table 2. From these results it is
on particle surfaces affects most of the dynamic observable that, the greater the concentration of
Table 2 Inhibition zones
Silver concentration Temperature Inhibition zone (mm)
(diameter, in mm) of
in exhaustion (°C)
normal and cationized Normal cotton treated by Cationized cotton treated by
bath (mg L-1)
cotton samples against
Escherichia coli bacteria L LS L LS
10 80 0.0 0.0 0.0 1–2
100 0.0 0.0 0.0 1–2
25 80 0.0 1–2 2–3 3–4
100 0.0 1–2 2–3 3–4
50 80 1–2 1–2 4–5 4–5
100 1–2 1–2 4–5 4–5
100 80 1–2 2–3 5–6 5–6
100 1–2 2–3 4–5 5–6
150 80 2–3 4–5 5–6 6–7
100 2–3 4–5 5–6 6–7
123
10. 1156 Cellulose (2009) 16:1147–1157
nanosilver in the exhaustion bath, the more silver is cellulose fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 316:360–366. doi:
adsorbed by the fibers and the larger the zone of 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.002
Dubas ST, Kumlangdudsana P, Potiyaraj P (2006) Layer-by-
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illustrated that antibacterial efficiency against E. coli Ghule K, Ghule AV, Chen BJ, Ling YC (2006) Preparation and
bacteria was dependent on silver content and that characterization of ZnO nanoparticles coated paper and its
samples with greater silver content exhibited stronger antibacterial activity study. Green Chem 8:1034–1041.
doi:10.1039/b605623g
antibacterial activity. Linear relationship between Gordon S, Hsieh YL (2007) Cotton: science and technology.
silver content and inhibition zone was not observed, Woodhead, Cambridge
which is due to the fact that only silver nanoparticles Hashem MM (2006) Development of a one-stage process for
on the surface of samples can move and disperse pretreatment and cationisation of cotton fabric. Color Tech-
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7301113
Hoefnagels HF, Wu D, With G, Ming W (2007) Biomimetic
Cationic groups were successfully formed on the superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic cotton textiles.
surface of cotton using 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propyl Langmuir 23:13158–13163. doi:10.1021/la702174x
trimethyl ammonium chloride. Adsorption of silver Hyde K, Dong H, Hinestroza JP (2007) Effect of surface
cationization on the conformal deposition of polyelectro-
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normal cotton, and modified samples treated at 80°C 10.1007/s10570-007-9126-z
have more nanosilver than those treated at 100°C. The Jeong SH, Yeo SY, Yi SC (2005) The effect of filler particle
amount of nanosilver adsorbed on the cotton samples size on the antibacterial properties of compounded poly-
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cationization of fabrics strongly increases adsorption Jones AG (2002) Crystallization process systems. Butterworth-
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change of surface charge on the cellulose fibers. Kanik M, Hauser PJ (2004) Printing cationized cotton with
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Cationized cotton treated with nanosilver colloids 750407400108
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modification can be used for modification of cellulosic cation of wool fabric for printing with acid and reactive
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