This document discusses adsorption, which refers to the accumulation of solutes at solid-solution interfaces in soils. There are two main types of adsorption - physical and chemical. Adsorption is determined through batch or column experiments by measuring the removal of solutes from solution onto an adsorbent. The relationship between the solute adsorbed and its equilibrium concentration is described by adsorption isotherms, with common models including linear, Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherms. Adsorption of ions onto soil surfaces can occur through mechanisms such as electrostatic exchange or covalent bonding, and depends on properties of both the ion and soil surface.
This document discusses various adsorption isotherms and equations used to describe adsorption processes in soils. It introduces common adsorption isotherms like Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, and Gibbs isotherms. The Freundlich equation describes adsorption in dilute solutions. The Langmuir equation assumes monolayer adsorption onto specific sites. The BET equation extends Langmuir to model multilayer adsorption. Finally, the Gibbs equation relates adsorption to changes in surface tension at liquid-gas interfaces.
This document outlines Dr. Priy Brat Dwivedi's discussion on validation, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamics of adsorption process experiments. It discusses key topics like adsorption applications, adsorption vs absorption, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Examples are provided on modeling adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The importance of calculating thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy is highlighted. First-order and second-order kinetic models are introduced to study adsorption kinetics.
Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
This document summarizes research on fractionating and characterizing naturally occurring organo-clay complexes. It discusses techniques used for physical and chemical fractionation as well as characterization methods like NMR, XRD, TEM, SEM, and thermal analysis. Key findings are presented on the effect of tillage on complex stability and composition differences between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere complexes. The conclusion indicates techniques like DXRD and NMR provided new insights while TEM/SEM images helped identify clay minerals. Further research on natural versus synthetic complexes and microbial impacts was recommended.
BET theory seeks to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto solid surfaces and extends the Langmuir theory of monolayer adsorption to multilayer adsorption. The BET equation is used to determine the monolayer absorbed gas volume from which the total and specific surface area of a material can be calculated. A multipoint BET analysis involves measuring adsorption and desorption of nitrogen gas over a sample at different equilibrium pressures and plotting the data to determine the BET constant and monolayer volume.
Cation exchange and it’s role on soil behaviourShahram Maghami
This document summarizes cation exchange and its role on soil behavior. It discusses how clay minerals develop a negative surface charge through isomorphous substitution, allowing them to adsorb positively charged ions. The document examines different clay structures and how they influence cation exchange capacity and other properties. It explores relationships between cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, clay fraction, and engineering properties like Atterberg limits, dispersion, hydraulic conductivity, swelling potential, and compressibility. The key role of cation exchange in affecting various physical behaviors of fine-grained soils is established.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon that refers to the uniform distribution of a substance through another at the surface, such as the solution of H2 in Pd. It is the condensation of ions, molecules, or aggregates of molecules upon a surface that they come into contact with. Adsorption is defined as the concentration of a substance at the interface between heterogeneous phases such as a solid/gas or two immiscible liquids.
This document discusses various adsorption isotherms and equations used to describe adsorption processes in soils. It introduces common adsorption isotherms like Freundlich, Langmuir, BET, and Gibbs isotherms. The Freundlich equation describes adsorption in dilute solutions. The Langmuir equation assumes monolayer adsorption onto specific sites. The BET equation extends Langmuir to model multilayer adsorption. Finally, the Gibbs equation relates adsorption to changes in surface tension at liquid-gas interfaces.
This document outlines Dr. Priy Brat Dwivedi's discussion on validation, kinetic modeling, and thermodynamics of adsorption process experiments. It discusses key topics like adsorption applications, adsorption vs absorption, adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Examples are provided on modeling adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The importance of calculating thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy is highlighted. First-order and second-order kinetic models are introduced to study adsorption kinetics.
Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
This document summarizes research on fractionating and characterizing naturally occurring organo-clay complexes. It discusses techniques used for physical and chemical fractionation as well as characterization methods like NMR, XRD, TEM, SEM, and thermal analysis. Key findings are presented on the effect of tillage on complex stability and composition differences between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere complexes. The conclusion indicates techniques like DXRD and NMR provided new insights while TEM/SEM images helped identify clay minerals. Further research on natural versus synthetic complexes and microbial impacts was recommended.
BET theory seeks to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto solid surfaces and extends the Langmuir theory of monolayer adsorption to multilayer adsorption. The BET equation is used to determine the monolayer absorbed gas volume from which the total and specific surface area of a material can be calculated. A multipoint BET analysis involves measuring adsorption and desorption of nitrogen gas over a sample at different equilibrium pressures and plotting the data to determine the BET constant and monolayer volume.
Cation exchange and it’s role on soil behaviourShahram Maghami
This document summarizes cation exchange and its role on soil behavior. It discusses how clay minerals develop a negative surface charge through isomorphous substitution, allowing them to adsorb positively charged ions. The document examines different clay structures and how they influence cation exchange capacity and other properties. It explores relationships between cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, clay fraction, and engineering properties like Atterberg limits, dispersion, hydraulic conductivity, swelling potential, and compressibility. The key role of cation exchange in affecting various physical behaviors of fine-grained soils is established.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon that refers to the uniform distribution of a substance through another at the surface, such as the solution of H2 in Pd. It is the condensation of ions, molecules, or aggregates of molecules upon a surface that they come into contact with. Adsorption is defined as the concentration of a substance at the interface between heterogeneous phases such as a solid/gas or two immiscible liquids.
pH affects the availability of plant nutrients in soil. Soil pH determines whether nutrients are available or bound up and unavailable. In acidic soils, micronutrients like iron and manganese are more available, but macronutrients like phosphorus may bind to aluminum and become unavailable. In alkaline soils, the opposite is true - micronutrients like iron become less available while macronutrients like phosphorus precipitate as calcium phosphates. The availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron is maximized in soils with a neutral pH between 6 and 7.5. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for ensuring plants have access to the nutrients they need.
Angers evsp 311 soil science final projectNatalie Angers
This is a presentation I created for my Soil Science class at American Public University. I discuss the type and uses for the soil found in Port Byron, NY.
This document discusses soil chemistry in submerged soils. It explains that submergence leads to a lack of oxygen in the soil, causing a shift from aerobic to anaerobic organisms. Anaerobic respiration causes chemical compounds other than oxygen to be reduced in a predictable sequence from the least to most energetically favorable. This results in changes to the chemical forms of elements like nitrogen, iron, and sulfur in the soil. Submergence also typically causes soil pH to become more neutral. Nutrient availability is highest within this neutral pH range common for submerged soils.
The document discusses ion exchange reactions in soil, specifically cation and anion exchange. It defines cation exchange as the phenomenon where cations attached to negatively charged soil colloids can be replaced by other cations in solution. Anion exchange is similar, but involves the exchange of negatively charged anions. Cation exchange capacity refers to the total amount of exchangeable cations a soil can hold. Factors like clay content and organic matter influence CEC. Both cation and anion exchange play important roles in nutrient availability and soil chemistry.
The document discusses soil colloids, which are the chemically active fraction of soils that are less than 2 μm in diameter. It describes the different types of colloids including mineral clays that can be crystalline or amorphous in structure, and organic colloids like humus. It explains the properties colloids impart to soils through their large surface area and electrostatic charges. The main clay minerals are described in detail, including their crystal structures, layer types, charge characteristics, and properties. Kaolinite is a 1:1 layered clay that is non-expanding, while smectites like montmorillonite are 2:1 layered expanding clays with more surface area and reactivity.
Experimental methods to study ion exchange phenomena andDK27497
This document discusses ion exchange phenomena and its practical implications in plant nutrition. Ion exchange is a reversible process where cations and anions are exchanged between solid and liquid phases. The ion exchange property of soil is found in the clay and silt fractions and organic matter. Common exchangeable ions in soil include calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, sodium, potassium and aluminium. Ion exchange affects soil fertility, acidity, plant nutrient availability, and water purification. It influences the release of fixed phosphate in soil, thereby increasing phosphorus availability for plant uptake.
Soil Colloids: Properties, Nature, Types and Significance. sources of chargesDrAnandJadhav
This document discusses properties of soil colloids and their significance. It defines soil colloids as soil particles less than 0.002 mm in size that possess colloidal properties. The key types of soil colloids discussed are layer silicate clays, iron and aluminum oxide clays, allophane, and humus. Sources of charge on colloid particles include pH-dependent charge, isomorphous substitution within the crystal lattice, and broken bonds on particle edges. The document outlines various properties of soil colloids and their importance for soil chemistry, nutrient availability, physical properties, and interactions with soil management and pollutants.
The document discusses concepts of nutrient availability for plant uptake from soil. It defines soil fertility and explains sources of nutrients in soil solution. The principal ways nutrients move from soil to plant roots are mass flow, diffusion and root interception. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. The document also discusses plant tissue analysis for identifying nutrient deficiencies.
For Post graduate study of Physical Chemistry of Soil. Hand written notes describing Ion Exchange, Donnan Membrane Equilibrium, Diffuse double layer, Surface properties, Cation exchange, Anion and ligand exchange, Q/I studies etc.taught at BCKV at PG level (2nd Semester)
The document discusses adsorption and types of adsorbents. It defines adsorption as the concentration of a solute on the surface of a solid. Porous solids with small pores are commonly used as adsorbents to achieve a large surface area. Common adsorbents include silica gel, activated carbon, alumina, bone char and fuller's earth. Adsorbents are used for applications like gas purification, desiccation, catalysis and separation of inert gases. They must have properties like high surface area, strength and adsorptive ability to be effective.
This document discusses Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which explains monolayer adsorption of gases onto surfaces. It assumes adsorption occurs at specific identical sites, with no lateral interactions between adsorbed molecules. Langmuir derived an equation showing the relationship between fraction of surface coverage (θ) and gas pressure (P), based on equilibrium between adsorption and desorption rates. This model applies at low pressures and assumes only monolayer coverage, with limitations at high pressures where multilayers can form. The document also outlines assumptions, derivation of the Langmuir equation, and applications for measuring moisture adsorption.
The modern concept of nutrient availability is a multifaceted process influenced by various internal and external factors. In the context of specific nutrients, nitrogen exists in complex organic forms in the soil, eventually breaking down into ammonium compounds. These compounds can replace basic cations in the soil, and plants predominantly absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions. However, factors such as excess minerals in the soil or leaching can impact nitrogen availability. Phosphorus, on the other hand, originates from both inorganic and organic sources and becomes accessible to plants in the form of orthophosphate ions after microorganism-mediated decomposition. Soil pH, temperature, and interactions with other elements affect phosphorus availability. Excessive potassium levels can be lost through leaching, and certain clays can fix potassium ions, influencing their availability. Calcium and magnesium are released from primary minerals in the soil, affecting soil acidity as they exchange with hydrogen ions. Sulphur primarily exists in organic forms and is converted into sulphides and then sulphates by microorganisms, making them available for plant uptake. Micronutrients are found in primary minerals and can form various compounds in the soil; their solubility and availability vary with soil pH. External factors include soil composition, pH levels, cation exchange capacity, light, temperature, nutrient interactions, and excess minerals, while internal factors encompass plant growth, aging, mycorrhizal associations, and root system development. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for optimizing nutrient availability in agriculture, ensuring healthy plant growth, and ultimately contributing to human nutrition and food security.
Impact of climate change on soil physical propertiesDK27497
This document discusses the impact of climate change on soil physical properties. It outlines several key soil physical properties like texture, structure, density, and temperature. It then explains how climate change can negatively impact these properties through higher temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increased CO2 levels. Specifically, it describes how properties like porosity, infiltration rate, bulk density, and soil moisture content are altered. The document concludes that careful soil management practices are needed to adapt to these changes from climate change and minimize degradation.
Micronutrient chelates are inorganic nutrients enclosed by organic or synthetic molecules. Synthetic chelates like EDTA and DTPA are commonly used in soil and foliar applications while organic chelates from wood pulp byproducts and citric acid are biodegradable alternatives. Chelation allows nutrients to penetrate plant leaves and be released for use by forming stable complexes that protect nutrients in alkaline soils. Using chelated micronutrients improves their availability and use efficiency compared to broadcast application, reducing the amounts needed to supply crop needs. This helps boost crop growth and yields while minimizing environmental impacts.
The document discusses adsorption as a treatment method for removing pollutants like dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents. It covers topics like the chemistry of adsorption, adsorption isotherms, factors affecting adsorption like pH and temperature. It also discusses the use of agricultural waste materials as low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment and their characterization. Activating the agricultural wastes through chemical or physical treatment can enhance their adsorption capacity. Analytical techniques are used to study the surface properties of adsorbents and how they influence adsorption.
This document summarizes a student project on using ionic liquids for post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The objectives are to review the literature on CO2 absorption properties of ionic liquids and compare the energy consumption of ionic liquid-based CO2 capture to conventional monoethanolamine (MEA)-based systems. Ionic liquids are discussed as having properties making them advantageous solvents for CO2 capture such as low vapor pressure and high thermal stability. Factors affecting CO2 solubility in ionic liquids include temperature, pressure, anion chemistry, and cation structure. The student concludes that ionic liquids show potential as an alternative medium for chemical CO2 absorption compared to current methods.
This document provides an introduction to soil moisture release curves and water potential. It discusses how soil moisture release curves can be used to understand plant water availability and make irrigation decisions. Specifically, it defines water potential and its components. It explains that soil moisture release curves relate extensive water content properties to intensive water potential properties. The document also discusses field capacity and factors that can affect it, such as soil texture. It describes how soil moisture release curves provide additional information about soil properties beyond water retention.
Adsorption process for voc (volatile organic compounds copySaiful Islam
The document discusses the adsorption process for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air or gas streams. It defines adsorption and describes how VOCs accumulate on the surface of adsorbent materials like activated carbon. Fixed bed adsorption is commonly used, where the VOCs are removed as the contaminated air passes through a column packed with adsorbent. Key factors that influence the adsorption process include temperature, gas concentration, bed length, and regeneration of the adsorbent material. Common adsorbents for VOC removal include activated carbon beads and fibers, which can be used in continuous adsorption/desorption systems.
This document summarizes a multiphysics simulation of a packed bed reactor. It presents the reactor geometry, kinetic reaction models, and approaches taken for both lumped and heterogeneous models. Results shown include temperature distributions, average temperature and conversion profiles along the reactor length, as well as conversions for specific segments. The conclusion suggests further modeling to study hot spots near the inlet and potential intra-pellet heat transfer effects.
pH affects the availability of plant nutrients in soil. Soil pH determines whether nutrients are available or bound up and unavailable. In acidic soils, micronutrients like iron and manganese are more available, but macronutrients like phosphorus may bind to aluminum and become unavailable. In alkaline soils, the opposite is true - micronutrients like iron become less available while macronutrients like phosphorus precipitate as calcium phosphates. The availability of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron is maximized in soils with a neutral pH between 6 and 7.5. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for ensuring plants have access to the nutrients they need.
Angers evsp 311 soil science final projectNatalie Angers
This is a presentation I created for my Soil Science class at American Public University. I discuss the type and uses for the soil found in Port Byron, NY.
This document discusses soil chemistry in submerged soils. It explains that submergence leads to a lack of oxygen in the soil, causing a shift from aerobic to anaerobic organisms. Anaerobic respiration causes chemical compounds other than oxygen to be reduced in a predictable sequence from the least to most energetically favorable. This results in changes to the chemical forms of elements like nitrogen, iron, and sulfur in the soil. Submergence also typically causes soil pH to become more neutral. Nutrient availability is highest within this neutral pH range common for submerged soils.
The document discusses ion exchange reactions in soil, specifically cation and anion exchange. It defines cation exchange as the phenomenon where cations attached to negatively charged soil colloids can be replaced by other cations in solution. Anion exchange is similar, but involves the exchange of negatively charged anions. Cation exchange capacity refers to the total amount of exchangeable cations a soil can hold. Factors like clay content and organic matter influence CEC. Both cation and anion exchange play important roles in nutrient availability and soil chemistry.
The document discusses soil colloids, which are the chemically active fraction of soils that are less than 2 μm in diameter. It describes the different types of colloids including mineral clays that can be crystalline or amorphous in structure, and organic colloids like humus. It explains the properties colloids impart to soils through their large surface area and electrostatic charges. The main clay minerals are described in detail, including their crystal structures, layer types, charge characteristics, and properties. Kaolinite is a 1:1 layered clay that is non-expanding, while smectites like montmorillonite are 2:1 layered expanding clays with more surface area and reactivity.
Experimental methods to study ion exchange phenomena andDK27497
This document discusses ion exchange phenomena and its practical implications in plant nutrition. Ion exchange is a reversible process where cations and anions are exchanged between solid and liquid phases. The ion exchange property of soil is found in the clay and silt fractions and organic matter. Common exchangeable ions in soil include calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, sodium, potassium and aluminium. Ion exchange affects soil fertility, acidity, plant nutrient availability, and water purification. It influences the release of fixed phosphate in soil, thereby increasing phosphorus availability for plant uptake.
Soil Colloids: Properties, Nature, Types and Significance. sources of chargesDrAnandJadhav
This document discusses properties of soil colloids and their significance. It defines soil colloids as soil particles less than 0.002 mm in size that possess colloidal properties. The key types of soil colloids discussed are layer silicate clays, iron and aluminum oxide clays, allophane, and humus. Sources of charge on colloid particles include pH-dependent charge, isomorphous substitution within the crystal lattice, and broken bonds on particle edges. The document outlines various properties of soil colloids and their importance for soil chemistry, nutrient availability, physical properties, and interactions with soil management and pollutants.
The document discusses concepts of nutrient availability for plant uptake from soil. It defines soil fertility and explains sources of nutrients in soil solution. The principal ways nutrients move from soil to plant roots are mass flow, diffusion and root interception. Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Micronutrients include boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. The document also discusses plant tissue analysis for identifying nutrient deficiencies.
For Post graduate study of Physical Chemistry of Soil. Hand written notes describing Ion Exchange, Donnan Membrane Equilibrium, Diffuse double layer, Surface properties, Cation exchange, Anion and ligand exchange, Q/I studies etc.taught at BCKV at PG level (2nd Semester)
The document discusses adsorption and types of adsorbents. It defines adsorption as the concentration of a solute on the surface of a solid. Porous solids with small pores are commonly used as adsorbents to achieve a large surface area. Common adsorbents include silica gel, activated carbon, alumina, bone char and fuller's earth. Adsorbents are used for applications like gas purification, desiccation, catalysis and separation of inert gases. They must have properties like high surface area, strength and adsorptive ability to be effective.
This document discusses Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which explains monolayer adsorption of gases onto surfaces. It assumes adsorption occurs at specific identical sites, with no lateral interactions between adsorbed molecules. Langmuir derived an equation showing the relationship between fraction of surface coverage (θ) and gas pressure (P), based on equilibrium between adsorption and desorption rates. This model applies at low pressures and assumes only monolayer coverage, with limitations at high pressures where multilayers can form. The document also outlines assumptions, derivation of the Langmuir equation, and applications for measuring moisture adsorption.
The modern concept of nutrient availability is a multifaceted process influenced by various internal and external factors. In the context of specific nutrients, nitrogen exists in complex organic forms in the soil, eventually breaking down into ammonium compounds. These compounds can replace basic cations in the soil, and plants predominantly absorb nitrogen in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions. However, factors such as excess minerals in the soil or leaching can impact nitrogen availability. Phosphorus, on the other hand, originates from both inorganic and organic sources and becomes accessible to plants in the form of orthophosphate ions after microorganism-mediated decomposition. Soil pH, temperature, and interactions with other elements affect phosphorus availability. Excessive potassium levels can be lost through leaching, and certain clays can fix potassium ions, influencing their availability. Calcium and magnesium are released from primary minerals in the soil, affecting soil acidity as they exchange with hydrogen ions. Sulphur primarily exists in organic forms and is converted into sulphides and then sulphates by microorganisms, making them available for plant uptake. Micronutrients are found in primary minerals and can form various compounds in the soil; their solubility and availability vary with soil pH. External factors include soil composition, pH levels, cation exchange capacity, light, temperature, nutrient interactions, and excess minerals, while internal factors encompass plant growth, aging, mycorrhizal associations, and root system development. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for optimizing nutrient availability in agriculture, ensuring healthy plant growth, and ultimately contributing to human nutrition and food security.
Impact of climate change on soil physical propertiesDK27497
This document discusses the impact of climate change on soil physical properties. It outlines several key soil physical properties like texture, structure, density, and temperature. It then explains how climate change can negatively impact these properties through higher temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increased CO2 levels. Specifically, it describes how properties like porosity, infiltration rate, bulk density, and soil moisture content are altered. The document concludes that careful soil management practices are needed to adapt to these changes from climate change and minimize degradation.
Micronutrient chelates are inorganic nutrients enclosed by organic or synthetic molecules. Synthetic chelates like EDTA and DTPA are commonly used in soil and foliar applications while organic chelates from wood pulp byproducts and citric acid are biodegradable alternatives. Chelation allows nutrients to penetrate plant leaves and be released for use by forming stable complexes that protect nutrients in alkaline soils. Using chelated micronutrients improves their availability and use efficiency compared to broadcast application, reducing the amounts needed to supply crop needs. This helps boost crop growth and yields while minimizing environmental impacts.
The document discusses adsorption as a treatment method for removing pollutants like dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents. It covers topics like the chemistry of adsorption, adsorption isotherms, factors affecting adsorption like pH and temperature. It also discusses the use of agricultural waste materials as low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment and their characterization. Activating the agricultural wastes through chemical or physical treatment can enhance their adsorption capacity. Analytical techniques are used to study the surface properties of adsorbents and how they influence adsorption.
This document summarizes a student project on using ionic liquids for post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. The objectives are to review the literature on CO2 absorption properties of ionic liquids and compare the energy consumption of ionic liquid-based CO2 capture to conventional monoethanolamine (MEA)-based systems. Ionic liquids are discussed as having properties making them advantageous solvents for CO2 capture such as low vapor pressure and high thermal stability. Factors affecting CO2 solubility in ionic liquids include temperature, pressure, anion chemistry, and cation structure. The student concludes that ionic liquids show potential as an alternative medium for chemical CO2 absorption compared to current methods.
This document provides an introduction to soil moisture release curves and water potential. It discusses how soil moisture release curves can be used to understand plant water availability and make irrigation decisions. Specifically, it defines water potential and its components. It explains that soil moisture release curves relate extensive water content properties to intensive water potential properties. The document also discusses field capacity and factors that can affect it, such as soil texture. It describes how soil moisture release curves provide additional information about soil properties beyond water retention.
Adsorption process for voc (volatile organic compounds copySaiful Islam
The document discusses the adsorption process for removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from air or gas streams. It defines adsorption and describes how VOCs accumulate on the surface of adsorbent materials like activated carbon. Fixed bed adsorption is commonly used, where the VOCs are removed as the contaminated air passes through a column packed with adsorbent. Key factors that influence the adsorption process include temperature, gas concentration, bed length, and regeneration of the adsorbent material. Common adsorbents for VOC removal include activated carbon beads and fibers, which can be used in continuous adsorption/desorption systems.
This document summarizes a multiphysics simulation of a packed bed reactor. It presents the reactor geometry, kinetic reaction models, and approaches taken for both lumped and heterogeneous models. Results shown include temperature distributions, average temperature and conversion profiles along the reactor length, as well as conversions for specific segments. The conclusion suggests further modeling to study hot spots near the inlet and potential intra-pellet heat transfer effects.
The document discusses bioreactors, which provide a controlled environment for organisms to produce target products like cell biomass or metabolites. Aerobic bioreactors require mixing and aeration while anaerobic do not. Key factors that influence bioreactor performance are agitation rate, oxygen transfer, temperature, foam production, and pH. Common bioreactor designs use glass or stainless steel vessels with temperature control, aeration systems, agitators, and ports for feeding and sampling. Bioreactors have various applications like fermentation of ethanol, organic acids, and antibiotics.
Un biorreactor mantiene un ambiente biológicamente activo para cultivos o fermentaciones. Puede ser aeróbico o anaeróbico y controla parámetros como la temperatura, pH y oxígeno disuelto. El objetivo es maximizar la producción y el rendimiento mientras se minimizan los costos y tiempos mediante el control de las condiciones ambientales. Existen diferentes tipos como los reactores de tanque agitado o "air lift".
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
The document discusses the key components of a fermentor's aeration and agitation systems, including impellers, baffles, and spargers. Impellers are used to mix and circulate the medium in the fermentor and come in various designs like disc turbines and vaned discs. Baffles are metal strips attached radially to the fermentor wall that improve mixing. Spargers introduce air into the fermentor and can be porous, have orifices, or use nozzles. Together these components oxygenate the culture and maintain uniform conditions for microbial growth.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
The document discusses bioreactors and fermenters. It defines a bioreactor as an apparatus used for growing microorganisms like bacteria and yeast that are used in biotechnology to produce substances such as pharmaceuticals. A fermenter is defined as a similar apparatus used for large-scale fermentation and commercial production. The document then elaborates on bioreactor and fermenter design, including parts like impellers and sensors, and different types of designs like stirred tank, air lift, packed bed, and fluidized bed reactors. It provides details on how each type works and its applications.
This document provides an overview of bioreactors. It begins with an introduction that defines bioreactors as engineered systems that support biologically active environments. It then discusses the role of bioreactors in biotechnology and the growth of microorganisms. The document proceeds to classify bioreactors into suspended growth and biofilm types. It provides examples of different bioreactor arrangements and discusses mass balances in bioreactors. It concludes by covering applications of bioreactors in wastewater treatment.
The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is the Fermentor or Bioreactor. A bioreactor is basically a device in which the organisms are cultivated to form the desired products. it is a containment system designed to give right environment for optimal growth and metabolic activity of the organism.
A fermentor usually refers to the containment system for the cultivation of prokaryotic cells, while a bioreactor grows the eukaryotic cells (mammalian, insect cells, etc).
Silica Gel | Aluminium Oxide Column chroamtographySORBEAD INDIA
Buy Silica Gel Powder for Silica Gel, Aluminium Oxide, Paper and Flash Column Chromatography us in Pharmaceutical Industries – Bulk Drugs & API, Nutraceuticals, Herbal Extracts products manufacturers, Research Laboratories, Laboratories Chemical Repackaging, Contract Research Laboratories. Column Chromatography is one of the most useful methods for purification & separation (Isolation) of individual desire compound from mixture of unwanted compounds.
This document provides an overview of different types of reactors used in wastewater treatment processes. It defines reactors as vessels that hold wastewater for treatment and describes common reactor shapes. It then classifies and describes several reactor types including continuously stirred tank reactors, plug flow reactors, completely mixed batch reactors, fluidized bed reactors, packed bed reactors, and sequencing batch reactors. For each reactor type, diagrams are provided and equations are derived for hydraulic retention time and effluent concentrations based on reaction kinetics. Examples are also included to illustrate reactor sizing calculations.
This document discusses using spectroscopic ellipsometry to analyze molecular fractal surfaces through physical adsorption of water and other liquids. It provides background on existing surface adsorption theories and how they have been expanded to account for fractal surfaces. Experimental data is presented on water adsorption measured by ellipsometry on various surfaces like gold, silicon, and germanium. The data is analyzed using modified adsorption models that incorporate the fractal dimension of the surfaces to determine properties like monolayer coverage and surface dimensionality.
This study examines colloid transport mechanisms at the pore scale using x-ray microtomography and pore-scale modeling. Experiments were conducted using glass bead columns dosed with hydrophobic silver-coated colloids under saturated and unsaturated conditions. X-ray imaging showed colloids partitioned between solid-water interfaces, air-water interfaces, and disconnected water phases depending on saturation. Pore-scale modeling implemented colloidal interaction forces and fluid flow to simulate colloid transport. The models showed colloid attachment increased with ionic strength and some colloids were strained during drainage. The research aims to better understand simplifications that can be applied to colloid transport models while maintaining practical applicability for risk analysis.
This document discusses gas absorption accompanied by a fast pseudo-first order photochemical reaction. It presents two cases - where the liquid reactant or the dissolved gas is activated by photons. In both cases, the specific absorption rate of the gas can be enhanced compared to no activation. Equations are derived to describe the concentration profiles and absorption rates for each case. Additional experimental data is needed to quantify the actual enhancement possible from photochemical activation in these situations.
Explain Langmuir isotherm model and derive its equationZakir Ullah
The document discusses soil chemistry concepts including:
1) Classification of silicate minerals into 1:1 and 2:1 clays based on their structure.
2) Isomorphic substitution in silicate minerals where ions of similar size but different charge replace one another.
3) Calculation of permanent charge in a trioctahedral 2:1 silicate mineral based on isomorphic substitution.
Physical chemistry of surface phenomena discusses surface tension and adsorption. Surface tension is the work required to increase the surface area of a fluid and depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and dissolved substances. Adsorption is the accumulation of molecules on a surface and can occur on solid-gas, liquid-gas, or solid-solution interfaces. Common adsorption models include Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which describe the relationship between adsorbed substance and pressure or concentration. Adsorption plays an important role in processes like chromatography, where it enables the separation of mixtures.
Physical chemistry of surface phenomena discusses surface tension and adsorption. Surface tension is the work required to increase the surface area of a fluid and depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and dissolved substances. Adsorption is the accumulation of molecules on surfaces and can occur on solid-gas, liquid-gas, or solid-solution interfaces. Common adsorption models include Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which describe the relationship between adsorbed substance and pressure or concentration. Adsorption plays an important role in processes like chromatography, where it enables the separation of mixtures.
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Adsorption
1. Soil Chemistry 7-1
7.1. Schematic of the solid solution interface.
7.2. The relation of solution phase to sources and sinks
for ions and compounds.
Section 7 - Adsorption
ADSORPTION
General Overview- The question of whether ions or compounds are associated with the soil solid phase
(potential particulates) or the soil solution influences its behavior and environmental fate. Generally ions
and solution phases depending on the soil and material properties. The concept is illustrated in Figure 7-1. The
solution phase is the reactive soil and provides ions and compounds for plant and microbial uptake, leaching
and other process illustrated in Figure 7-2.
Adsorption reactions are the main control on
solution composition for cations other than the
alkaline earth and alkali metals, for anions other
than chloride and nitrate, and for organic
compounds.
Adsorption is a general term that refers to
the disappearance of solutes from solution with the
presumption of adsorption on a solid phase.
Adsorption is the accumulation at the solid-solution
interface, and may result from either
physical or chemical interaction with the surface.
Physical adsorption is a relatively weak bonding to
the surface while chemical (chemisorption) is a
stronger interaction which involves ionic or
covalent bonding in addition to van der Waal's and
dispersion forces operative in physical adsorption.
Adsorption refers to attraction and bonding onto a
surface, while absorption is a process in which the
solute is taken up into
Solid Solution
Interface
Solid
Phase
May be:
Clay, Clay edge
Oxide
Positive or Negative
Organic matter Sites
Coated Surface
Closed or open pore
Solution Phase
My be:
cations - Ca, Mg, K
metal cations - Fe, Al, Cr, Cu, Cd
anions - HPO4, AsO4, CrO4 HCO3
dissolved organics
Human Consumption
Food Stuff
Plant Uptake
Toxicity
Microbial Uptake
Precipitation
Exchange
Anthropogenic
Inputs
Native Pools
Soil Solution
Chelated ,
Complexed
Free Ions
Leaching
Ground water
Adsorption
2. Soil Chemistry 7-2
Figure 7.3 Examples of different isotherms, taken From Sposito 1984.
a structure or across a membrane. In some cases the distinction is difficult and the generic term sorption has
been used. Nothing about the mechanism of this disappearance from solution is implied by the term sorption.
Bulk precipitation would be excluded, but surface mediated precipitation is difficult to distinguish from
sorption. Operationally, sorption is determined by the extent of solute removal from solution in either batch
studies or in leaching studies with columns of adsorptive materials.
A typical technique is to supply a known concentration of sorbate to a known mass of adsorbent.
After the solution and solid have come to equilibrium, (at a known constant temperature and known solid to
solution ratio) solution concentration is then measured and the difference between the initial concentration and
Section 7-Adsorption
3. Soil Chemistry 7-3
final equilibrium concentration adjusted for the solution volume is assumed to be the amount of sorption per
unit mass of sorbent. Algebraically this is:
Section 7 - Adsorption
-
( c c ) v
f i solution
= = (1)
sorbant
Amount adsorbed q
m
Units for the sorption onto the solid phase depend on the units of concentration and mass, however mg kg-1
(ppm), mmol kg-1, and :mol g-1 are commonly used units for q. Some times the adsorption is expressed in
terms of surface area and the units are moles/meter squared. In order to determine the solution concentration,
the solid and solute must be separated. Centrifugation, and filtration are the commonly used techniques.
Knowing the amount of sorbate per unit mass of sorbate, (q) a plot of equilibrium concentration (Ceq)
vs q is constructed. This plot is called an adsorption sorption isotherm. The name refers to the constant
temperature maintained during the sorption process. Figure 7.3 (Sposito,1984) depicts four common isotherms
types. The data contained in these isotherms are usually analyzed to ascertain whether they conform to specific
isotherms types. Another way to consider these isotherms is to calculate a distribution coefficient, or the
partitioning between the solution and solid phase. Distribution coefficients are simply the ratio of solid phase
concentration to solution phase concentration. These coefficients increase as adsorption increases.
Examination of the data presented in Figure 7. 3 indicates that the distribution coefficient is only a constant for
the “C Curve” or linear isotherm. But at low and often environmentally reasonable concentrations many of the
other isotherms are nearly linear. Kd is commonly used for adsorption studies of organic compounds Kd is
defined by equation 2.
d K Concentration in the solid phase
= (2)
Concentration in the solution phase
4. Soil Chemistry 7-4
COMMON SORPTION ISOTHERMS TYPES (descriptors of partitioning)
Linear Isotherms - The simplest form is the linear relationship between q and ceq. which is:
Freundlich Plots of Adsorption Data
3000 K = 100, 1/n = 0.8
0 20 40 60 80
2000
1000
Section 7-Adsorption
q = a + b(ceq ) (3)
In this instance linear regression may be used to find the slope (b) and the intercept (a). Many sorbates
exhibit linear isotherms at low concentrations.
Freundlich Isotherms - A second type of isotherm exhibits increasing adsorption with increasing
concentration, but a decreasing positive slope as ceq increases. Many organics and inorganic follow this type
of sorption behavior. This isotherm is termed the "Freundlich Isotherm". It is described by:
q = K c 1/ n
(4)
F eq Where KF is the "Freundlich" equilibrium constant and 1/n is an arbitrary constant evaluated by
linearizing the equation. If (1/n) approaches 1 the equation is linear. For non-linear isotherms the data can be
plotted in linear form by taking the log of both sides of equation (3):
log( ) log 1/ log F eq q = K + n c (5)
Equilibrium Concentration ( Ceq)
Amount Adsorbed ( q)
0
K = 100, 1/n = 0.5
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Log Ceq
Log ( q)
4
3
2
1
0
Linear Freundlich Plots
Figure 7.4 Examples of a Freundlich isotherm and the log-log plot of the data to give an linear
representation.
5. Soil Chemistry 7-5
Langmuir Isotherms - If sorption increases to a maximum value with Ceq, the data will often fit an equation
of the form:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
10
8
6
4
2
Section 7 - Adsorption
bK c
1
L eq
L eq
q
K c
=
+
(6)
This formulation is called a Langmuir Equation. Note that if KL ceq << 1, the equation is linear. As
mentioned, at low concentration a Langmuir isotherm may appear to be nearly linear. The non-linear form can
be evaluated by transforming to the linear equation:
c eq 1
n
q K bK
= + (7)
L L
Other linear forms are also used (for example):
L L
q
eq
Kb K q
c
= - (8)
Figure 7.5 Example of a Langmuir Isotherm and the linear form of the data.
Equilibrium Concentration ( mg/L)
Amount Adsorbed [q] ( mg/kg)
0
Langmuir Plots of Adsorption Data
b = 10 mg/kg ,
k = 0.1 liter/mg
b = 10 mg/kg,
k= 0.025 liter/mg
Linear Langmuir Plots
Ceq/q = 4.02 + 0.0997 Ceq
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Equlibriium Concentration (mg/L)
Ceq/ q (kg/L)
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Ceq/q = 0.997 + 0.1 Ceq
6. Soil Chemistry 7-6
Multisite Langmuir equation.
In cases where two or more distinct sites of sorption are present, a "Two-Site" or multi-site Langmuir equation
can be used to describe the data. Competitive "Langmuir" equations have also been proposed.
BET Isotherms
Another important isotherm type describes multi-layer sorption and was developed by Brunauer,
Emmett and Teller (1938). After its authors, the isotherm is called a BET equation and has the form:
Section 7-Adsorption
eq
( ) 1 ( 1)
eq
s eq
s
Bc b
q
c
c c B
c
=
æ æ ö ö
- ç + - ç ÷ ÷
è è ø ø
(9)
Like the other isotherms, the BET has a linear form:
c B c
c c Bb Bb c
eq 1 æ ( - 1)
ö æ ö = + ç ÷ ç eq
- è øè ÷ ø
( )
s eq s
(10)
In the BET equations: B = a term for the energy of interaction with the surface; b = the monolayer
capacity and; Cs = the concentration of the solute at saturation.
The BET equation is important because it is used to measure surface area. If the monolayer capacity
can be determined, and the area of a monolayer can be found, then the surface area can be estimated. In
practice, N2 gas is adsorbed on the surface at liquid N temperature and each molecule covers 16.2 A2. The
equipment to perform this analysis requires high vacuum and is not available in every laboratory. McBride
(pages 350 -353.) describes the use of the BET isotherm for gas adsorption and surface area measurements.
There are a number of other isotherms described in the literature, however this introduction to the "Classical"
isotherms adequately develops the concept.
7. Soil Chemistry 7-7
Figure 7.6. A schematic view of sorption in a soil water system.
It is important to note again that isotherms do not provide information about the mechanism of
sorption and are best looked upon a mathematical descriptors of sorption data. Mechanistic details of sorption
processes must be derived from other techniques. Surface spectroscopy has revealed a number of important
details of the process, but or knowledge is incomplete. Details of adsorption on to soil organics where the
structure is not know is particularly sketchy.
MECHANISMS OF REMOVAL FROM SOLUTION
The removal from solution implies that ions or compounds have been sorbed into the interfacial region
between the soil solids and the solution phase. Interactions between compounds, ions an the surfaces in soils
depend on the types of surfaces available and the compound or ion of interest. Inorganic surfaces in soils are
mainly oxygen or hydroxyls. These surfaces are highly polar and normally they carry either a positive of
negative charge. Organic surfaces can also be charged and have surfaces that range from strongly polar to
nonpolar.
Sorption of Inorganic on Soil Surfaces. Inorganic compounds are adsorbed mostly by chemical interaction
with soil surfaces. These interactions range from purely electrostatic (e.g. exchange) to strong covalent
bonding. Exchangeable ions are considered to be fully hydrated and completely dissociated from the surface.
The real picture of exchange is more complex and even the alkali metals may be adsorbed into a Stern Layer
in which the ions are partially dehydrationed. Figure 7.7 depicts the interaction of Li, Na and K with a soil
surface. Sodium and Li are strongly hydrated and too large to form specific bonds with the mineral surface.
Section 7 - Adsorption
Solid Solution Interface
Solution Phase
(bulk water phase)
Solid
Phase
Reduced dielectric water
Strongly oriented water
May be:
Clay, Clay edge
Oxide
Positive or Negative
Organic matter Sites
Coated Surface
Closed or open pore
8. Soil Chemistry 7-8
However, K+ can be strongly bound by many soil minerals. This specific binding is not considered in Figure
7.7.
Figure 7.7. A calculated distribution of cations near a clay mineral surface. Shainberg and Kemper, 1966.
In contrast to the alkaline earth and alkali metals, that are easily replaced by other exchangeable cations,
phosphorus is strongly adsorbed on soil surfaces. This sorption is believed to occur via displacement of surface
hydroxyl groups and the formation of mono and bidentate surface complexes with covalent bonding character.
Electrostatic exchange of alkali metals and covalent bonding of P are the end members of a continuous array
of progressively stronger interactions with the colloidal surfaces. In this array of possibilities, the nature of the
binding site on a particular sorbant may be different, the sorbant may change and the different sorbates can
display a range of interactions.
A term has been coined which separates strong adsorption from weaker interactions. Specific
adsorption or sorption is an operational term related to the electrophoretic mobility of the sorbant. Sorbates
which can cause a charge reversal in the sorbant are said to be specifically adsorbed. Implicit in this definition
is that the sorbates are entering a "Stern or Stern-like layer" at the interface. Also implicit in this is an
interaction stronger than the electrostatic interaction ascribed to exchange. Figure 7.8 depicts the difference
among cations in their ability to be adsorbed on colloidal MnO2 in relation to pH. Those ions adsorbed below
the point of zero charge are concentrated at the interface in opposition to electrostatic forces and are therefore
considered to be specifically adsorbed.
Section 7-Adsorption
9. Soil Chemistry 7-9
Adsorption on MnO2
0 1 2 3 4
Suspension pH
Adsorbed Metal (moles/gram)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
After Murry et al. 1968
Section 7 - Adsorption
PZC Co(II)
Cu(II)
K+
Na+
Figure 7.8. Adsorption of trace metals and alkali metals on colloidal manganese dioxide
Ions adsorbed into the interfacial region by specific adsorption have the capability to change the
potential at the interface between the solid and the solution and thereby change the electrophoretic mobility of
the particle. If the particle undergoes a charge reversal, by definition, the ions causing this charge reversal are
considered to be specifically adsorbed. Figure 7.9 and 7.10 depict the effects of Al on the electrophoretic
mobility of SiO2. At high pH where the surface is covered with Al, the Si surface appears to behave like
aluminum oxide. If ions are specifically adsorbed in the surface they may be bonded by covalent linkages and
will be dehydrated. Ions with strong ionic interactions with the surface may also be partially dehydrated.
Another way of distinguishing the bonding between a surface site and an ion is to determine whether
they form inner sphere or outer sphere complexes. Inner sphere complexes do not have waters of hydration
between the ion and the surface, while the outer sphere complexes are
hydrated. This is very similar to the distinction between an ion pair and a complex.
10. Soil Chemistry 7-10
0 2 4 6 8 10
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
4
2
0
Section 7-Adsorption
Suspension pH
Electrophoretic Mobility
-2
Silica
Alumina
Figure 7.9. The electrophoretic mobility of colloidal aluminum hydroxide and colloidal silica in relation to
pH. After Stiger, 1975.
Figure 7.10. The electrophoretic mobility of colloidal aluminum hydroxide and colloidal silica in relation
to pH and added AlCl3. After Stiger, 1975.
Suspension pH
Electrophoretic Mobility
-2
Silica
Alumina
3*10-4 AlCl3
1*10-4 AlCl3
11. Soil Chemistry 7-11
Figure 7.11. The effects of pH on metal adsorption on (a) hematite and (b) goethite. Data from McKenzie
(1980) taken from Sparks (1995).
When the level of solution ions increases, the amount adsorbed increases. At some point in the isotherm
(depending on the ions and the surface), a so called monolayer capacity corresponding to complete surface
coverage is reached. Any adsorption beyond this point is condensation of multi-layers or a clustering. Multi-layers
are equivalent to surface precipitation (the development of a three dimensional phase). If the surface is
not covered with a uniform layer and the precipitate occurs as islands of precipitate they are termed surface
clusters.
Obviously, the adsorption of ions onto soil surfaces is a complex process that varies among the ions
and surfaces that dominate the system. Therefore models have been used extensively to describe the processes
that occur at the interface. Several recent soil chemistry text books do a very good job of describing the
various models and it will not be repeated here. Because the models contain a number of adjustable parameters
they can all normally be “manipulated” to fit the experimental data. Our modeling efforts have outstripped our
ability to understand the surfaces that adsorb ions.
None-the-less there are a few generalities that describe cation and anion adsorption in soils.
1. Surface area and mineralogy are important factors affecting adsorption.
2. Metals are more soluble and less strongly adsorbed at low pH.
3. The identity of the metal affects absorption..
4. Anions (eg PO4, AsO4, AsO3 MoO4, SeO4, SeoO3 ) are more strongly adsorbed at low pH.
Section 7 - Adsorption
12. Soil Chemistry 7-12
Adsorption of Organics on Soil Surfaces. The adsorption of organic materials to soils can occur via several
different mechanisms depending on the characteristics of the adsorbing surface and the adsorbate. Because
organic compounds can be either polar or nonpolar in all or part of the compound and because they may or
may not be charged, the interactions of organics with soil surfaces can be quite different from those of
inorganic ions. The differences in organic compounds is illustrated well by the Figure 7.12 from McBride
(1994). As shown in this representation, differences in pH and polarity affect solubility.
Section 7-Adsorption
Table 1. ( Sposito ,1984) lists several mechanisms of
adsorption for organic compounds on mineral and
organic surfaces. Given the large number of possible
interactions and the large range in characteristics of soil
organic compounds (Figure 7.12). The variations in
adsorption for organic compounds by soils is large.
The reversibility of adsorption is an important
consideration. For many ions and compounds, the
desorption does not follow the same isotherm as
adsorption.
This difference occurs with inorganic ions, but the
desorption of organic compounds is especially subject
to hysteresis. Hysteresis is defined as a difference in
partitioning during adsorption and desorption. Figure
7.13 illustrates an example of hysteresis for
desorption of EDB. In this case, slow diffusion from
small pores is a likely explanation for the differences
observed over time.
Figure 7.12 Schematic representation of
ranges in polarity and solubilities of
organic compounds in relation to pH.
From McBride 1994.
Figure 7.13 An example of hysteresis for EDB.
From Steinberg et al. (1987)
13. Soil Chemistry 7-13
Table 7.1. The mechanisms of organic matter interaction with solution ions.
Mechanism Principal organic function groups involved.
Cation exchange Amines, ring NH, heterocyclic N
Protonation Amines, heterocyclic N, carbonyl, carboxylate
Anion exchange Carboxylate
Water bridging Amino, carboxylate, carbonyl, alcoholic OH
Cation bridging Carbonylate, amines, carbonyl, alcoholic OH
Ligand exchange Carboxylate
Hydrogen bonding Amines, carbonyl, carboxyl, phenylhydroxyl
Van der Waals
interactions
Section 7 - Adsorption
Uncharged, nonploar organic functional groups
In addition to the possibilities of organics being adsorbed to mineral surfaces, these compounds can be
sorbed on soil organic matter. The distribution of organic compounds between solution and solid phase is
often described in terms of the partition or distribution coefficient rather than an isotherm type (Equation 10),
as shown earlier. Some organic surfaces are not as polar as mineral surfaces and provide sorption possibilities
for less polar organics. For the nonpolar organics, water is a strong competitor for sites on minerals surfaces
and the adsorption of organics decreases with increasing water content. For volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s) in dry soils, the distribution coefficient is can be much greater than in moist soils. Figure 7.14 shows
that the log of Kd increases dramatically as soil moisture
content decreases. This particular Kd is calculated for the
partitioning between the vapor phase and the solid phase.
Since organic compounds (particularly the less polar
ones ) are associated with organic materials, the
distribution coefficient can be normalized for organic
matter content. The resulting distribution coefficient
often shows much less variability among soils.
Figure 7.14a. The relationship between Kd and %.
From Petersen et al. 1995.
14. Soil Chemistry 7-14
Figure 7.14b. Effects of water on Kd for VOC’s.
From Petersen et al. 1995.
K= =
Section 7-Adsorption
d
mg
Concentration in thesolid phase = kg L
Concentration in thesolution phase mg kg
L
(10)
Table 2 shows data for Kd and Koc Koc is defined as:
OC
K KD
OrganicCarbon
=
%
*100 (11).
Koc can be realted to the octanol water partition coefficient (Kow). Kow is defined as:
OW K = Concentration in octanol
Concentration in water
(12)
The empirical relationship is: Log Kd = a log Kow + log ƒoc + b. (13). Recognize that Log Kd - log ƒoc =
Log (Koc /100), we can see that log Kd and log Kow are related.
Figure 6.17. Illustrates the relationship between Kd (or in this case Kp) and Kow. In this figure the
organic compounds tested were mon, di, tri, and tetramethylbenzenes and chlorobenzenes. Water solubility
has also been correlated with Kow. As might be expected, compounds that are less soluble in water have higher
Koc values.
15. Soil Chemistry 7-15
Figure 7.15. The relationship between Koc (Kp)
and Kow. From Westall 1987.
Section 7 - Adsorption
The value of knowing the partitioning of
chemical between the liquid and solid phase and to
some extent the distribution between the solid and
gaseous phase allow one to make some predictions
about the environmental fate of chemicals in the
environment. The question of whether the materials
are likely to be associated with particulates is strongly
related to the adsorption tendencies of the materials.
Volatile chemicals can partition to the soil solids and
this affects their volatility and transfer to the
atmosphere.
Table 7.2. Partition coefficients for various soils adjusted for the organic carbon content of the
soils.
SOIL Organic
Carbon
% KD Koc
1 0.08 0.40 491
2 0.62 3.2 514
3 0.86 5.4 627
4 0.97 4.4 457
5 1.45 9.1 627
6 3.80 15.9 417
7 5.67 44.0 764
8 21.7 132.4 611
mean 26.4 564
SD 44.9 114
CV 167 % 20 %
16. Soil Chemistry 7-16
Review Questions
1. What is the distinction between adsorption and exchange?
2. What is an isotherm?
3. How does the distribution coefficient relate to an isotherm?
4. What are the distinctions between the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms?
5. How would you distinguish adsorption from surface precipitation?
6. Why is the BET isotherm important?
7. What soil chemical factors affect metal adsorption?
8. Why does specific adsorption cause a charge reversal?
9. What is specific adsorption?
10. What is Koc and Kow?
11. What factors affect the adsorption of organic compounds in soils? Why?
12. How can the electrophoretic mobility of colloids be used to determine charge and charge reversal?
13. What is a Stern layer? How does this relate to specific adsorption and electrophoretic mobility?
Section 7-Adsorption