It is best for care of visual and hearing impairment

1. Hearing and visual
impairments
● Subject:PHN
Subject teacher :sir Asad Ali
presentatare : Wajid Ullah
Date :18 May 2024

2. OBJECTIVE
● Definition of Hearing and visual impairments
● Pathophysiology of Hearing and visual impairments
● Sign and symptoms of Hearing and visual impairments
● Cause of Hearing and visual impairments
● Nursing interventions for Hearing and visual
● Treatment of Hearing and visual impairments

4. ANATOMY OF EAR

5. Definition of Hearing Impairment
Hearing impairment, also known as hearing loss, refers to
a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both
ears. It can range from mild hearing loss, where the
individual has difficulty hearing faint sounds, to profound
hearing loss, where the individual cannot hear at all.

6. Pathophysiology of Hearing Impairment
Hearing impairment involves damage or dysfunction in one or
more parts of the auditory system, which includes:
Outer Ear: Obstructions (like earwax) or infections can
impair sound conduction.
Middle Ear: Otitis media (middle ear infection), otosclerosis
(abnormal bone growth), or perforated eardrum can hinder
sound transmission.

7. Inner Ear: Damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or the
auditory nerve can affect sound perception. This can result from
prolonged exposure to loud noise, aging (presbycusis), or
diseases such as Meniere's disease.
Auditory Pathways: Issues in the neural pathways or auditory
centers of the brain can also cause hearing loss, seen in
conditions like acoustic neuroma or stroke.

8. Causes of Hearing Impairment
Genetic Factors: Inherited conditions can cause congenital
hearing loss.
Infections: Bacterial or viral infections (e.g., meningitis,
measles) can lead to hearing loss.
Ototoxic Medications: Certain medications (e.g.,
aminoglycoside antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents) can
damage the auditory system.
Trauma: Physical injury to the ear or head.

9. Noise Exposure: Chronic exposure to loud noises (e.g., from
industrial work or loud music).
Aging: Natural degeneration of the auditory system with age.
Chronic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes or hypertension
can contribute to hearing loss.

10. Sign and symptoms of hearing impairment
Lack of Startle Response: Newborns typically startle at loud
noises. Lack of this response could indicate hearing
impairment.
Delayed Speech Development: Difficulty in acquiring speech
milestones within expected timeframes

11. Complaints of Ear Pain: While not always indicative, recurring
ear pain can sometimes be associated with hearing issues.
Social and Behavioral Issues: Difficulty in communication can
lead to social isolation, frustration, and behavioral problems.
Increased Volume of Media: Consistently playing media at
high volumes.

12. Nursing interventions for hearing impairment
Check Early: Nurses test babies' hearing early to find any problems fast.
Teach Parents: They teach parents how to help their child if there's a hearing problem.
Support Families: Nurses help families feel better and find helpful groups and services.
Manage Devices: They help with hearing gadgets like hearing aids, making sure they fit right.
Help Talking: Nurses teach ways to help kids talk better, like using special signs or doing exercises.

13. Treatment for Hearing Impairment
Medications: Treating infections or inflammations with
antibiotics or corticosteroids.
Surgery: Procedures like tympanoplasty for eardrum repair, or
stapedectomy for otosclerosis

14. Hearing Aids: Devices that amplify sound, suitable for various
degrees of hearing loss.
Cochlear Implants: For severe to profound sensorineural
hearing loss, these electronic devices directly stimulate the
auditory nerve.

17. Visual impairments
Definition: Pediatric visual impairments refer to any condition
that affects a child's ability to see, ranging from mild to severe
impairment.

18. Pathophysiology of visual impairments
Congenital Cataracts: Cataracts are cloudy areas that
develop in the lens of the eye, leading to blurred vision or
blindness. In pediatric patients, cataracts can be present at
birth (congenital) and can interfere with normal visual
development if not treated promptly.

19. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): ROP is a condition that
primarily affects premature infants. It occurs when abnormal
blood vessels grow in the retina, potentially leading to retinal
detachment and vision loss if left untreated.

20. Genetic Disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as
retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, and
congenital stationary night blindness, can cause visual
impairments in pediatric patients due to abnormalities in the
structure or function of the retina or other parts of the visual
system.

21. Causes of visual impairments
Nerve Dysfunction: Problems with the nerves that innervate
the eye muscles can disrupt the normal coordination of eye
movements
Muscle Imbalance: Weakness or imbalance in the muscles
that control eye movement can lead to misalignment of the
eyes. This imbalance may be congenital or acquired due to
neurological conditions or trauma.

22. Environmental Factors: Prolonged use of digital screens or
poor lighting conditions may strain the eyes and contribute to
squinting in children.

23. Sign and symptoms of visual impairments
Frequent headaches: Vision problems can lead to
headaches, particularly after activities that require visual
concentration.
Eye misalignment: Strabismus can cause one or both eyes to
turn inward, outward, upward, or downward.

24. Sitting too close to screens: Excessive screen time and a
preference for sitting too close to screens can be a sign of
vision problems, especially refractive errors.
Cloudy or white appearance in the pupil: This could indicate
the presence of congenital cataracts or other serious eye
conditions.

25. Nursing interventions
Keep an eye on progress: Nurses will watch to see if the
child's eyes are getting better or if there are new problems.
Be supportive: Nurses will help the child and their family feel
better about any eye problems they have.

26. Help with treatment: Nurses will assist with things like
wearing glasses, doing eye exercises, or using eye patches if
the doctor says they're needed.
Make sure the environment is safe for eyes: Nurses will
suggest ways to help the child see comfortably and safely.

27. Treatment
Eye Exercises: Vision therapy exercises may be prescribed to
help strengthen eye muscles and improve coordination
between the eyes.
Surgery: In cases where non-surgical interventions are not
effective or if there is a significant misalignment of the eyes,
surgery may be recommended to correct the position of the
muscles and realign the eyes.

28. Botulinum Toxin Injections: In some cases of squinting, particularly if
caused by muscle imbalance or nerve dysfunction, injections of botulinum toxin
(Botox) may be used to temporarily weaken specific eye muscles and improve
alignment.
Medication: Medications may be prescribed in certain cases, such as for
underlying conditions like thyroid eye disease or neurological disorders that
contribute to squinting.