Author: Lucille Sanzero Eller, PhD, RN
Associate Professor
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey College of Nursing
A Local Performance Site of the NY/NJ AETC
See: http://AIDSETC.org
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
breif notes on what is pharmacoepidemiology, why do we need pharmacoepidemiology, whats is its aim and its main applications, advantages and disadvantages
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) and HepatotoxicityDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain the defination, Mechanism of drug induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatotoxicity with the help of few examples.
Individualisation and optimization of drug dosing regimenJyoti Nautiyal
Drug dosing regimen, dosing frequency, individualisation, Steps Involved in Individualization of Dosage Regimen, optimization, variability, Clinical experience with individualization and optimization based on plasma drug levels.
Bayesian theory in population pharmacokinetics--
1) INTRODUCTION TO BAYESIAN THEORY
2)BAYESIAN PROBABILITY TO DOSING OF DRUGS
3)APPLICATIONS AND USES OF BAYESIAN THEORY IN APPLIED PHARMACOKINETICS:
therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics-fifth pharm d notes
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the measurements of the outcomes which are used in epidemiology such as prevalence, incidence, fatality rate, crude death rate etc.
This simple and short PPT will review three international Guidelines; NCCN, ESMO and ASCO guidelines for emesis prevention when using I.V chemotherapeutic agents which are highly or moderately emetogenic.
various measures for the measurement of outcome such as incidence prevalence and other drug us measures are briefly discussed here with suitable examples and equations
Don't myth the facts on hiv ORNAC Conference 2013griehl
What are the chances that you will get HIV from a needle stick injury and does it actually matter? Do you feel more comfortable knowing that your patient is HIV negative? Your values and professional ethics related to HIV impact your professional and personal life; it should not impact the care you give to your patients. Wise practices in perioperative clinical practice needs to recognize that HIV is a chronic illness with patients living longer lives and requiring care that includes surgery. The law regarding HIV in Canada is unique. Ethical treatment of positive patients is a requirement of professional nursing practice. Myths can lead to stigma, discrimination, and negative patient outcomes. The facts on HIV support best practices for perioperative nursing. We will explore consent, testing, attitudes and values and look at research on circumcision, transplant, double gloving and how needle exchange programs impact you and your patients.
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) and HepatotoxicityDr. Ankit Gaur
In this presentation I have tried to explain the defination, Mechanism of drug induced liver injury (DILI) and hepatotoxicity with the help of few examples.
Individualisation and optimization of drug dosing regimenJyoti Nautiyal
Drug dosing regimen, dosing frequency, individualisation, Steps Involved in Individualization of Dosage Regimen, optimization, variability, Clinical experience with individualization and optimization based on plasma drug levels.
Bayesian theory in population pharmacokinetics--
1) INTRODUCTION TO BAYESIAN THEORY
2)BAYESIAN PROBABILITY TO DOSING OF DRUGS
3)APPLICATIONS AND USES OF BAYESIAN THEORY IN APPLIED PHARMACOKINETICS:
therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics-fifth pharm d notes
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the measurements of the outcomes which are used in epidemiology such as prevalence, incidence, fatality rate, crude death rate etc.
This simple and short PPT will review three international Guidelines; NCCN, ESMO and ASCO guidelines for emesis prevention when using I.V chemotherapeutic agents which are highly or moderately emetogenic.
various measures for the measurement of outcome such as incidence prevalence and other drug us measures are briefly discussed here with suitable examples and equations
Don't myth the facts on hiv ORNAC Conference 2013griehl
What are the chances that you will get HIV from a needle stick injury and does it actually matter? Do you feel more comfortable knowing that your patient is HIV negative? Your values and professional ethics related to HIV impact your professional and personal life; it should not impact the care you give to your patients. Wise practices in perioperative clinical practice needs to recognize that HIV is a chronic illness with patients living longer lives and requiring care that includes surgery. The law regarding HIV in Canada is unique. Ethical treatment of positive patients is a requirement of professional nursing practice. Myths can lead to stigma, discrimination, and negative patient outcomes. The facts on HIV support best practices for perioperative nursing. We will explore consent, testing, attitudes and values and look at research on circumcision, transplant, double gloving and how needle exchange programs impact you and your patients.
ARVs are included in the drugs with narrow therapeutic index. It's important for every doctors and health care workers to understand mechanism of ARV resistance. Video file is available in the following link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvNOmwRh0I0&feature=player_detailpage
PrEP Update from the International HIV Treatment, Prevention, and Adherence C...Office of HIV Planning
Jen Chapman, Co-Chair of the Philadelphia HIV Prevention Planning Group (HPG) presented an update from the 10th annual International HIV Treatment, Prevention, and Adherence conference at the July 2015 HPG meeting.
Introduction: Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organisation as “The degree to which the person's behaviour corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider
Factor Affecting Non-Adherance:Poor adherence or non-adherence to medical treatment severely compromises patient outcomes and increases patient mortality.
Non-adherence is a very common phenomenon in all patients with drug-taking behaviour.
The complexity of adherence is the result of an interplay of a range of factors, including patient views and attributes, illness characteristics, social contexts, access, and service issues.
Non-adherence: Non-adherence is the failure or refusal to comply with advice and can imply disobedience on the part of patient
5 step Factors: Social/economic and Economic Factors
Provider-patient/health care system factors
Condition-related factors
Therapy-related factors
Patient-related factors
Behavioural Factors:
Life style (smoking, alcohol, coffee use) Psychological and personality factors: anxiety, depression, coping style
Biological factors:
Gender, age, and genetic predisposition
Social and cultural factors:
Educational level, living situation, price of medication, policies.
Information Factors:
Have you received enough information? Satisfaction with the last visit?
Awareness factors:
Severity of the complaints (Baseline) quality of life,
Locus of control about patient adherence:
internal and external, stability and control about the cause of the complaints: internal and external, stability and controllability.
Stages to Overcome This Barrier
pharmacist patient education and counseling Hemat Elgohary
Lack of sufficient knowledge about their health problems and medications cause of patients’ non-adherence to their pharmaco-therapeutic regimens and monitoring plans so pharmacist need to have skills and knowledge to improve patient adherence and reduce medication-related problems
Assignment 2 Assessing and Treating Patients With SleepWake Disord.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep/Wake Disorders
Sleep disorders are conditions that result in changes in an individual’s pattern of sleep (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Not surprisingly, a sleep disorder can affect an individual’s overall health, safety, and quality of life. Psychiatric nurse practitioners can treat sleep disorders with psychopharmacologic treatments, however, many of these drugs can have negative effects on other aspects of a patient’s health and well-being. Additionally, while psychopharmacologic treatments may be able to address issues with sleep, they can also exert potential challenges with waking patterns. Thus, it is important for the psychiatric nurse practitioner to carefully evaluate the best psychopharmacologic treatments for patients that present with sleep/wake disorders.
Reference: Mayo Clinic. (2020).
Sleep disorders
. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354018
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, including the Medication Resources indicated for this week.
Reflect on the psychopharmacologic treatments you might recommend for the assessment and treatment of patients with sleep/wake disorders.
The Assignment: 5 pages
Examine
Case Study: Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Insomnia in a Younger Adult.
You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
Introduction to the case (1 page)
Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1 page)
Which decision did you select?
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #2 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resou.
An Interprofessional Approach to Substance Abuse in Primary CareASAMPUBS
An integrated model of treatment improves care by recognizing that patients need clear and consistent care from their primary care provider “in a way that thoroughly considers biological, social, behavioral, and psychological components of their presenting complaint” by integrating psychological, addiction, and other treatments into a cohesive whole.
Author: Philip Bolduc, MD. New England AETC
This lesson will focus on the fundamentals of treating HCV infection. Understanding the treatment of HCV mono-infection is critical to mastering care of HIV/HCV co-infection.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. Adherence, Resistance andAdherence, Resistance and
Antiretroviral TherapyAntiretroviral Therapy
Lucille Sanzero Eller, PhD, RN
Associate Professor
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
College of Nursing
A Local Performance Site of the NY/NJ AETC
September 2009
2. ObjectivesObjectives (1)(1)
1. Define adherence.
2. Describe assessment of determinants of
adherence to ART.
3. Discuss nursing strategies to promote
adherence to ART
4. Primary Goals of ARTPrimary Goals of ART
Maximal and durable viral suppression
Restoration and preservation of immune
function (CD4 count)
Improved quality of life
Reduced HIV-related opportunistic
infections (OIs)
Reduced morbidity and mortality
5. Adherence: DefinitionAdherence: Definition
Right drug
Right amount
dose (formulation), total duration, intervals
Right circumstances
e.g., with or without food, not with certain
other drugs
Adapted from Second International Conference on Improving Use
of Medicines, 2004. Retrieved 3/3/08
www.changeproject.org/pubs/Adherence-ICIUM-2004.ppt
6. AdherenceAdherence (1)(1)
>95% adherence is necessary to
achieve viral suppression of <400
copies/mL on unboosted PI therapy,
but more-potent NNRTI regimens lead
to viral suppression at moderate levels
of adherence
Bangsberg, D.R. (2006). Less Than 95% Adherence to
Nonnucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy Can
Lead to Viral Suppression. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43,
939–941.
7. AdherenceAdherence (2)(2)
Although viral suppression may be
possible with moderate adherence, the
probability of viral suppression and
reduced disease progression and
mortality improves with every increase
in adherence level
Bangsberg, D.R. (2006). Less Than 95% Adherence to
Nonnucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy Can
Lead to Viral Suppression. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43,
939–941.
8. AdherenceAdherence (3)(3)
Assess the determinants of adherence
– prior to initiation of ART
– within first few days of initiation of ART
– at each visit to assess any change in
determinants
9. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (1)(1)
Individual Factors
Sociodemographics
– Basic Needs
food, shelter, heating, cooling, refrigeration
– Economic Factors
health insurance, prescription coverage, employment
status, disability insurance, income
– Education
language, literacy, health literacy
– Cultural beliefs, values, practices
10. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (2)(2)
Individual Factors
Cognitive Factors
– cognitive impairment, forgetfulness, confusion
Psychological Factors
– depression, anxiety, dementia, psychosis
Substance Abuse
– active drug and alcohol use
Note: Changes in appearance, behavior, eye contact,
or speech may indicate any of the above
11. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (3)(3)
ART Regimen and Treatment
Experience
– adverse drug effects
– early toxicity
– treatment fatigue
– complexity of regimen (pill burden, dosing
frequency, food requirements)
– difficulty taking meds (swallowing pills, daily
scheduling issues)
– history of reasons for non-adherence
– history of missed medical appointments
12. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (4)(4)
Disease characteristics
– symptoms
– immune status
– illness severity
Social support
– disclosure status with friends & family
– support from friends
– family support
– partner support
13. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (5)(5)
Patient-provider relationship
– provider competence
– trust
– communication
– adequacy of referrals
– inclusion of patient in decision-making
14. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (6)(6)
Informational resources
– Education and information about ARVs, side
effects and their management
Health care environment
– Access- insurance, transportation, etc.
– Convenience
– Confidentiality
– Adherence services at site of medical care
15. Determinants of AdherenceDeterminants of Adherence (7)(7)
Health beliefs
– purpose of treatment
– effectiveness of treatment
– treatment experiences
– self-efficacy
Poorest adherers: <50 years old, cognitively
impaired, substance abusers
(Levine et al., 2005)
16. Patient Readiness for HAARTPatient Readiness for HAART
Health Belief Model can be used to assess
readiness and likelihood of adherence to
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
(HAART)
17. Health Belief Model: ConceptsHealth Belief Model: Concepts (1)(1)
Perceived susceptibility: the individual’s
belief that she is susceptible to HIV disease
progression
Perceived severity: the individual’s belief
that HIV disease progression has serious
consequences
18. Health Belief Model: ConceptsHealth Belief Model: Concepts (2)(2)
Perceived benefits: the individual’s belief
that adherence to ART would reduce
susceptibility to HIV disease progression or
disease severity
Perceived barriers: the individual’s belief
that the materials, physical and
psychological costs of adhering to ART
outweigh the benefits
19. Health Belief Model: ConceptsHealth Belief Model: Concepts (3)(3)
Cues to action: the individual’s exposure
to factors that prompt adherence to ART
Self-efficacy: the individual’s confidence
in her ability to successfully adhere to ART
20. Health Belief Model and Adherence
Individual Factors
Demographics, lifestyle, social support,
mental health,
substance use
Perceived susceptibility
of HIV disease
progression
Perceived severity of
HIV disease progression
Perceived benefits
and barriers of
ART
Likelihood to engage in
adherence behavior
Self-efficacy for
adherence
Perceived threat of
non-adherence
Cues to action
21. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (1)(1)
Lifestyle
– Identify instances when med side effects might
interfere with lifestyle (job, family)
– Fit regimen to lifestyle, preference and priorities
consider daily schedule, weekly or monthly changes
in schedule
– Balance dosing ease with strength of regimen
ideal is highest potential viral suppression
acceptable to patient
22. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (2)(2)
Social support/Provider support
– Establish therapeutic/trusting, non-
judgmental/confidential patient-provider
relationship prior to initiating therapy
– Identify & reinforce sources of emotional and
social support
– Educate patient and support persons, if
available, on the regimen prescribed
Dosage, side effects, side effect management, food
requirements
23. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (3)(3)
Social support/Provider support (cont.)
– Utilize community resources
Support groups, peer mentors
– Collaborate with multidisciplinary team
and refer as needed
Case management for entitlements,
transportation
Substance abuse counselor
Mental health counselor
24. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (4)(4)
Social support/Provider support (cont.)
– Provide contact information to reach
health care provider
Reinforce seeking expert advice when stopping ARV
– Formulate an individual plan of care for
follow-up visits and phone calls
Assess side effects of therapy within first few days of
initiation of therapy
Assess accuracy of understanding of regimen
within first few days of initiation of therapy
25. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (5)(5)
Mental health and Substance Use
– Provide treatment and referral as needed for
mental health and substance use before
initiating therapy
26. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (6)(6)
Perceived susceptibility
– Provide culturally and linguistically appropriate
education and counseling on disease process of
HIV
– Assist patient in developing accurate perception
of risk of non-adherence
– Tailor risk information to individual’s beliefs,
values
Perceived severity
– Explain adherence in reference to
resistance
27. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (7)(7)
Perceived benefits
– Provide specific information re dose, schedule
and dietary requirements of ART and potential
benefits of adherence
– Graph patient’s viral load and CD4+ count
before and throughout treatment to trend
response for reinforcement of benefits of
adherence
– Utilize team approach with nurses, physicians,
pharmacists and peer counselors
28. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (8)(8)
Perceived barriers
– Address patient questions and concerns with
specific information and strategies to address
barriers (e.g., regimen complexity, dietary
restrictions, short and long term side effects)
– Provide incentives for adherence
– Provide ongoing support and reassurance
– Provide and instruct patient how maintain a
daily pill diary to identify barriers to adherence
29. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (9)(9)
Perceived barriers (cont.)
– Anticipate and discuss potential side effects,
their duration and management
– Simplify regimens, dosing and food
requirements
– Include patient in development of plan of
care/decision-making process
– Establish readiness to start therapy
30. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (10)(10)
Cues to action
– Provide detailed, specific, easily understood
information re when and how to take medication
– Provide and instruct patient in the use of tools
to foster and reinforce adherence
beepers, watches, pill organizers, stickers, telephone
reminders, medication planner, written instructions,
instruct to place medications in location where they
will be seen
– Utilize educational aids including charts,
cartoons, written information
31. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (11)(11)
Cues to action (cont.)
– Provide adherence assessment and counseling
at routine medical visits
– Enlist friends/family/partner to provide
motivation and remind patient to take
medications
– Collaborate with patient to choose a regular
daily activity as a cue to take medication
(getting out of bed, making breakfast or dinner)
32. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (12)(12)
Self-efficacy
– Provide skill building for adherence
role-playing (e.g. patient-provider communication
skills; use of jelly beans to practice taking
medications on schedule)
problem solving (what to do for late or missed dose)
planning ahead for refills
management of medications during changes in daily
schedule
potential side effects, self-management strategies,
when to call the health care provider
33. Strategies to Promote AdherenceStrategies to Promote Adherence (13)(13)
Self-efficacy (cont.)
• Collaborate with patient on potential solutions
for patient-identified barriers to adherence.
• Provide positive reinforcement for adherence.
• Contract with patient for adherence.
• Utilize role models with adherent behavior
• Utilize the problem-solving process (e.g. ask the
patient “Think of a time when you might miss a
dose of your medication. What would you do
then?”)
34. ResistanceResistance
The ability of HIV to enter the cell and
replicate despite presence of antiretroviral
drugs
Can lead to increasing viral load, ongoing
damage to immune system, progression of
HIV disease
35. Reasons for ResistanceReasons for Resistance
High rate of HIV replication (109
to 1010
virions/person/day)
Error prone HIV polymerase
Selective pressure and mutant viral strains
are cause of resistance
38. Adherence/Resistance RelationshipAdherence/Resistance Relationship
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
(HAART) Observational Medical Evaluation
and Research (HOMER) study
1191 ARV naïve adults receiving 2 NRTIs
plus a PI or NNRTI
Found bell-shaped relationship between
level of adherence and drug-resistance
mutations
(Harrigan et al., 2005 )
40. Primary ARV ResistancePrimary ARV Resistance (1)(1)
Patient who is ARV naïve is infected with
ARV-resistant virus
Single or multi-class drug resistance
increasing
Primary resistance in 10 North American
cities (Little et al. 2002)
– 3.4% 1995-1998
– 12.4% 1999-2000
41. Primary ARV ResistancePrimary ARV Resistance (2)(2)
Prevalence of primary drug resistant HIV
mutations varies geographically (Wolf, 2006)
– San Francisco 26%
– Spain 19%
– European multicenter study 10%
Guidelines recommend resistance testing
prior to ART initiation (USDHHS, 2004; EuroGuidelines
Group for HIV Resistance, 2001
42. Primary ARV ResistancePrimary ARV Resistance (3)(3)
RESINA project – Germany 2001-03
– Effects of pre-treatment resistance testing and
tailored first-line HAART treatment decisions
based on this genotype testing
– N=269, 48 weeks after initiation of genotype-
guided HAART
Comparable efficacy of first-line HAART in
groups with resistant HIV and wild-type HIV
43. Resistance TestingResistance Testing
2 Types of assays
– Phenotypic
– Genotypic
Both types of assay require presence of a
minimum amount of HIV
– Tests may not detect resistance at viral load
below 500-1000 copies/ml
– Test may not detect “minority” mutations, those
comprising <20% of virus population
44. PhenotypingPhenotyping
Direct quantification of drug sensitivity
– Increasing concentrations of drug added to
patient HIV cultures
– Viral replication compared to that of wild-type
virus
– The IC50 is concentration of drug that inhibits
viral replication by 50%
Disadvantages
– Lengthy procedure
– Costly
45. GenotypingGenotyping
Indirect measure of drug resistance
– Genetic code of patient virus is compared to
that of wild-type virus
– Resistance is defined by number of known
resistant mutations (those associated with
reduced drug sensitivity) present in patient
sample at time of test
46. Virtual PhenotypingVirtual Phenotyping
Predicts the phenotype from the genotype
– Patient’s genotypic mutations are compared
with a database of samples of paired genotypic
and phenotypic data
– IC50 of matching viruses are averaged, and the
likely phenotype of patient virus identified
Advantages
– requires less time than phenotyping
– less costly than phenotyping
47. Adherence StudiesAdherence Studies (1)(1)
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)
N=539; 77% taking 3 or more medications
Reasons for non-adherence by frequency
– Forgot, change in daily routine, busy, away from
home
– To avoid side effects, slept, ran out of meds, felt
depressed or ill, felt the drug was toxic/harmful,
don’t want to take pills
– Too many pills to take, instructions conflicted,
didn’t want others to notice, had problem taking
pills (Kleeberger et al, 2001)
48. Adherence StudiesAdherence Studies (2)(2)
Most patients willing to tolerate severe side
effects, large pill burden, inconvenience for
higher potency of ART
(Miller et al., 2002; Sherer et al., 2005)
49. Adherence StudiesAdherence Studies (3)(3)
Phone interviews for patient preferences
and priorities re ART (N=387)
– Lower viral load, higher CD4, durability of viral
suppression were more important than
resistance profile, GI side effects, dosing
frequency and pill burden
– 92% preferred more effective, 89% preferred
more durable 2X day regimen to more
convenient 1X day
(Sherer et al., 2005)
50. Adherence StudiesAdherence Studies (4)(4)
Review of 24 ART adherence
interventions
– The most effective adherence interventions
targeted patients with known or anticipated
adherence problems
– improvements held over time
(Amico, Harman & Johnson, 2006)
51. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (1)(1)
Adherence to ART declines over time
Ongoing assessment and intervention
critical
Self-report is primary means of
assessment; pharmacy records and pill
counts can also be used as adjuncts
52. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (2)(2)
Use non-judgmental language and tone of
voice.
the patient who senses disapproval and is
shamed for non-adherence is less likely to
provide accurate information
Be aware of non-verbal communication.
facial expression, posture, tone of voice,
seating arrangement, use of personal space
53. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (3)(3)
Ask questions in a way that gives
permission for missed doses.
“Which doses are the hardest to remember to
take?” “Which doses did you miss?”
Use open-ended questions.
“Can you tell me about how you take your
medicines on a typical weekday?”
“How do you take your medicines on a weekend
day?”
54. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (4)(4)
Communicate the understanding that
problems with adherence are expected.
Normalization of adherence problems opens
door for honest communication.
“Many people have difficulty sticking to their
medication schedule. What problems have you
had with taking your medications?”
55. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (5)(5)
Engage patient in problem-solving and
alternative scenarios to address
specific problems with adherence.
56. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (6)(6)
Ask permission to provide information and
feedback to lower patient resistance to the
information.
“Can I give you some suggestions that may help
with that problem?”
“Can I tell you how taking your medications on
time can keep you healthy?
57. Evaluation of AdherenceEvaluation of Adherence (7)(7)
When providing information, keep it simple.
Stress and anxiety lower the ability to
assimilate new information.
Assess understanding of new information
by asking patients to repeat it in their own
words.
58. Clinical Evaluation of AdherenceClinical Evaluation of Adherence
Level of HIV RNA in plasma
CD4+ lymphocyte count
Clinical condition of patient
Resistance testing
59. Key PointsKey Points (1)(1)
1. Adherence:
Right drug
Right amount
dose (formulation), total duration, intervals
Right circumstances
2. Optimal adherence to ART = 95% or more
of all prescribed doses taken on time
60. Key PointsKey Points (2)(2)
3. Determinants of Adherence:
i. Individual factors
ii. ART regimen and treatment experience
iii. Disease characteristics
iv. Social support
v. Patient-provider relationship
vi. Informational resources
vii. Health care environment
61. Key PointsKey Points (3)(3)
4. Health Belief Model can be used to assess
readiness for ART and develop strategies to
promote adherence:
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Cues to action
Self-efficacy
62. Key PointsKey Points (4)(4)
5. Resistance- the ability of HIV to enter the
cell and replicate in the presence of ARVs
6. Resistance testing- identifies drugs to
which the virus is not resistant
1. Phenotyping
2. Genotyping
3. Virtual phenotyping
63. Key PointsKey Points (5)(5)
7. Evaluation of adherence
Adherence declines over time
Ongoing evaluation and intervention critical
Self-report is primary means of evaluation
8. Clinical evaluation of adherence
Level of HIV RNA
CD4+ lymphocyte count
Clinical condition of patient
Resistance testing