Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neurological disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. It is estimated to affect approximately 5% of children worldwide. Children with ADHD may struggle with inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, difficulty following instructions, poor organization skills and distractibility. If left untreated, ADHD can lead to conduct problems, academic struggles, depression and relationship issues. While the exact causes are unknown, genetics and biochemical imbalances are thought to play a role. Treatment involves medication, behavioral therapy, environmental modifications and nursing care focused on safety, social skills and family support.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
2. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
•Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder commonly known as
ADHD
•Most common childhood
disorder
•Continue to adolescents to
adulthood
•More common in boys.
4. • It also called hyperkinetic disorder.
•A neurological disorder.
•Unless identified & treated properly, ADHD may
progress to conduct disorder, academic & job
failure, depression, relationship problems,
&substance abuse.
5. • Most children with ADHD experience
signs &symptoms by age 4.
• A few aren’t diagnosed until they enter
school.
6. EPIDERMOLOGY
• 5% OF CHILDREN HAVE THIS
DISODER
• In India 11.32% of primary school children
• More prevalent in boys
7. ICD-10 Classification
• F90.0, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly
inattentive type
• F90.1, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly
hyperactive type
• F90.2, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type
• F90.8, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, other type
• F90.9, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, unspecified type
8. ETIOLOGY
1) Genetic factor
• Higher in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins
• Siblings of hyperactive children have about twice the risk of
having the disorder as does the general population.
• Family history of psychiatric illness
2) Biochemical factor
• A deficit of dopamine & norepinephrine has been attributed
in the over activity seen in ADHD.
3) Developmental factor
• Developmental delay in milestone
10. 5) Environmental influences
•Environmental lead
•Food additives, colouring preservatives & sugar level also
been suggested as possible causes of hyperactive
behaviour but there is no definite evidence
6) Psychosocial Factors
•Prolonged emotional deprivation
•Stress psychic events.
•Disruption of family equilibrium.
11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
1) Lack of attention( Inattentive presentation)
•Fails to give close attention
•Difficulty in sustaining attention during tasks or play
•Does not appear to listen
•Struggles to follow through with Instruction
•Has difficulty with Organization of task, activities
•Easily distracted
•Fails to finish schoolwork, routine task, or duties
12. 2) Hyperactivity and Impulsivity
•Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
•Leaves seat when remaining seated is expected
•Runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations
•Has difficulty playing quietly
•Is often "on the go," acts as if "driven by a
motor," talks excessively
13. • Blurts out answers before questions have
been completed
•Has difficulty awaiting turn
•Interrupts or intrudes on others (butts into
conversations or games)
14. 3) ADHD combined Presentation
Clients with both inattention, hyperactive- impulse
symptoms
16. DSM Diagnostic criteria
• Five or more symptoms of inattention and/or ≥5 symptoms of
hyperactivity/impulsivity must have persisted for ≥6 months
to a degree that is inconsistent with the developmental level
and negatively impacts social and academic/occupational
activities.
• Several symptoms (inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive)
were present before the age of 12 years.
• Several symptoms (inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive)
must be present in ≥2 settings (eg, at home, school, or work;
with friends or relatives; in other activities).
17. •There is clear evidence that the symptoms interfere
with or reduce the quality of social, academic, or
occupational functioning.
•Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course
of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, and are
not better explained by another mental disorder (eg,
mood disorder, anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder,
personality disorder, substance intoxication, or
withdrawal).
21. NURSING DIAGNOSIS - 1
• Risk for violence towards self and others related to impulsive and
accident prone behaviour as evidenced by hyperactivity
Interventions
Assessment
Close supervision
Safe environment
Remove hazardous objects
Identify deliberate behaviour and teach consequences
Psychotherapy
Medication , anti psychotics, sedatives.
22. Non compliance with task expectations related to low
frustration tolerance and short attention span as evidenced by
inability to complete the task.
Interventions
Assess the clients impulse behaviour
Provide an environment for task effort that is free of
distraction
Provide assistance
Simple task
Rewarding each step completion
NURSING DIAGNOSIS - 2
23. • Impaired social interaction related to intrusive and immature
behaviour as evidenced by excessive talk to strangers.
Develop trusting relationship and convey acceptance
separate from the unacceptable behavior.
Assist client to decrease stimulation and distraction by a
altering environment to reduce distraction
Involve the child in a music based program if available
Provide group activities
Psychotherapy
Medication
NURSING DIAGNOSIS - 3
24. •Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement
related to less intake of food as evidenced by
decreased appetite
•Defensive coping related to feelings of inadequacy and
need for acceptance from others.
•Risk for parental role conflict related to children with
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
•Disturbed family process related to have child with
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as evidenced by
reducing usual communication.
25. Interventions
• Accept the child or individual as what he is. Consider his condition and
communicate with him as an equal.
• Approach the child at his current level of functioning. Do not use baby talk nor
direct him as to his chronological age; encourage him to express his thoughts or
emotions and respond to him therapeutically.
• Use simple and direct instructions. You may repeat your instructions more than
once and at times, you may utilize visual aids or pictures in order for him to relate
well
• Implement scheduled routine every day. Make his routine predictable and
something like ritualistic so that it will only be easy for him to grasp for his
independent functioning.
• Avoid stimulating or distracting settings. Ensure to involve the child in his daily
activities in a quiet and non-stimulating area to prevent him from becoming easily
distracted and hyperactive.
• Give positive reinforcements.
• Encourage physical activity.
26. Reference
Townsend MC. Essentials of psychiatric mental health nursing. 3rd
edition. Philadelphia; F A Davis company publication.2005
Ahuja N, Vyas JN. Textbook of postgraduate psychiatry. Second
edition. Jaypee publication. 2013.
Sreevani R. A guide to mental health and psychiatric nursing. 3rd
edition. New Delhi: Jaypee brother medical publication.2010.
Raju S M, Raju B. Psychiatry and mental health nursing. Bangaluru;
Jay pee brothers medical publications.2010