This document discusses cardiovascular risk and adherence to treatment. It defines key terms like adherence, compliance, persistence, and non-adherence. It notes that poor adherence is a major reason for suboptimal clinical benefits. It also discusses factors that influence adherence like the medication, patient, and healthcare system. Non-adherence can increase risks of stroke, death, hospitalizations and costs. Long-term adherence to medications for conditions like hypertension and statins is often low, around 50%. Improving adherence requires addressing multiple barriers and ensuring patients are involved in treatment decisions.

1. Aderenta siAderenta si
controlul riscului cardiovascularcontrolul riscului cardiovascular
Alexandru Andritoiu
Sp. Militar Craiova

2. Subiecte
• Riscul CV
• Aderenta
• Nonaderenta
• Complianta
• Persistenta

4. Riscul CVRiscul CV
• Total (global)
-absolut
-relativ
• Formule de calcul probabilistic intr-o
populatie tinta

5. Riscul global-CADRiscul global-CAD
• Riscul global este un calcul al riscului absolut
de a avea un eveniment coronarian (deces,
IMA) intr-un interval de timp specificat (10
ani).
• Cunoasterea RCV permite medicului sa
prescrie terapii tintite in copul reducerii
riscului (antihipertensive, statine, aspirina).

6. Permite aflarea raspunsului la intrebarilePermite aflarea raspunsului la intrebarile
• Cine va beneficia de interventiile terapeutice?
• Cand trebuie inceput tratamentul farmacologic
si non-faramacologic?
• La cine, aceste interventii sunt cost-eficiente?.
• Calculul risului CV poate ajuta in luarea celei
mai bune decizii de management.

7. Calcululul Riscului Global
Calculul riscului CV global este recomandat in toate
ghidurile nationale ca punct de plecare in decizia
terapeutica
• Framingham CardioVascular Risk Score
(Framingham Heart Study)-USA
• Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Heart Study
(PROCAM)
• Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation system (SCORE)
• United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
(UKPDS) for diabetics,
• Reynolds Risk Score
• NHANES (include the obesity as a risk factor)

9. 2,062 views-125 downloads

12. SCORESCORE
European Heart Journal

15. Mædica A Journal of Clinical Medicine, Volume 2 No.4 2007
• HTA 39%
• Hiper-Col 31.4%
• DZ 11.8%
• Fumatul 21.7%
• Obezitatea 26.3%

17. Controlul FRCVControlul FRCV
• HTA-stil de viata, dieta, medicatie;
• Colesterol-dieta, medicatie (statine);
• Fumatul- consiliere, medicatie;
• Diabet-dieta, medicatie;
• Istoric familial (ereditate)-……
• Sexul Masculin-…..
FR influentabili/neinflentabili

18. Definitii, termeni si concepteDefinitii, termeni si concepte
The World Health Organization:The World Health Organization:
Adherence:
- the degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed
recommendations from a healthcare provider.
Compliance:
- the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice.
- patient is passively following the physician’s orders, while adherence
acknowledges that the patient is part of the decisionmaking process,
making this the preferred term.
Persistence:
the duration of time over which a patient continues to fill the prescription.
Non-acceptance:
- some patients may never start treatment (a type of non-adherence)
Concordance:
- the degree of accordance of therapeutic goals of patient and therapist is
defined as ‘concordance

19. Non-AderentaNon-Aderenta
OMS/WHO:
• ,,poor adherence is the primary reason for suboptimal
clinical benefit in many circumstances.
• ,,medication non-adherence has been associated with
increased hospitalizations, loss of productivity,
premature deaths, and increased treatment costs”.
Non-adherence to medications is widely recognized as a major public health
concern and contributes to patient morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs

20. Ce este aderenta pe termen lungCe este aderenta pe termen lung
(long-time adherence)?(long-time adherence)?
• 12 luni dupa externare
• 24 luni

21. Non-Non-AderenAderenta pe termen lungta pe termen lung
Greater prescribing/filling complexity was associated with lower levels of adherence.
Some studies suggest that long-term adherence of chronically prescribed CV medications such as anti-hypertensives or statins may
be as low as 50%.

22. • 1996-primul simpozion
• 2006-primul simpozion
european
• 2009 ESPACOMP
ESPACOMP is a non-profit association
established to promote the science concerned with the quantitative assessment of what
patients do with medicines they have been prescribed.

25. Cum masuram aderenta?
• Nu este o metoda gold-standard
• Criterii directe:
- conc. medicamentului sau metabolitilor sai in
prodise biologice (sange/urina)
• Criterii indirecte:
- chestionare, met. electronice, contabilizare Rp,
masurarea unor markeri biologivie (LDL-Col),
etc.

28. Consecintele nonaderentei la pacientii
cu RCV inalt
Gehi AK, Ali S, Na B, Whooley MA. Self-reported medication adherence and cardiovascular events in patients with stable
coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1798–1803.
• 1.015 pts. CAD
• chestionar-aderenta
Follow-up 4 ani
• 4.4x risc de stroke
• 3.8x risk de deces

29. Cauze de Non-AderentaCauze de Non-Aderenta
• Legate de medic
• Legate de pacient
• Legate de sistem

30. Cauze de NonaderentaCauze de Nonaderenta
Baroletti S, Circulation. 2010;121:1455-1458

31. Aderenta la medicatia CVAderenta la medicatia CV

32. • In SUA numai 50% dintre pts. continua
tratamentul cu statine la 6 luni, si doar 30-
40% la 1 an!
• Beneficiile tratamentului cu statine este pus
sub semnul intrebarii in populatia generala.
• Riscurile intreruperii tratamentului cu statine
sunt devastatatoare, in ciuda beneficiilor certe
demonstrate in trial-urile clinice.
Aderenta la statine

33. 9.014 patients with previous CAD
Results:
monitoring of cholesterol concentration had modest ability for
detecting complete non-adherence and non-persistence.
BMJ 2011;342:d12

34. Diabetes Care 28:595–599, 2005
CONCLUSIONS:
• Adherence to statin therapy, (as reflected by MPR), is closely related to LDL
cholesterol goal attainment in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia.
• The probability of goal achievement appears to increase substantially when
the MPR is 0.80.
• Pharmacy records can be used to identify patients who are poorly compliant
with statin therapy and at high risk for failure to attain LDL cholesterol
goals.

35. Motivele intreruperii tratamentuluiMotivele intreruperii tratamentului
cu statine-o dilema actuala?cu statine-o dilema actuala?
• Efectele adverse (diabet?, rabdomioliza)
• Costuri (original vs generic)
• Lipsa de incredere in produs
• Campania anti-statine in mediul on-line
• Comunicare, educatie, follow-up
• Unii pts intrerup o perioada, dupa care reiau
tratamentul!

36. Riscurile terapiei cu statine suntRiscurile terapiei cu statine sunt
determinate genetic!determinate genetic!

37. Results
• Statins were prescribed for 67% patients, but only 41% used the
drug
• In spite of being indicated, statins were not prescribed in 33%
patients
• Of 26% patients, nonadherent to statins,
- 67% did not use the drug due to its high cost,
- 31% due to the lack of instruction,
- 2% due to side effects.
Arq Bras Cardiol, volume 76 (nº 2), 115-8, 2001

38. Adherence With Statin Therapy in Elderly
Patients With and Without Acute Coronary
Syndromes
Cynthia A. Jackevicius, Muhammad Mamdani, Jack V. Tu
JAMA. 2002;288(4):462-467.
Conclusions:
Elderly patients with and without recent ACS have low rates of adherence
to statins.
This suggests that many patients initiating statin therapy may receive no
or limited benefit from statins because of premature discontinuation.

39. Adherence With Statin Therapy in Elderly Patients With and Without Acute Coronary Syndromes
JAMA. 2002;288(4):462-467. doi:10.1001/jama.288.4.462
All curves are based on a Cox proportional hazards model adjustedfor covariates. The median follow-up was 494 days for acute coronary
syndrome,430 days for coronary artery disease, 235 days for primary prevention, and303 days for overall.

41. Aderenta la statine este diferita de aAderenta la statine este diferita de a
celorlate medicamente CV?celorlate medicamente CV?
• (1) Aspirina: 71%
• (2) B-blocante: 46%
• (3) Statine: 44%
• 1+2+3: 21%
Duke University

42. 28 studies were included:
• 19 studies evaluating outcomes associated with statin adherence
• 6 studies with statin discontinuation
• 3 studies with statin persistence
The included studies consistently reported
increased risks of CVD and mortality
associated with poor adherence with respect
to both execution of regimen and stopping of
therapy.

43. J Manag Care Pharm. 2014;20(1):51-57
Conclusion:
• patients adherence levels tend to decline over time
• a transition to levels of adherence lower than a PDC of 80% was
associated with increased risk of CV events

44. Heart 2002;88:229–233
ConclusionsConclusions
Good adherence to statin treatment was associated
with lower risk of recurrent MI.

45. Am J Manag Care. 2014;20(4):e105-e112

46. Can Fam Physician 2007;53:2144-2145;

47. • The good adherence (89%) in
this study may be based on
the systematic feedback of
treatment results.
• the percentage side effects
(27 %) is much higher than
the incidence of adverse
effects of statins in RCT’s
(5-10%)

48. Care factori influenteaza aderenta laCare factori influenteaza aderenta la
tratament ?tratament ?

49. • Statin therapy for patients with cardiovascular
conditions (first-year measure)
• Statin therapy for patients with diabetes (first-year
measure).
The Healthcare Effectiveness Data andThe Healthcare Effectiveness Data and
Information Set (HEDIS)Information Set (HEDIS)

50. Proposed New Measure for HEDIS 2016:Proposed New Measure for HEDIS 2016:
Statin Therapy for Patients WithStatin Therapy for Patients With
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
• Received Statin Therapy. The percentage of members
who were identified as having clinical ASCVD and were
dispensed at least moderate intensity statin therapy
during the measurement year.
• Statin Adherence 80 percent. The percentage of
members who were identified as having clinical ASCVD
and were dispensed at least moderate-intensity statin
therapy that they remained on for at least 80 percent of
the treatment period.

52. The CMA was better for patients with
increasing CV risk.
CMA at 15 months varied from an average of 56%
(67% with a CMA ≤ 80%) for those with one risk factor
to 72% (43.3% with a CMA ≤ 80%) for patients with
three or more risk factors

53. Aderenta in tratamentul HTAAderenta in tratamentul HTA
• Controlul TA optim-un deziderat neatins in
populatie
• Nonaderenta-cauza de falsa HTA rezistenta
Medicatia antihipertensiva
• Aderenta buna-Ca bloc, IECA
• Aderenta scazuta-Beta bloc, diuretic

54. Patient adherence and the treatment of
hypertension
• Nonadherence to antihypertensive medication is common.
• The latest National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) found that about 74 percent of hypertensive
patients in the United States are being treated, and
72 percent of those being treated have their blood
pressure well controlled (which was defined as a pressure
below 140/90mmHg)
• In a study of 149 hypertensive patients who were monitored with
electronic pill boxes, 42 percent were nonadherent,
defined as taking less than 80 percent of prescribed
antihypertensive medication .
Kaplan N et al. UpToDate 2015

56. Adherence to diabetes medication:Adherence to diabetes medication:
a systematic reviewa systematic review
Conclusions
• Adherence to diabetes medication remains an ongoing problem.
• Of the 27 studies included in the present review, the prevalence of adherence
ranged from 38.5 to 93.1%.
• Only six out of 27 studies (22.2%) reported prevalence of adherence of ≥ 80%
among their study population.
• Depression and medication cost were found to be consistent and
potentially modifiable predictors for diabetes medication-taking behaviour.
Krass I et al. 2015, 32,6:725-737

57. Aderenta la dieta mediteraneanaAderenta la dieta mediteraneana
• Dieta mediteraneana reduce RCV
• Efectele aderentei crescute:
-reduce LDL-Col. oxidat
-reduce RLO
-reduce procesele inflamatorii
-imbunatateste controlul TA
-previne sdr. metabolic
Pitsavos C et al. . Am J Clin Nutrition (The ATTICA Study) 2005

58. Spania, Grecia, Italia
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was mainly poor in
roughly half of the populations investigated.
Major determinants of adherence were social and demographic
factors
NFS Journal 3 (2016) 13–19

60. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1905-13.
• The pharmaceutical care program (frequent counseling
sessions - every 3 months) resulted in a significantly
lower rate of discontinuation within 6 months after
initiating therapy versus usual care.
• Median MPR was very high (>99%)!

61. ConcluzieConcluzie