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T19	
  
Test	
  Management	
  
5/11/17	
  15:00	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
Adapting	
  Test	
  Teams	
  to	
  Organizational	
  
Power	
  Structures	
  
	
  
Presented	
  by:	
  	
  
	
  
	
   John	
  Hazel	
  
	
  
Nokia	
  
	
  
Brought	
  to	
  you	
  by:	
  	
  
	
  	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
350	
  Corporate	
  Way,	
  Suite	
  400,	
  Orange	
  Park,	
  FL	
  32073	
  	
  
888-­‐-­‐-­‐268-­‐-­‐-­‐8770	
  ·∙·∙	
  904-­‐-­‐-­‐278-­‐-­‐-­‐0524	
  -­‐	
  info@techwell.com	
  -­‐	
  http://www.starwest.techwell.com/	
  	
  	
  
 
	
  	
  
	
  
John	
  Hazel	
  
	
  
John	
  Hazel	
  leads	
  a	
  multi-­‐site	
  test	
  and	
  support	
  team	
  as	
  part	
  of	
  the	
  network	
  
management	
  engineering	
  professional	
  services	
  unit	
  at	
  Nokia.	
  His	
  team	
  provides	
  a	
  
full	
  range	
  of	
  QA	
  services	
  -­‐	
  lab	
  design	
  and	
  implementation,	
  manual	
  and	
  automated	
  
functional	
  and	
  system	
  verification,	
  delivery,	
  consulting,	
  and	
  training	
  for	
  a	
  suite	
  of	
  
custom	
  web	
  applications	
  -­‐	
  that	
  help	
  operators	
  manage	
  mission-­‐critical	
  data	
  
networks.	
  John's	
  diverse	
  experience	
  in	
  telecommunications	
  and	
  IT	
  includes	
  
hardware	
  and	
  software	
  development,	
  systems	
  integration,	
  verification,	
  quality	
  
assurance,	
  and	
  more.	
  During	
  his	
  thirty	
  year	
  career,	
  John	
  has	
  come	
  to	
  appreciate	
  the	
  
challenge	
  of	
  the	
  €œwicked	
  problems€	
  inherent	
  in	
  developing	
  test	
  strategies	
  that	
  
deliver	
  true	
  value.	
  
	
  
John	
  Hazel,	
  Nokia	
  
MAY	
  11,	
  2017	
  
ADAPTING TEST TEAMS
TO ORGANIZATIONAL POWER STRUCTURES
Background	
  
How	
  I	
  Got	
  Here	
  
• 	
  Over	
  25	
  years	
  industry	
  experience	
  
–  Product	
  development	
  R	
  &	
  D	
  and	
  Professional	
  Services	
  
–  18	
  years	
  working	
  with	
  mulO-­‐site	
  teams	
  (14	
  in	
  test)	
  	
  
–  Large	
  (50,000+)	
  and	
  small	
  (50)	
  companies,	
  telecom	
  focused	
  
–  Waterfall,	
  Agile,	
  and	
  many	
  hybrids	
  
• 	
  Wide	
  variaOons	
  in	
  the	
  contribuOon,	
  expectaOons	
  and	
  
perceived	
  value	
  of	
  test	
  
– 	
  Necessary	
  evil	
  
– 	
  Scapegoat	
  
– 	
  Net	
  Minder	
  
– 	
  White	
  Knight	
  
	
  
Decision:	
  To	
  Ship	
  or	
  Not	
  to	
  Ship	
  
• 	
  Checklist-­‐based	
  approach	
  
• 	
  Each	
  team	
  (development,	
  test,	
  markeOng,	
  support,	
  
customer	
  documentaOon,	
  …)	
  presented	
  their	
  
deliverables	
  and	
  status	
  
• 	
  Test	
  
–  100%	
  execuOon	
  
–  95%	
  or	
  be_er	
  pass	
  rate	
  
–  No	
  open	
  or	
  blocking	
  criOcal	
  issues	
  
–  Maximum	
  of	
  20	
  major	
  issues,	
  100	
  minor	
  issues	
  
Outcome	
  
	
  Criteria	
  were	
  not	
  met	
  but	
  release	
  shipped	
  anyway	
  
Asch:	
  Conformity	
  Experiment	
  (1)	
  
• 	
  Subjects	
  were	
  placed	
  with	
  seven	
  actors	
  for	
  a	
  “vision	
  test”	
  
• 	
  ParOcipants	
  stated	
  aloud	
  which	
  comparison	
  line	
  (A,	
  B	
  or	
  C)	
  
was	
  most	
  like	
  the	
  target	
  line.	
  The	
  answer	
  was	
  always	
  obvious.	
  	
  
Asch:	
  Conformity	
  Experiment	
  (2)	
  
• 	
  Results:	
  
–  On	
  average,	
  32%	
  conformed	
  with	
  the	
  incorrect	
  majority	
  	
  
–  about	
  75%	
  of	
  parOcipants	
  conformed	
  at	
  least	
  once	
  (25%	
  
never	
  conformed)	
  
–  In	
  a	
  control	
  group	
  <	
  1%	
  gave	
  the	
  wrong	
  answer	
  
• 	
  InterpretaOon:	
  
–  Norma&ve	
  Influence:	
  conforming	
  to	
  be	
  accepted	
  or	
  liked	
  
by	
  a	
  group	
  
–  Informa&onal	
  Influence	
  (Social	
  Proof):	
  conforming	
  to	
  
reflect	
  the	
  correct	
  behaviour	
  with	
  the	
  belief	
  that	
  others	
  
are	
  be_er	
  informed.	
  
	
  
	
  
Source: Source: McLeod, S. A. (2008). Asch Experiment. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/asch-
conformity.html
Sherif:	
  AutokineOc	
  Effect	
  	
  
• 	
  Visual	
  percepOon	
  phenomenon	
  –	
  staOonary	
  point	
  of	
  
light	
  in	
  a	
  dark	
  room	
  appears	
  to	
  move	
  
• 	
  Groups	
  of	
  3	
  observed	
  the	
  light	
  and	
  were	
  asked	
  the	
  
direcOon	
  and	
  distance	
  of	
  movement	
  
• 	
  Results	
  &	
  InterpretaOon	
  
– 	
  Social	
  Norm:	
  Each	
  group	
  converged	
  on	
  an	
  esOmate	
  –	
  
without	
  discussion	
  or	
  prompOng	
  –	
  to	
  achieve	
  consensus	
  
– 	
  Internaliza&on:	
  When	
  repeated	
  one	
  week	
  later	
  
individually,	
  each	
  group	
  member	
  replicated	
  the	
  group’s	
  
original	
  esOmate	
  
– 	
  Most	
  pronounced	
  in	
  ambiguity,	
  crises,	
  presence	
  of	
  experts	
  
Source: Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27(187) .
Congruence	
  Model	
  	
  Nadler	
  &	
  Tushman,	
  Harvard	
  (1980):	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
•  Work	
  and	
  People:	
  Is	
  the	
  work	
  being	
  done	
  by	
  the	
  right	
  people?	
  
•  Work	
  and	
  Structure:	
  Is	
  the	
  work	
  done	
  in	
  a	
  well-­‐coordinated	
  manner	
  given	
  the	
  organizaOonal	
  structure	
  
in	
  place?	
  
•  Structure	
  and	
  People:	
  Does	
  the	
  formal	
  organizaOon	
  structure	
  allow	
  the	
  people	
  to	
  work	
  together	
  
effecOvely?	
  
•  People	
  and	
  Culture:	
  Are	
  the	
  people	
  working	
  within	
  a	
  culture	
  that	
  best	
  suits	
  them?	
  
•  Culture	
  and	
  Work:	
  Does	
  the	
  culture	
  support	
  the	
  nature	
  of	
  the	
  work	
  that	
  needs	
  to	
  be	
  done?	
  
•  Structure	
  and	
  Culture:	
  Do	
  the	
  formal	
  and	
  informal	
  structures	
  work	
  cooperaOvely	
  or	
  do	
  they	
  compete?	
  	
  
	
  
Power:	
  Who	
  has	
  the	
  strongest	
  influence	
  or	
  control	
  over	
  these	
  interacOons	
  
Ref:	
  h_ps://www.mindtools.com/pages/arOcle/newSTR_95.htm	
  
Schein:	
  Power	
  &	
  Culture	
  (1)	
  
E.	
  Schien,	
  MIT	
  (1992)	
  
OrganizaOonal	
  Culture	
  -­‐	
  A	
  pa_ern	
  of	
  shared	
  basic	
  
assumpOons	
  learned	
  by	
  a	
  group	
  as	
  it	
  solves	
  its	
  
external	
  adaptaOon	
  and	
  internal	
  integraOon	
  problems	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
“The	
  human	
  mind	
  needs	
  cogniOve	
  stability	
  and	
  any	
  challenge	
  of	
  a	
  basic	
  
assumpOon	
  will	
  release	
  anxiety	
  and	
  defensiveness”	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
Schein:	
  Power	
  &	
  Culture	
  (2)	
  
AssumpOons	
  about	
  managing	
  internal	
  integraOon	
  
	
  
•  Common	
  language	
  and	
  conceptual	
  categories:	
  What	
  are	
  the	
  common	
  ways	
  we	
  use	
  to	
  
refer	
  to	
  things?	
  What	
  is	
  the	
  common	
  and	
  agreed	
  upon	
  framework	
  of	
  communicaOon	
  and	
  
terminology?	
  
•  Group	
  boundaries	
  and	
  iden9ty:	
  How	
  do	
  we	
  respect	
  each	
  other’s	
  and	
  the	
  collecOve	
  group	
  
boundaries?	
  How	
  do	
  we	
  know	
  who	
  we	
  are?	
  
•  Rewards	
  and	
  punishments:	
  How	
  do	
  we	
  reward	
  desirable	
  behavior	
  and	
  punish	
  behavior	
  
deemed	
  unacceptable?	
  
•  Managing	
  the	
  unimaginable	
  and	
  explaining	
  the	
  unexplainable:	
  When	
  things	
  happen	
  we	
  
cannot	
  explain,	
  what	
  is	
  the	
  group	
  response?	
  
•  Rules	
  for	
  rela9onships:	
  What	
  are	
  the	
  rules	
  for	
  how	
  we	
  interact	
  with	
  each	
  other	
  and	
  with	
  
those	
  outside	
  of	
  the	
  group?	
  
•  Power,	
  authority	
  and	
  status:	
  How	
  do	
  we	
  determine	
  what	
  gets	
  done	
  and	
  who	
  has	
  the	
  right	
  
to	
  change	
  direcOon?	
  
Subcultures:	
  operator,	
  engineer	
  and	
  execuOve	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
Schein:	
  Power	
  &	
  Culture	
  (3)	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
Subculture	
  &	
  Personality	
  Types	
  (1)	
  
Thinker/Analy9cal	
  
Controlled,	
  orderly,	
  precise,	
  disciplined,	
  deliberate,	
  cauOous,	
  diplomaOc,	
  systemaOc,	
  
logical,	
  convenOonal	
  
Pro:	
  systemaOc,	
  well	
  organized	
  and	
  deliberate;	
  appreciate	
  facts	
  and	
  informaOon	
  
presented	
  in	
  a	
  logical	
  manner;	
  enjoy	
  organizaOon	
  and	
  compleOon	
  of	
  detailed	
  
tasks.	
  	
  
Con:	
  at	
  Omes	
  too	
  cauOous,	
  overly	
  structured,	
  does	
  things	
  too	
  much	
  'by	
  the	
  book'.	
  
	
  
Driver/Pragma9c	
  
AcOon-­‐oriented,	
  problem	
  solver,	
  asserOve,	
  demanding,	
  risk	
  taker,	
  forceful,	
  
compeOOve,	
  independent	
  
Pro:	
  thrive	
  on	
  challenges	
  with	
  an	
  internal	
  moOvaOon	
  to	
  succeed;	
  pracOcal	
  with	
  focus	
  
on	
  geong	
  results	
  -­‐	
  can	
  do	
  a	
  lot	
  in	
  a	
  short	
  Ome.	
  They	
  usually	
  talk	
  fast,	
  direct	
  and	
  
to	
  the	
  point.	
  Open	
  viewed	
  as	
  decisive,	
  direct	
  and	
  determined.	
  
Con:	
  can	
  be	
  impaOent	
  and	
  miss	
  subtleOes	
  
	
  
Ref:	
  h_p://influence-­‐people-­‐brian.blogspot.ca/2010/07/persuading-­‐personality-­‐types-­‐survey.html	
  
Ref:	
  h_p://www.ahfx.net/weblog/37	
  
Subculture	
  &	
  Personality	
  Types	
  (2)	
  
Facilitator/Amiable	
  	
  
PaOent	
  ,	
  loyal,	
  sympatheOc,	
  team	
  player,	
  relaxed,	
  mature,	
  supporOve,	
  stable,	
  
considerate,	
  empatheOc,	
  persevering,	
  trusOng,	
  congenial	
  
Pro:	
  Dependable,	
  loyal	
  and	
  easygoing.	
  Prefer	
  non-­‐threatening	
  and	
  friendly	
  
environments;	
  usually	
  quick	
  to	
  reach	
  a	
  decision	
  
Con:	
  Dislike	
  dealing	
  with	
  impersonal	
  details	
  and	
  cold	
  hard	
  facts;	
  usually	
  quick	
  to	
  
reach	
  a	
  decision.	
  Though	
  sensiOve,	
  can	
  be	
  wishy-­‐washy	
  and	
  imprecise	
  
	
  
Expressive/Influencer	
  	
  
Verbal,	
  moOvaOng,	
  enthusiasOc,	
  convincing,	
  impulsive,	
  influenOal,	
  charming,	
  
confident,	
  dramaOc,	
  opOmisOc,	
  animated	
  
Pro:	
  Outgoing	
  and	
  enthusiasOc,	
  with	
  a	
  high	
  energy	
  level.	
  Great	
  idea	
  generators;	
  
enjoy	
  helping	
  others	
  and	
  socializing.	
  	
  
Con:	
  Usually	
  do	
  not	
  have	
  the	
  ability	
  to	
  see	
  ideas	
  through	
  to	
  compleOon;	
  open	
  slow	
  
to	
  reach	
  a	
  decision.	
  May	
  be	
  overly	
  dramaOc,	
  impulsive,	
  and	
  manipulaOve.	
  
	
  
Ref:	
  h_p://influence-­‐people-­‐brian.blogspot.ca/2010/07/persuading-­‐personality-­‐types-­‐survey.html	
  
Ref:	
  h_p://www.ahfx.net/weblog/37	
  
Development	
  -­‐Centric	
  Power	
  
Structures	
  
CharacterisOcs:	
  
	
  
•  Technical	
  visionary	
  or	
  evangelist	
  in	
  leadership	
  role	
  
•  Most	
  valued	
  asset	
  is	
  system	
  architecture	
  and	
  
algorithm	
  design	
  and	
  those	
  who	
  create	
  it	
  
•  Testers	
  are	
  introduced	
  later	
  	
  
•  Testers	
  provide	
  a	
  service	
  to	
  the	
  development	
  team	
  
•  The	
  worthiness	
  of	
  a	
  defect	
  is	
  assessed	
  primarily	
  by	
  
the	
  development	
  team	
  
Development-Centric
Values:	
  
	
  
•  Bugs	
  likely	
  to	
  be	
  deemed	
  unworthy	
  shouldn’t	
  be	
  
raised	
  
•  The	
  best	
  testers	
  are	
  those	
  inOmately	
  familiar	
  with	
  
the	
  architecture	
  &	
  code	
  	
  
•  All	
  aspects	
  of	
  the	
  code	
  implementaOon	
  must	
  be	
  
tested	
  
•  The	
  implementaOon	
  &	
  architecture	
  are	
  used	
  to	
  
resolve	
  ambiguous	
  system	
  behavior	
  
Development-Centric
Dangers:	
  
	
  
•  InformaOonal	
  influence	
  –	
  defer	
  to	
  developers	
  
•  Lack	
  of	
  objecOvity	
  –	
  suscepOble	
  to	
  social	
  proof	
  
•  ReporOng	
  “pre-­‐approved”	
  bugs	
  
•  Lack	
  of	
  focus	
  on	
  system	
  behavior	
  and	
  feature	
  
interacOons	
  
•  Excessive	
  confirmatory	
  tesOng	
  (“does	
  my	
  code	
  work”)	
  
•  Up	
  front	
  creaOon	
  and	
  developer	
  validaOon	
  of	
  tests	
  
(“open	
  book	
  test”)	
  suppresses	
  creaOvity	
  &	
  discovery	
  
	
  
Development-Centric
Remedies:	
  
	
  
•  Move	
  some	
  test	
  acOviOes	
  downstream	
  (staging,	
  
deployment)	
  
•  Create	
  test	
  sub-­‐teams	
  with	
  different	
  sponsors	
  (e.g.	
  
support	
  team	
  sponsors	
  customer-­‐focused	
  tesOng)	
  
•  Internal	
  test	
  team	
  review	
  of	
  defects	
  
•  Entrepreneurial	
  tesOng,	
  markeOng	
  and	
  proving	
  the	
  
value	
  proposiOon	
  to	
  developers	
  
Development-Centric
Project-­‐Centric	
  Power	
  Structures	
  
CharacterisOcs:	
  
	
  
•  More	
  common	
  among	
  larger,	
  more	
  established	
  
organizaOons	
  
•  Efficient	
  bureaucracy	
  and	
  specialized	
  roles	
  and	
  well-­‐
defined	
  procedures.	
  	
  
•  Testers	
  are	
  there	
  from	
  day	
  one	
  
•  Most	
  valued	
  asset	
  is	
  a	
  comprehensive	
  plan	
  with	
  
well-­‐defined	
  risk	
  miOgaOon	
  
•  The	
  worthiness	
  of	
  defects,	
  either	
  individually	
  or	
  
collecOvely,	
  is	
  not	
  considered	
  unOl	
  some	
  aspect	
  of	
  
the	
  project	
  plan	
  is	
  threatened	
  	
  
Project-Centric
Values:	
  
	
  
•  The	
  highest	
  value	
  is	
  placed	
  on	
  disciplined	
  project	
  
management	
  -­‐	
  execuOng	
  to	
  plan	
  to	
  achieve	
  pre-­‐
defined	
  milestones	
  
•  Project	
  management	
  (or	
  a	
  milestone	
  “owner”)	
  has	
  
the	
  strongest	
  influence	
  on	
  decision	
  making	
  
•  All	
  teams	
  are	
  seen	
  as	
  equal	
  -­‐	
  they	
  all	
  have	
  a	
  task	
  to	
  
perform	
  to	
  deliver	
  the	
  project;	
  	
  
•  The	
  test	
  team,	
  like	
  all	
  others,	
  has	
  its	
  Ome	
  in	
  the	
  
spotlight	
  
Project-Centric
More	
  Values:	
  
	
  
•  Geong	
  through	
  test	
  execuOon	
  to	
  put	
  all	
  the	
  bugs	
  on	
  
the	
  table	
  is	
  key;	
  sopware	
  quality	
  is	
  “assured”	
  by	
  
successful	
  retest	
  of	
  fixes	
  	
  
•  The	
  best	
  testers	
  are	
  those	
  who	
  can	
  execute	
  efficiently	
  
to	
  a	
  plan	
  
•  Changes	
  to	
  test	
  plans	
  should	
  be	
  avoided;	
  however,	
  can	
  
be	
  jusOfied	
  as	
  long	
  as	
  the	
  milestone	
  is	
  not	
  compromised	
  
•  Business	
  analysts,	
  requirements	
  specialists	
  or	
  
independent	
  system	
  architects	
  resolve	
  ambiguous	
  
system	
  behavior	
  
Project-Centric
Dangers:	
  
	
  
•  Task	
  and	
  producOon	
  orientaOon	
  
•  New	
  informaOon	
  from	
  tesOng	
  is	
  only	
  evaluated	
  in	
  
the	
  context	
  of	
  the	
  original	
  pan	
  
•  ProducOvity	
  focus	
  moves	
  riskier,	
  Ome-­‐consuming	
  
tesOng	
  to	
  the	
  end	
  of	
  the	
  cycle	
  
•  Metrics	
  supplant	
  qualitaOve	
  analysis;	
  tesOng	
  to	
  the	
  
metrics	
  
•  Test	
  quanOty	
  eclipses	
  test	
  quality	
  
•  Over-­‐reliance	
  on	
  automaOon	
  
Project-Centric
Remedies:	
  
	
  
•  Create	
  a	
  plan	
  that	
  works	
  for	
  your	
  team	
  within	
  over-­‐
arching	
  paradigms	
  
•  Understand	
  the	
  risk	
  or	
  what	
  your	
  doing	
  (and	
  not	
  
doing)	
  
•  Remind	
  your	
  PM	
  of	
  the	
  micro-­‐dependencies	
  
•  Consolidate	
  test	
  acOviOes	
  into	
  milestone-­‐drivers	
  
Project-Centric
Summary:	
  NavigaOng	
  Power	
  
Structures	
  
1.  Understand	
  your	
  organizaOonal	
  culture	
  and	
  power	
  
structure	
  
2.  	
  Focus	
  on	
  contribuOon,	
  needs	
  and	
  adaptaOon	
  
3.  ConOnuously	
  probe	
  the	
  organizaOon’s	
  ability	
  to	
  learn,	
  
evolve	
  and	
  integrate	
  informaOon	
  and	
  approaches	
  with	
  
its	
  value	
  system	
  
Whatever games are played with us, we must
play no games with ourselves
– Ralph Waldo Emerson 	
  
QuesOons?	
  

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Adapting Test Teams to Organizational Power Structures

  • 1.                 T19   Test  Management   5/11/17  15:00             Adapting  Test  Teams  to  Organizational   Power  Structures     Presented  by:         John  Hazel     Nokia     Brought  to  you  by:                 350  Corporate  Way,  Suite  400,  Orange  Park,  FL  32073     888-­‐-­‐-­‐268-­‐-­‐-­‐8770  ·∙·∙  904-­‐-­‐-­‐278-­‐-­‐-­‐0524  -­‐  info@techwell.com  -­‐  http://www.starwest.techwell.com/      
  • 2.         John  Hazel     John  Hazel  leads  a  multi-­‐site  test  and  support  team  as  part  of  the  network   management  engineering  professional  services  unit  at  Nokia.  His  team  provides  a   full  range  of  QA  services  -­‐  lab  design  and  implementation,  manual  and  automated   functional  and  system  verification,  delivery,  consulting,  and  training  for  a  suite  of   custom  web  applications  -­‐  that  help  operators  manage  mission-­‐critical  data   networks.  John's  diverse  experience  in  telecommunications  and  IT  includes   hardware  and  software  development,  systems  integration,  verification,  quality   assurance,  and  more.  During  his  thirty  year  career,  John  has  come  to  appreciate  the   challenge  of  the  €œwicked  problems€  inherent  in  developing  test  strategies  that   deliver  true  value.    
  • 3. John  Hazel,  Nokia   MAY  11,  2017   ADAPTING TEST TEAMS TO ORGANIZATIONAL POWER STRUCTURES
  • 4. Background   How  I  Got  Here   •   Over  25  years  industry  experience   –  Product  development  R  &  D  and  Professional  Services   –  18  years  working  with  mulO-­‐site  teams  (14  in  test)     –  Large  (50,000+)  and  small  (50)  companies,  telecom  focused   –  Waterfall,  Agile,  and  many  hybrids   •   Wide  variaOons  in  the  contribuOon,  expectaOons  and   perceived  value  of  test   –   Necessary  evil   –   Scapegoat   –   Net  Minder   –   White  Knight    
  • 5. Decision:  To  Ship  or  Not  to  Ship   •   Checklist-­‐based  approach   •   Each  team  (development,  test,  markeOng,  support,   customer  documentaOon,  …)  presented  their   deliverables  and  status   •   Test   –  100%  execuOon   –  95%  or  be_er  pass  rate   –  No  open  or  blocking  criOcal  issues   –  Maximum  of  20  major  issues,  100  minor  issues  
  • 6. Outcome    Criteria  were  not  met  but  release  shipped  anyway  
  • 7. Asch:  Conformity  Experiment  (1)   •   Subjects  were  placed  with  seven  actors  for  a  “vision  test”   •   ParOcipants  stated  aloud  which  comparison  line  (A,  B  or  C)   was  most  like  the  target  line.  The  answer  was  always  obvious.    
  • 8. Asch:  Conformity  Experiment  (2)   •   Results:   –  On  average,  32%  conformed  with  the  incorrect  majority     –  about  75%  of  parOcipants  conformed  at  least  once  (25%   never  conformed)   –  In  a  control  group  <  1%  gave  the  wrong  answer   •   InterpretaOon:   –  Norma&ve  Influence:  conforming  to  be  accepted  or  liked   by  a  group   –  Informa&onal  Influence  (Social  Proof):  conforming  to   reflect  the  correct  behaviour  with  the  belief  that  others   are  be_er  informed.       Source: Source: McLeod, S. A. (2008). Asch Experiment. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/asch- conformity.html
  • 9. Sherif:  AutokineOc  Effect     •   Visual  percepOon  phenomenon  –  staOonary  point  of   light  in  a  dark  room  appears  to  move   •   Groups  of  3  observed  the  light  and  were  asked  the   direcOon  and  distance  of  movement   •   Results  &  InterpretaOon   –   Social  Norm:  Each  group  converged  on  an  esOmate  –   without  discussion  or  prompOng  –  to  achieve  consensus   –   Internaliza&on:  When  repeated  one  week  later   individually,  each  group  member  replicated  the  group’s   original  esOmate   –   Most  pronounced  in  ambiguity,  crises,  presence  of  experts   Source: Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27(187) .
  • 10. Congruence  Model    Nadler  &  Tushman,  Harvard  (1980):                     •  Work  and  People:  Is  the  work  being  done  by  the  right  people?   •  Work  and  Structure:  Is  the  work  done  in  a  well-­‐coordinated  manner  given  the  organizaOonal  structure   in  place?   •  Structure  and  People:  Does  the  formal  organizaOon  structure  allow  the  people  to  work  together   effecOvely?   •  People  and  Culture:  Are  the  people  working  within  a  culture  that  best  suits  them?   •  Culture  and  Work:  Does  the  culture  support  the  nature  of  the  work  that  needs  to  be  done?   •  Structure  and  Culture:  Do  the  formal  and  informal  structures  work  cooperaOvely  or  do  they  compete?       Power:  Who  has  the  strongest  influence  or  control  over  these  interacOons   Ref:  h_ps://www.mindtools.com/pages/arOcle/newSTR_95.htm  
  • 11. Schein:  Power  &  Culture  (1)   E.  Schien,  MIT  (1992)   OrganizaOonal  Culture  -­‐  A  pa_ern  of  shared  basic   assumpOons  learned  by  a  group  as  it  solves  its   external  adaptaOon  and  internal  integraOon  problems                       “The  human  mind  needs  cogniOve  stability  and  any  challenge  of  a  basic   assumpOon  will  release  anxiety  and  defensiveness”          
  • 12. Schein:  Power  &  Culture  (2)   AssumpOons  about  managing  internal  integraOon     •  Common  language  and  conceptual  categories:  What  are  the  common  ways  we  use  to   refer  to  things?  What  is  the  common  and  agreed  upon  framework  of  communicaOon  and   terminology?   •  Group  boundaries  and  iden9ty:  How  do  we  respect  each  other’s  and  the  collecOve  group   boundaries?  How  do  we  know  who  we  are?   •  Rewards  and  punishments:  How  do  we  reward  desirable  behavior  and  punish  behavior   deemed  unacceptable?   •  Managing  the  unimaginable  and  explaining  the  unexplainable:  When  things  happen  we   cannot  explain,  what  is  the  group  response?   •  Rules  for  rela9onships:  What  are  the  rules  for  how  we  interact  with  each  other  and  with   those  outside  of  the  group?   •  Power,  authority  and  status:  How  do  we  determine  what  gets  done  and  who  has  the  right   to  change  direcOon?   Subcultures:  operator,  engineer  and  execuOve            
  • 13. Schein:  Power  &  Culture  (3)            
  • 14. Subculture  &  Personality  Types  (1)   Thinker/Analy9cal   Controlled,  orderly,  precise,  disciplined,  deliberate,  cauOous,  diplomaOc,  systemaOc,   logical,  convenOonal   Pro:  systemaOc,  well  organized  and  deliberate;  appreciate  facts  and  informaOon   presented  in  a  logical  manner;  enjoy  organizaOon  and  compleOon  of  detailed   tasks.     Con:  at  Omes  too  cauOous,  overly  structured,  does  things  too  much  'by  the  book'.     Driver/Pragma9c   AcOon-­‐oriented,  problem  solver,  asserOve,  demanding,  risk  taker,  forceful,   compeOOve,  independent   Pro:  thrive  on  challenges  with  an  internal  moOvaOon  to  succeed;  pracOcal  with  focus   on  geong  results  -­‐  can  do  a  lot  in  a  short  Ome.  They  usually  talk  fast,  direct  and   to  the  point.  Open  viewed  as  decisive,  direct  and  determined.   Con:  can  be  impaOent  and  miss  subtleOes     Ref:  h_p://influence-­‐people-­‐brian.blogspot.ca/2010/07/persuading-­‐personality-­‐types-­‐survey.html   Ref:  h_p://www.ahfx.net/weblog/37  
  • 15. Subculture  &  Personality  Types  (2)   Facilitator/Amiable     PaOent  ,  loyal,  sympatheOc,  team  player,  relaxed,  mature,  supporOve,  stable,   considerate,  empatheOc,  persevering,  trusOng,  congenial   Pro:  Dependable,  loyal  and  easygoing.  Prefer  non-­‐threatening  and  friendly   environments;  usually  quick  to  reach  a  decision   Con:  Dislike  dealing  with  impersonal  details  and  cold  hard  facts;  usually  quick  to   reach  a  decision.  Though  sensiOve,  can  be  wishy-­‐washy  and  imprecise     Expressive/Influencer     Verbal,  moOvaOng,  enthusiasOc,  convincing,  impulsive,  influenOal,  charming,   confident,  dramaOc,  opOmisOc,  animated   Pro:  Outgoing  and  enthusiasOc,  with  a  high  energy  level.  Great  idea  generators;   enjoy  helping  others  and  socializing.     Con:  Usually  do  not  have  the  ability  to  see  ideas  through  to  compleOon;  open  slow   to  reach  a  decision.  May  be  overly  dramaOc,  impulsive,  and  manipulaOve.     Ref:  h_p://influence-­‐people-­‐brian.blogspot.ca/2010/07/persuading-­‐personality-­‐types-­‐survey.html   Ref:  h_p://www.ahfx.net/weblog/37  
  • 17. CharacterisOcs:     •  Technical  visionary  or  evangelist  in  leadership  role   •  Most  valued  asset  is  system  architecture  and   algorithm  design  and  those  who  create  it   •  Testers  are  introduced  later     •  Testers  provide  a  service  to  the  development  team   •  The  worthiness  of  a  defect  is  assessed  primarily  by   the  development  team   Development-Centric
  • 18. Values:     •  Bugs  likely  to  be  deemed  unworthy  shouldn’t  be   raised   •  The  best  testers  are  those  inOmately  familiar  with   the  architecture  &  code     •  All  aspects  of  the  code  implementaOon  must  be   tested   •  The  implementaOon  &  architecture  are  used  to   resolve  ambiguous  system  behavior   Development-Centric
  • 19. Dangers:     •  InformaOonal  influence  –  defer  to  developers   •  Lack  of  objecOvity  –  suscepOble  to  social  proof   •  ReporOng  “pre-­‐approved”  bugs   •  Lack  of  focus  on  system  behavior  and  feature   interacOons   •  Excessive  confirmatory  tesOng  (“does  my  code  work”)   •  Up  front  creaOon  and  developer  validaOon  of  tests   (“open  book  test”)  suppresses  creaOvity  &  discovery     Development-Centric
  • 20. Remedies:     •  Move  some  test  acOviOes  downstream  (staging,   deployment)   •  Create  test  sub-­‐teams  with  different  sponsors  (e.g.   support  team  sponsors  customer-­‐focused  tesOng)   •  Internal  test  team  review  of  defects   •  Entrepreneurial  tesOng,  markeOng  and  proving  the   value  proposiOon  to  developers   Development-Centric
  • 22. CharacterisOcs:     •  More  common  among  larger,  more  established   organizaOons   •  Efficient  bureaucracy  and  specialized  roles  and  well-­‐ defined  procedures.     •  Testers  are  there  from  day  one   •  Most  valued  asset  is  a  comprehensive  plan  with   well-­‐defined  risk  miOgaOon   •  The  worthiness  of  defects,  either  individually  or   collecOvely,  is  not  considered  unOl  some  aspect  of   the  project  plan  is  threatened     Project-Centric
  • 23. Values:     •  The  highest  value  is  placed  on  disciplined  project   management  -­‐  execuOng  to  plan  to  achieve  pre-­‐ defined  milestones   •  Project  management  (or  a  milestone  “owner”)  has   the  strongest  influence  on  decision  making   •  All  teams  are  seen  as  equal  -­‐  they  all  have  a  task  to   perform  to  deliver  the  project;     •  The  test  team,  like  all  others,  has  its  Ome  in  the   spotlight   Project-Centric
  • 24. More  Values:     •  Geong  through  test  execuOon  to  put  all  the  bugs  on   the  table  is  key;  sopware  quality  is  “assured”  by   successful  retest  of  fixes     •  The  best  testers  are  those  who  can  execute  efficiently   to  a  plan   •  Changes  to  test  plans  should  be  avoided;  however,  can   be  jusOfied  as  long  as  the  milestone  is  not  compromised   •  Business  analysts,  requirements  specialists  or   independent  system  architects  resolve  ambiguous   system  behavior   Project-Centric
  • 25. Dangers:     •  Task  and  producOon  orientaOon   •  New  informaOon  from  tesOng  is  only  evaluated  in   the  context  of  the  original  pan   •  ProducOvity  focus  moves  riskier,  Ome-­‐consuming   tesOng  to  the  end  of  the  cycle   •  Metrics  supplant  qualitaOve  analysis;  tesOng  to  the   metrics   •  Test  quanOty  eclipses  test  quality   •  Over-­‐reliance  on  automaOon   Project-Centric
  • 26. Remedies:     •  Create  a  plan  that  works  for  your  team  within  over-­‐ arching  paradigms   •  Understand  the  risk  or  what  your  doing  (and  not   doing)   •  Remind  your  PM  of  the  micro-­‐dependencies   •  Consolidate  test  acOviOes  into  milestone-­‐drivers   Project-Centric
  • 27. Summary:  NavigaOng  Power   Structures   1.  Understand  your  organizaOonal  culture  and  power   structure   2.   Focus  on  contribuOon,  needs  and  adaptaOon   3.  ConOnuously  probe  the  organizaOon’s  ability  to  learn,   evolve  and  integrate  informaOon  and  approaches  with   its  value  system   Whatever games are played with us, we must play no games with ourselves – Ralph Waldo Emerson