Anatomy and physiology of heart, lung ,ligi xavier
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, and blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, which include the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits: pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart is supplied with blood and nutrients through the coronary circulation.
The muscular system is composed of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and control voluntary movement. Smooth muscles are found in internal organs and blood vessels and contract involuntarily. Cardiac muscle makes up the heart and contracts rhythmically and involuntarily. The main functions of muscles are contraction to enable movement and maintain posture, joint stability, and heat production.
This document provides information on imaging of the pulmonary circulation. It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchial vessels. It discusses the physiology of the pulmonary circulation and conditions that can cause pulmonary venous or arterial hypertension like cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Imaging findings of these conditions on chest x-rays are also summarized, including enlarged pulmonary arteries, vascular pruning, and signs of heart strain or lung congestion.
Anatomy and physiology of heart, lung ,ligi xavier
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, and blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, which include the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits: pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart is supplied with blood and nutrients through the coronary circulation.
The muscular system is composed of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and control voluntary movement. Smooth muscles are found in internal organs and blood vessels and contract involuntarily. Cardiac muscle makes up the heart and contracts rhythmically and involuntarily. The main functions of muscles are contraction to enable movement and maintain posture, joint stability, and heat production.
This document provides information on imaging of the pulmonary circulation. It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchial vessels. It discusses the physiology of the pulmonary circulation and conditions that can cause pulmonary venous or arterial hypertension like cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Imaging findings of these conditions on chest x-rays are also summarized, including enlarged pulmonary arteries, vascular pruning, and signs of heart strain or lung congestion.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures that make up the thoracic cage and thoracic cavity. It discusses that the thoracic cage is formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum and functions to protect internal organs. It also describes the boundaries of the thoracic cavity as being formed posteriorly by thoracic vertebrae, anteriorly by sternum and costal cartilages, and laterally by ribs. The diaphragm forms the inferior boundary, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
This document provides an overview of heart anatomy including its location, size, layers, chambers, and blood flow. It describes that the heart is located in the mediastinum between the lungs, weighs 250-300 grams, and has two layers - the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium which separates it into a pericardial cavity. Internally, the heart is divided into four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. The left ventricle is thicker walled due to pumping blood throughout the higher pressure systemic circulation.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes how the heart is divided into four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body, while the right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The document also discusses heart failure, which occurs when the heart muscles weaken and the ventricles enlarge, preventing the heart from pumping enough blood. Cardiac arrest is defined as when the heart suddenly stops beating due to electrical issues, which can quickly lead to death if not treated. Common causes of cardiac arrest include heart attack, which happens when a coronary artery becomes blocked, restricting
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the left and right ventricles that pump blood to the lungs and body. It also discusses the causes and features of heart failure, which can occur when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently due to conditions that weaken it over time. Common causes include hypertension, heart attacks, and cardiac diseases. Features involve congestion in the lungs and other organs from blood backing up.
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical approaches related to the thoracic spine. It provides details on:
- The anatomy of typical thoracic vertebrae including their vertebral bodies, facets, and transverse processes.
- The ligaments connecting the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
- Three common surgical approaches - the anterior (trans-thoracic) approach, posterolateral (costotransversectomy) approach, and posterior approach. Each approach is described in terms of indications, patient positioning, incision details, and important anatomic structures to identify and retract.
- Considerations for each approach like potential complications and the structures at risk of injury.
The femur or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body.
The document summarizes the structure and anatomy of the heart. It describes the location and orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity. It then discusses the layers that cover the heart, including the fibrous and serous pericardium. It provides details on the chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valves. Finally, it summarizes the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle and the veins that drain blood from it.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are covered by three layers of meninges. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of four lobes that control functions like movement, sensation, thought, and memory. The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory information and control autonomic functions respectively. The midbrain relays information between the brain and spinal cord. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which coordinate movement, relay information, and control vital functions. The spinal
1. The document describes the anatomy and structure of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), conduction system, and circulatory routes.
2. It explains the layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium), chambers (atria, ventricles), valves (atrioventricular, semilunar), and associated vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries/veins).
3. The fetal circulation is described, which differs from adult circulation in that blood bypasses the lungs via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. These changes allow blood to mix and circulate after
The document summarizes the major arteries of the upper limbs, including the axillary artery and its branches (thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, circumflex humeral arteries), brachial artery and its branches (profunda brachii, ulnar collateral arteries), and the terminal branches - radial and ulnar arteries. It describes the course and branches of each artery as they supply structures in the arm, forearm, and hand.
The document summarizes the key anatomical structures that make up the thoracic cage and thoracic cavity. It discusses that the thoracic cage is formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum and functions to protect internal organs. It also describes the boundaries of the thoracic cavity as being formed posteriorly by thoracic vertebrae, anteriorly by sternum and costal cartilages, and laterally by ribs. The diaphragm forms the inferior boundary, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
This document provides an overview of heart anatomy including its location, size, layers, chambers, and blood flow. It describes that the heart is located in the mediastinum between the lungs, weighs 250-300 grams, and has two layers - the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium which separates it into a pericardial cavity. Internally, the heart is divided into four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. The left ventricle is thicker walled due to pumping blood throughout the higher pressure systemic circulation.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes how the heart is divided into four chambers - the right and left atria and ventricles. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body, while the right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The document also discusses heart failure, which occurs when the heart muscles weaken and the ventricles enlarge, preventing the heart from pumping enough blood. Cardiac arrest is defined as when the heart suddenly stops beating due to electrical issues, which can quickly lead to death if not treated. Common causes of cardiac arrest include heart attack, which happens when a coronary artery becomes blocked, restricting
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart, including the left and right ventricles that pump blood to the lungs and body. It also discusses the causes and features of heart failure, which can occur when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently due to conditions that weaken it over time. Common causes include hypertension, heart attacks, and cardiac diseases. Features involve congestion in the lungs and other organs from blood backing up.
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical approaches related to the thoracic spine. It provides details on:
- The anatomy of typical thoracic vertebrae including their vertebral bodies, facets, and transverse processes.
- The ligaments connecting the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae.
- Three common surgical approaches - the anterior (trans-thoracic) approach, posterolateral (costotransversectomy) approach, and posterior approach. Each approach is described in terms of indications, patient positioning, incision details, and important anatomic structures to identify and retract.
- Considerations for each approach like potential complications and the structures at risk of injury.
The femur or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the human body.
The document summarizes the structure and anatomy of the heart. It describes the location and orientation of the heart in the thoracic cavity. It then discusses the layers that cover the heart, including the fibrous and serous pericardium. It provides details on the chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria and ventricles. It also describes the valves of the heart, including the tricuspid, bicuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valves. Finally, it summarizes the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle and the veins that drain blood from it.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are covered by three layers of meninges. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is made up of four lobes that control functions like movement, sensation, thought, and memory. The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, which relay sensory information and control autonomic functions respectively. The midbrain relays information between the brain and spinal cord. The hindbrain contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, which coordinate movement, relay information, and control vital functions. The spinal
1. The document describes the anatomy and structure of the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), conduction system, and circulatory routes.
2. It explains the layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium), chambers (atria, ventricles), valves (atrioventricular, semilunar), and associated vessels (aorta, vena cava, pulmonary arteries/veins).
3. The fetal circulation is described, which differs from adult circulation in that blood bypasses the lungs via the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. These changes allow blood to mix and circulate after
The document summarizes the major arteries of the upper limbs, including the axillary artery and its branches (thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, circumflex humeral arteries), brachial artery and its branches (profunda brachii, ulnar collateral arteries), and the terminal branches - radial and ulnar arteries. It describes the course and branches of each artery as they supply structures in the arm, forearm, and hand.
2. W przeszczepie serca, serce dawcy zostaje
odcięte od nerwu błędnego.
Czy odnerwienie serca wpływa na jego
funkcje?
Czy stanowi to zagrożenie dla biorcy?
Jaki jest główny powód „odrzucenia”
nowego serca przez biorcę?
3. Przeszczep ortotopowy
Najczęściej stosowany.
Wycina się serce biorcy, pozostawiając pień płucny,
aortę wstępującą, oraz rąbki prawego i lewego
przedsionka.
Serce dawcy pobierane jest w podobny sposób.
Zespalane są analogiczne struktury.
5. Przeszczep heterotopowy
Znacznie rzadziej używany. (np. kiedy pojawiają sie
problemy po przeszczepie ortotopowym, lub w
przypadku kiedy serce dawcy nie jest fizjologicznie
„dopasowane” do biorcy)
Nie usuwa się serca biorcy.
Serce dawcy wszczepia się po prawej stronie serca
biorcy.
Zespala się prawy przedsionek biorcy z żyłą główną
górną dawcy, a lewy przedsionek biorcy z rozciętym
ujściem żył płucnych lewych dawcy.
8. Zmiany rytmu serca u osób po
przeszczepie serca
Z powodu braku unerwienia przywspółczulnego
rytm serca przeszczepionego jest nieco
podwyższony i wynosi średnio:
– W przeszczepie ortotopowym: 85 2 bpm
– W przeszczepie heterotopowym:
Serce biorcy: 87 6 bpm
Serce dawcy: 101 4 bpm
* U osób zdrowych rytm serca wynosi 65-70 bpm
9. Zmiany ciśnienia krwi u osób po
przeszczepie serca
Ciśnienie krwi także jest nieco podwyższone:
– W przeszczepie ortotopowym wynosi:
Skurczowe: 142 7 mm Hg
Rozkurczowe: 97 5 mm Hg
– W przeszczepie heterotopowym wynosi:
Skurczowe: 133 7 mm Hg
Rozkurczowe: 95 5 mm Hg
*U osób zdrowych uzyskano następujące wyniki:
Skurczowe: 113 2 mm Hg
Rozkurczowe: 73 2 mm Hg
10. Wyniki badania w którym podano
isoprenalinę
Yusuf S, Theodropoulos S, Mathias CJ, Dahalla N et al: Increased sensitivity of the denervated transplanted human heart to isoprenaline both before and after
beta-adrenergic blockade. Circulation 75: 696-704
11. Kłopoty immunologiczne po
przeszczepie
U większości pacjentów występują objawy
odrzucenia przeszczepu chociaż raz w pierwszym
roku po zabiegu.
Po operacji konieczne jest regularne
wykonywanie biopsji endomiokardialnej w
ramach sprawdzania czy nie nastąpiło
odrzucenie narządu.
Podawane są leki immunosupresyjne.
12. Leczenie immunosupresyjne
Podawane są zazwyczaj trzy rodzaje leków
immunosurpesyjnych.
– Inhibitory kalcyneuryny
(np. Cyklosporyna)
– Glikokortykosteroidy
– Leki hamujące proliferacje limfocytów
(np. Azatiopryna)
13. Inne zmiany zachodzące po
przeszczepie serca
W 10 letniej obserwacji u pacjentów po przeszczepie
serca zauważono następujące zmiany:
– Około miesiąc po przeszczepie można zauważyć zwiększenie
jąder kardiomiocytów, których wielkość wraca do normy do 2
roku
– W pierwszych latach po przeszczepie można zauważyć spadek
masy komory lewej serca i jej frakcji wyrzutu oraz spadek
grubości przegrody międzykomorowej.
W drugim pięcioleciu przegroda międzykomorowa oraz ściana tylna
komory lewej ulegają śladowemu pogrubieniu.
– Z czasem narasta proces włóknienia zrębu
14. Przeżywalność
Rok po przeszczepie
– 86,1* / 87,4**%
– 83,9 / 85,5%
3 lata
– 78,3 / 78,7 %
– 74,9 / 75, 9%
5 lat
– 71,2 / 72,3 %
– 66,9 / 67,6%
*=dane z 2006r The American Heart Association
**=dane z 2007r The American Heart Association
15. Wnioski
Największe problemy po przeszczepie serca
związane są z bardzo dużym
prawdopodobeństwem odrzucenia przeszczepu.
Odnerwienie serca nie stanowi istotnego
zagrożenia dla jego funkcjonowania.
16. Piśmiennictwo
Heart Transplats: Statistics (http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4588) The
American Heart Association. 14 grudnia 2008.
Lord SW, Clayton RH, Mitchell L, Dark JH, Murray A, McComb JM: Sympathetic reinnervation and
heart rate variability after cardiac transplantation. Heart 1997; 77: 532-538
Nożyński JK: Ocena Histomorometryczna i immunohistochemiczna zmian adaptacyjnych
przeszczepionego serca w dziesięcioletniej obserwacji. Śląska Akademia Medyczna w Katowicach,
Katowice 2006.
Wilhelmi M, Pethig K, Wilhelmi Ma, Nguyen H, Strüber M, Haverich A: Heart transplantation:
echocardiographic assessment of morphology and function after more than 10 years of follow-up.
Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: 1075-1079.
Yusuf S, Theodropoulos S, Mathias CJ, Dahalla N et al: Increased sensitivity of the denervated
transplanted human heart to isoprenaline both before and after beta-adrenergic blockade.
Circulation 75: 696-704
