This document discusses action research and provides guidance on conducting action research. It defines action research as a process of systematic inquiry to improve educational practices or resolve problems in classrooms and schools. It provides the bases and rationale for undertaking action research, including relevant Department of Education orders. It also outlines the typical components and steps in a research process, including developing research questions, reviewing literature, determining methodology, analyzing data, developing an action plan, and establishing a workplan and budget.

1. Adapting to Educational
Challenges through
Action
ResearchJohn Lou S.
Lucenario

2. SIMPLE EXPERIMENT: HOLD ANYTHING AS
YOUR CELLPHONE, AND ACT AS IF YOU’RE
CALLING SOMEONE.

5. Republic Act 9155, Chapter I,
section 7, states that
Department of Education
(DepEd) is mandated to
“undertake national research
and studies” as basis for vital
policies for economic
development.
BASES

6. • Department Order No. 24 s.
2010( Basic Education
Research Fund-BERF)
• DO No. 43, s. 2015(Revised
BERF)
• DO No. 16, s. 2017 (
Research Management
Guidelines)
BASES

7. Action Research
DefinedA process of
systematic inquiry to
improve educational
practices or resolve
problems in classrooms
and schools.

10. Why AR?
• Be a living hero
• Be heard by officials
• Present in greater audience, like
in conferences
• Higher maximum points (4%
innovation, 4% awards, 4%
research, 4% speakership and
4% authorship) than IPCRF
(35%/3=11.67)

11. Why
?

12. Analysis of Data from Returning Drop-out
High School Students: A Basis for
Implementation of Drop-out Reduction
Program
By John Lou S. Lucenario, Nelia Ong
and Jocelyn Casino
School
Factor

13. Culture of Research

15. THE RESEARCH PROCESS

16. •To help figure out
what works
•To provide rationale
•To pursue a study
LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchable or not?

19. Themes: Basic Education
Research Agenda
• Teaching and learning
process
• Governance
• Child protection
• Human resource
development
• Inclusive education
• Gender and development

20. EXPERIMENT

22. •Sustain your interest
•Within your range of
competencies
•Manageable in size
•Significant to society
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

23. Guro’t Bayanihan (Teachers
Communal Unity) as (Result-based
Performance Management System)
RPMS-based Collegiate Mentoring
Approach to Improve Teacher
Competence in High School
Science
Independent Variable/Intervention
DependentVariable Respondent
Research Title

24. III. Research
Questions
S-Specific
M-Measurable
A- Attainable
R- Result-
oriented
T-Time-bound

25. Good Bad
Is there a significant
difference in problem
solving skills in Chemistry
between III- Mt. Makiling
and III- Mt. Apo?
Is III- Mt. Makiling better
than III- Mt. Apo?
Is there a positive
correlation between height
and number of leaves of a
Rose plant?
What is a Rose?

26. PROBLEM-QUESTIONS
1. Do the teacher respondents exposed to Guro’t
Bayanihan have higher competence after
implementation of the intervention?
2. Do the teacher respondents exposed to Guro’t
Bayanihan have higher competence than
teachers utilizing conventional approach?
Institutionalizing Performance-based
Management System (RPMS) - based
Teacher Competence Development
through “Guro’t Bayanihan”

28. WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.Using the net, find and
state at least 3 sources to
support your proposed
problem.
2.Formulate a working title.
3.Write at least two
questions about the

29. I. Context and Rationale
•Reason out
•Establish the problem
•Support with legal bases
•Support with statistical data
•Must be emphatic
(Tejero,
2006)

30. I. Context and Rationale

31. II. Review of Related
Literature
•Write an introductory statement
•Cite conceptual literature in a
logical manner
•Paraphrase
•Direct quotation is typed single
space/ inset
•Document sources properly

32. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE
•Use of parenthetical reference
citations in the text instead of
footnotes and Latin names.
e.g. (Fonollera, 1993)
•Arial/ TNR, 12, double space, use of 3rd
person

33. Dorough(2003)
claimed that to
prevent students
from dropping-
out, programs should obtain the reasons
for dropping and employ preventive
measures to reach all potential drop-
outs.
PARAPHRASING

34. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Paraphrase !
Plagiarism is
a crime !

35. WORKSHOP ON WRITING LITERATURE

36. IV. Scope and Delimitation
•Define the parameters and
boundaries, variables and
respondents
•Discuss the limitations and
how are these to be handled

37. IV. Scope and Delimitation

38. V. Methodology
•The Sampling
•Data Collection Procedure
•Data Analysis Procedure
•Results and Discussion
•Conclusion

39. The Sampling
•Describe the characteristics and
profile of the respondents
n=N/ 1+ Ne2
n= sample size
N= population size
e= margin of error (%)
(Slovin, 1960)
•30 subjects minimum (Gay, 1976)

40. RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative
Interview/focus group transcripts
Some kinds of
observational/archival data
Critical incidents methodology
Quantitative
Correlation Study
Experimental
Mixed Method

41. DESIGN DIAGRAMMING
 PRE-TEST POST-TEST
O1 X O2
 PRE-TEST POST-TEST WITH
CONTROL GROUP
O1 X O2
O1 O2

42. Data Collection Methods
•Review of records and
written documents
•Observation
•Questionnaire
•Interview

43. Reliability will produce results
which are accurate and
consistent
Validity will measure what it is
supposed to measure
Item Analysis- The process used to
evaluate the individual questions
contained in an Objective Test .

44. ITEM ANALYSIS: DIFFICULTY FACTOR
 Use the Difficulty Factor of a question
 Proportion of respondents selecting the right answer to that
item
D = c / n
D = difficulty factor
c = number of correct answers
n = number of respondents
 Optimal Level is .5
 To be able to discriminate between different levels of
achievement, the difficulty factor should be between .3 and
.7
 The HIGHER the difficulty factor – the easier the question
is, so a value of 1 would mean all the students got the
question correct and it may be too easy

45. WORKSHOP: TEST RELIABILITY
Using at least 5 answered
test paper (Multiple-choice only),
Identify the difficulty factor(
correct response) of each item
and using cronbach alpha (using
SSR) determine its reliability.

48. Data Analysis Procedure
•Presentation of
Data
•Analysis of Data

49. PRESENTATION OF DATA
TABLE

50. PRESENTATION OF DATA
GRAPH

51. PRESENTATION OF DATA
ARTIFACT

52. ANALYSIS OF DATA

53. SPSS ( STATISTICAL PROCEDURE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES)

54. SSR(SIMPLIFIED STATISTICS FOR
RESEARCHERS) -DR. BERMUDO

55. T TEST: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

56. ASSUMPTIONS
•Samples are taken from
normal distribution
•Random sampling is used.
•Data are either interval or
ratio
‘30 subjects minimum for parametric (Gay, 1976)

57. SAMPLE: INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T TEST
Is there a significant difference between the
scores of class X and Y?

59. Decision: Accept null hypothesis if computed
absolute t-value is less than the tabulated t
/critical value.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference
between the scores of class X and Y?

61. CORRELATION

62. DREAM OFFICERS

63. DREAM OFFICERS

64. ASSUMPTIONS
•Samples are taken from
normal distribution
•Random sampling is used.
•Data are either interval or
ratio
‘30 subjects minimum for parametric (Gay, 1976)

65. SAMPLE
Is there a significant relationship between the
scores of class X and Y?

66. SAMPLE
Is there a significant relationship between the
scores of class X and Y?

67. Is there a significant relationship between the
scores of class X and Y?

68. Is there a significant relationship between the
scores of class X and Y?

69. Is there a significant relationship between the
scores of class X and Y?

70. WORKSHOP: CORRELATION
Is there a significant relationship between
grades of students in Math and MAPEH?
Math MAPEH
78 90
79 89
80 88
81 86
82 88
83 89
85 85

71. Is there a significant relationship between
grades of students in Math and MAPEH?

72. Is there a significant relationship between
grades of students in Math and MAPEH?

73. THINK!
Is there a significant
relationship between the
salary level and size of
balls ( ball games being
played) among men?

74. ANALYSIS OF DATA
Statistics should reflect
only the test value, degree of
freedom and probability level
Claims must be supported
by findings of other
researchers

75. ANALYSIS OF DATA

76. VI. Workplan

77. Cost Estimate
Particulars Quant
ity
Unit Unit
Price
Total
Printing of Manuscript 200 page 1 200
Paper for manuscript 1 ream 140 140
Photocopy 50 copy 0.50 25
Snacks 40 set 50 2000
TOTAL 2365

78. VII. Action Plan
Systematic
recommendations
The findings of this study shall be
…
VIII. References
APA, Hanging indent