This document provides an overview of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and approaches to treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a surgical perspective. It discusses the history and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, methods for diagnosing HIV infection, classifying patients according to CDC guidelines, and considerations for surgical treatment of HIV-infected patients. Key points addressed include increased risk of infection, renal failure, and cardiac dysfunction in HIV patients; opportunistic infections requiring surgery; and precautions to prevent transmission of HIV to patients and medical personnel in surgical settings.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and considerations for surgery in HIV-infected patients. It covers the epidemiology and transmission of HIV, surgical procedures commonly performed in HIV patients like draining abscesses, anorectal surgeries, and managing acute abdominal issues. Occupational risks for surgeons are addressed, including post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines. Universal precautions like barriers, vaccination, and waste disposal are emphasized to prevent transmission during procedures.
* Watch the video at the end of the presentation
Viral infections remain among the most important challenges in the management of the transplant recipient. This observation reflects both a predisposition to viral infection by immunosuppression that targets T-cell function, the diverse population of viruses, and the impact of viruses including infection, graft rejection, and malignancies. Traditionally, the manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have been termed “direct” (organ-specific) and “indirect” (immune) effects. More accurate terms might be “viral cytopathic” effects and “cellular and systemic immunologic” effects. The clinical manifestations of viral CMV infections are the result of suppression of multiple host defense mechanisms, predisposing to secondary invasion by such pathogens as P. jiroveci, Candida and Aspergillus species and increasing the risk for graft loss and death. As the biology of viral infection is explored, many of these manifestations of viral infection appear to be mediated not only by T-cells but also by the innate immune system.
This document discusses infections that can occur in organ transplant patients. It notes that over 40,000 organ transplants are performed annually worldwide, with high success rates. However, infections remain a major challenge for transplant recipients. The types and risks of infections vary depending on the transplanted organ and time since transplantation. In the first month after transplant, patients are most at risk for healthcare-associated infections. From 1-6 months, they are susceptible to opportunistic infections like CMV. After 6 months, most patients have well-functioning grafts but some remain at higher risk of infections. Close monitoring and a high index of suspicion are needed to manage infection risks in transplant patients over time.
AIDS was first recognized in 1981 when previously healthy homosexual men in Los Angeles and New York developed rare pneumonias and cancers. In 1983, HIV was isolated as the causative agent of AIDS. HIV attacks CD4+ T cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. The virus continues to spread globally in an ongoing pandemic.
This document summarizes important viral pathogens affecting solid organ transplant recipients. It discusses several common viruses like CMV, HHV-6, EBV, adenovirus, and BKV polyomavirus. It notes their clinical manifestations and impacts in transplant recipients. The document also reviews prevention and treatment strategies for many of these viruses, including vaccination, antiviral prophylaxis, and immunosuppression management. Meta-analyses show antiviral prophylaxis is effective at preventing CMV infection and disease, and may reduce indirect effects like other infections and rejection.
Infections in immunocompromised patientsجهاد الخريصي
This document provides information about immunodeficiency disorders including their causes, types, clinical features, and diagnosis. It discusses primary immunodeficiencies caused by defects in the immune system components like B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and complements. It also describes secondary immunodeficiencies caused by non-immunogenic factors. Specific disorders covered include B-cell defects, T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic disorders, complement deficiencies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The modes of transmission, infectious agents, associated diseases, and structures of HIV/AIDS are detailed.
The role of viral infection in the pathogenesis of post transplant malignancy...Mohamed Yassine Keniz
Viral infections are very common in kidney transplant recipients due to their immunosuppressed state. Herpesviruses like CMV are among the most frequent, while hepatitis B/C and BK virus also commonly infect transplant patients. The immunosuppression needed to prevent graft rejection also allows opportunistic viruses to cause disease and promotes reactivation of latent viruses. Certain viruses are directly oncogenic, such as EBV which can cause post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Minimizing immunosuppression where possible can help reduce cancer risk in transplant recipients.
Management of infections in immunocompromised patientsSujay Iyer
This document provides an overview of managing infections in immunocompromised patients. It discusses various conditions that can cause immunosuppression like cancer, HIV, malnutrition, and immunosuppressive drugs. It focuses on febrile neutropenia, describing the definition, etiology, risk stratification, diagnosis, and management depending on if the patient is high-risk or low-risk. It also covers catheter-related infections, pneumonia, gastrointestinal infections, and prevention of infections. The management of febrile neutropenia involves broad-spectrum antibiotics, monitoring response, and modifying treatment based on culture results and patient risk factors.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS and considerations for surgery in HIV-infected patients. It covers the epidemiology and transmission of HIV, surgical procedures commonly performed in HIV patients like draining abscesses, anorectal surgeries, and managing acute abdominal issues. Occupational risks for surgeons are addressed, including post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines. Universal precautions like barriers, vaccination, and waste disposal are emphasized to prevent transmission during procedures.
* Watch the video at the end of the presentation
Viral infections remain among the most important challenges in the management of the transplant recipient. This observation reflects both a predisposition to viral infection by immunosuppression that targets T-cell function, the diverse population of viruses, and the impact of viruses including infection, graft rejection, and malignancies. Traditionally, the manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have been termed “direct” (organ-specific) and “indirect” (immune) effects. More accurate terms might be “viral cytopathic” effects and “cellular and systemic immunologic” effects. The clinical manifestations of viral CMV infections are the result of suppression of multiple host defense mechanisms, predisposing to secondary invasion by such pathogens as P. jiroveci, Candida and Aspergillus species and increasing the risk for graft loss and death. As the biology of viral infection is explored, many of these manifestations of viral infection appear to be mediated not only by T-cells but also by the innate immune system.
This document discusses infections that can occur in organ transplant patients. It notes that over 40,000 organ transplants are performed annually worldwide, with high success rates. However, infections remain a major challenge for transplant recipients. The types and risks of infections vary depending on the transplanted organ and time since transplantation. In the first month after transplant, patients are most at risk for healthcare-associated infections. From 1-6 months, they are susceptible to opportunistic infections like CMV. After 6 months, most patients have well-functioning grafts but some remain at higher risk of infections. Close monitoring and a high index of suspicion are needed to manage infection risks in transplant patients over time.
AIDS was first recognized in 1981 when previously healthy homosexual men in Los Angeles and New York developed rare pneumonias and cancers. In 1983, HIV was isolated as the causative agent of AIDS. HIV attacks CD4+ T cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. The virus continues to spread globally in an ongoing pandemic.
This document summarizes important viral pathogens affecting solid organ transplant recipients. It discusses several common viruses like CMV, HHV-6, EBV, adenovirus, and BKV polyomavirus. It notes their clinical manifestations and impacts in transplant recipients. The document also reviews prevention and treatment strategies for many of these viruses, including vaccination, antiviral prophylaxis, and immunosuppression management. Meta-analyses show antiviral prophylaxis is effective at preventing CMV infection and disease, and may reduce indirect effects like other infections and rejection.
Infections in immunocompromised patientsجهاد الخريصي
This document provides information about immunodeficiency disorders including their causes, types, clinical features, and diagnosis. It discusses primary immunodeficiencies caused by defects in the immune system components like B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and complements. It also describes secondary immunodeficiencies caused by non-immunogenic factors. Specific disorders covered include B-cell defects, T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic disorders, complement deficiencies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The modes of transmission, infectious agents, associated diseases, and structures of HIV/AIDS are detailed.
The role of viral infection in the pathogenesis of post transplant malignancy...Mohamed Yassine Keniz
Viral infections are very common in kidney transplant recipients due to their immunosuppressed state. Herpesviruses like CMV are among the most frequent, while hepatitis B/C and BK virus also commonly infect transplant patients. The immunosuppression needed to prevent graft rejection also allows opportunistic viruses to cause disease and promotes reactivation of latent viruses. Certain viruses are directly oncogenic, such as EBV which can cause post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Minimizing immunosuppression where possible can help reduce cancer risk in transplant recipients.
Management of infections in immunocompromised patientsSujay Iyer
This document provides an overview of managing infections in immunocompromised patients. It discusses various conditions that can cause immunosuppression like cancer, HIV, malnutrition, and immunosuppressive drugs. It focuses on febrile neutropenia, describing the definition, etiology, risk stratification, diagnosis, and management depending on if the patient is high-risk or low-risk. It also covers catheter-related infections, pneumonia, gastrointestinal infections, and prevention of infections. The management of febrile neutropenia involves broad-spectrum antibiotics, monitoring response, and modifying treatment based on culture results and patient risk factors.
The document summarizes various studies comparing the risk of viral infections like CMV, BK virus, EBV with different induction therapies post-transplant like rATG, IL-2 receptor inhibitors, alemtuzumab. While some studies found higher rates of CMV with rATG, the evidence is inconsistent. The risk of BK virus seems higher with rATG in one recent RCT but not in pooled analyses. PTLD risk may be higher with rATG but the evidence is also inconsistent. Overall the personalized approach is needed to balance rejection risk versus infection risk for each patient.
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which impairs the immune system. HIV specifically targets CD4+ T cells (helper T cells). The virus can be transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. The natural course of HIV infection progresses from primary infection with flu-like symptoms, to asymptomatic latency period that can last 10 years, to symptomatic stage as the immune system deteriorates, and finally AIDS when opportunistic infections take hold. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission.
This document discusses infections in immune-compromised hosts, including:
1) General principles of infections in this population, including potential etiologies, importance of early diagnosis, and challenges of treatment.
2) Specific sections covering infections in hematopoietic bone marrow transplant recipients, solid organ transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
3) Guidelines for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of infections in these high-risk groups. Prevention through prophylactic antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals is a major focus.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
This document provides information about an Ebola virus outbreak in Delhi, India. It warns residents to avoid certain hospitals where cases have been detected. It provides advice on precautions like eating tulsi leaves and proper hand washing. The document also includes background information on Ebola viruses, describing their structure, transmission, geographical distribution, outbreak history and clinical observations of symptoms. It discusses ethics around outbreak responses and potential bioterrorism threats. The end promotes an organization's vision to improve healthcare access in India.
Hepatitis B virus infection remains a global health problem, with over 350 million people chronically infected. While vaccination has reduced prevalence, chronic infection can lead to liver damage. The virus replicates in hepatocytes, forming cccDNA that maintains chronic infection. Treatment has improved with oral antiviral drugs that suppress virus replication but rarely eliminate the virus. Developing new drugs and strategies to improve treatment outcomes is needed.
A modified form of HIV is being tested as a potential treatment for cancer. Researchers are removing patients' T-cells and using HIV to insert genes that program the cells to recognize and attack cancer. The modified T-cells are multiplied and reinfused into patients, where they act like "serial killers" against the cancer cells. In initial tests, two patients saw their cancers drastically reduced or eliminated, with up to five pounds of tumor cells disappearing. The modified T-cells have also been shown to persist in the body for over a year, reactivating to kill new cancer cells. One six-year-old girl with leukemia that was not responding to other treatments saw her cancer go into remission after this experimental HIV therapy
PTLD, or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, is an uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells that occurs after solid organ transplantation. It is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and a weakened immune system due to immunosuppressive drugs. Risk factors include primary EBV infection, young recipient age, CMV infection, and long-term immunosuppression. PTLD is diagnosed through imaging, biopsy showing EBV positivity, and histological examination. Treatment involves reducing immunosuppression when possible, antiviral drugs, surgery or radiation for localized disease, rituximab, chemotherapy, and experimental EBV-directed cytotoxic T cells. The main goals are healing the PTLD
1. HIV transmission through blood transfusion was a major issue historically due to lack of screening tests, but effective testing has now greatly reduced the risk.
2. In India, over 14,000 cases of HIV transmission through blood transfusion were reported from 2009-2016, though the number reported in 2018-19 was lower at around 1,342.
3. Diagnostic testing for HIV has advanced from ELISA and rapid tests that detect antibodies to more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) that can detect HIV within 11 days of exposure.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It is a retrovirus that infects CD4 cells and progressively destroys the immune system.
2. HIV has three main genes - Gag, Env, and Pol - which code for structural proteins. The virus attaches to and enters CD4 cells via the Env protein, then uses the Pol protein to integrate its genetic material into the host cell DNA.
3. As the virus destroys CD4 cells over many years, it leaves the infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infections. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 count drops below 200. Common infections include PCP
Aids – A Secondary Immunodeficiency Disordernilufarali
Secondary immunodeficiency results from exposure to agents and the most common form is AIDS caused by HIV. HIV is a lentivirus classified as HIV-1 or HIV-2. It has four stages: incubation, acute infection, latency and AIDS. Current treatment consists of combinations of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two classes. While treatment can suppress the virus and increase CD4 counts, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS.
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system. It progresses to AIDS if untreated, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and progresses from initial infection, to asymptomatic clinical latency for around 10 years, to symptomatic disease as the immune system deteriorates. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While there is no cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus. Prevention strategies include condom use, sterile needle use, monogamy, and abstinence from high risk activities.
This document discusses HIV and provides several key details:
- HIV is a retrovirus that replicates via a DNA intermediate and is highly variable due to its lack of proofreading mechanisms.
- The HIV genome contains 9 genes that code for 15 proteins.
- HIV likely originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and was first identified in the United States in the 1970s, being called GRID before being renamed AIDS.
- The document also discusses the famous "Berlin patient," Timothy Ray Brown, who was cured of HIV after receiving a stem cell transplant from a donor with a CCR5 mutation that provides resistance to HIV.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
2 natural history of hiv and who clinical staging naco lac mDrShruthi Pradeep
This document summarizes the natural history and clinical staging of HIV infection in 3 paragraphs. It describes the typical progression of untreated HIV infection from initial viral transmission and acute retroviral syndrome, to asymptomatic chronic infection lasting an average of 8 years, to symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS occurring on average 1.3 years later without treatment. It also outlines the WHO clinical staging system for classifying HIV patients based on their symptoms and disease progression into 4 stages, with stage 1 being asymptomatic and stage 4 involving advanced AIDS-defining illnesses. The document provides an overview of the modes of HIV transmission, pathogenesis, typical clinical course, and classification approach for monitoring HIV disease progression.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
This document discusses infections in immunocompromised patients. It begins by describing the various microbes that can cause infection, including bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. It then discusses the different types of underlying immune defects that determine infection risk, such as humoral versus cell-mediated defects. The document outlines various factors that influence the risk of infection, including the level of immunosuppression, transplant organ, graft-versus-host disease, exposures, and immune-modulating medications. It presents several case examples of infections in immunocompromised patients.
This document discusses HIV and periodontal disease. It provides background on HIV, describing its identification in 1983 and the two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. It reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV as well as stages of infection. The relationship between periodontal disease and HIV is complex, with some studies finding higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV+ individuals compared to controls, while other studies found limited differences or no relationship when accounting for CD4 count and ART. Periodontal disease in HIV patients can include conditions like linear gingival erythema and necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be occupational hazard for surgeons. Universal precautions like proper protective equipment and disposal of contaminated waste are important to prevent transmission. Current antiretroviral therapy uses combination of three or more drugs like nucleoside analogs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. This effectively suppresses the virus and prevents opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
The document summarizes various studies comparing the risk of viral infections like CMV, BK virus, EBV with different induction therapies post-transplant like rATG, IL-2 receptor inhibitors, alemtuzumab. While some studies found higher rates of CMV with rATG, the evidence is inconsistent. The risk of BK virus seems higher with rATG in one recent RCT but not in pooled analyses. PTLD risk may be higher with rATG but the evidence is also inconsistent. Overall the personalized approach is needed to balance rejection risk versus infection risk for each patient.
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which impairs the immune system. HIV specifically targets CD4+ T cells (helper T cells). The virus can be transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. The natural course of HIV infection progresses from primary infection with flu-like symptoms, to asymptomatic latency period that can last 10 years, to symptomatic stage as the immune system deteriorates, and finally AIDS when opportunistic infections take hold. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission.
This document discusses infections in immune-compromised hosts, including:
1) General principles of infections in this population, including potential etiologies, importance of early diagnosis, and challenges of treatment.
2) Specific sections covering infections in hematopoietic bone marrow transplant recipients, solid organ transplant recipients, HIV/AIDS patients, chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.
3) Guidelines for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of infections in these high-risk groups. Prevention through prophylactic antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals is a major focus.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
This document provides information about an Ebola virus outbreak in Delhi, India. It warns residents to avoid certain hospitals where cases have been detected. It provides advice on precautions like eating tulsi leaves and proper hand washing. The document also includes background information on Ebola viruses, describing their structure, transmission, geographical distribution, outbreak history and clinical observations of symptoms. It discusses ethics around outbreak responses and potential bioterrorism threats. The end promotes an organization's vision to improve healthcare access in India.
Hepatitis B virus infection remains a global health problem, with over 350 million people chronically infected. While vaccination has reduced prevalence, chronic infection can lead to liver damage. The virus replicates in hepatocytes, forming cccDNA that maintains chronic infection. Treatment has improved with oral antiviral drugs that suppress virus replication but rarely eliminate the virus. Developing new drugs and strategies to improve treatment outcomes is needed.
A modified form of HIV is being tested as a potential treatment for cancer. Researchers are removing patients' T-cells and using HIV to insert genes that program the cells to recognize and attack cancer. The modified T-cells are multiplied and reinfused into patients, where they act like "serial killers" against the cancer cells. In initial tests, two patients saw their cancers drastically reduced or eliminated, with up to five pounds of tumor cells disappearing. The modified T-cells have also been shown to persist in the body for over a year, reactivating to kill new cancer cells. One six-year-old girl with leukemia that was not responding to other treatments saw her cancer go into remission after this experimental HIV therapy
PTLD, or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, is an uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells that occurs after solid organ transplantation. It is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and a weakened immune system due to immunosuppressive drugs. Risk factors include primary EBV infection, young recipient age, CMV infection, and long-term immunosuppression. PTLD is diagnosed through imaging, biopsy showing EBV positivity, and histological examination. Treatment involves reducing immunosuppression when possible, antiviral drugs, surgery or radiation for localized disease, rituximab, chemotherapy, and experimental EBV-directed cytotoxic T cells. The main goals are healing the PTLD
1. HIV transmission through blood transfusion was a major issue historically due to lack of screening tests, but effective testing has now greatly reduced the risk.
2. In India, over 14,000 cases of HIV transmission through blood transfusion were reported from 2009-2016, though the number reported in 2018-19 was lower at around 1,342.
3. Diagnostic testing for HIV has advanced from ELISA and rapid tests that detect antibodies to more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) that can detect HIV within 11 days of exposure.
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It is a retrovirus that infects CD4 cells and progressively destroys the immune system.
2. HIV has three main genes - Gag, Env, and Pol - which code for structural proteins. The virus attaches to and enters CD4 cells via the Env protein, then uses the Pol protein to integrate its genetic material into the host cell DNA.
3. As the virus destroys CD4 cells over many years, it leaves the infected person vulnerable to opportunistic infections. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 count drops below 200. Common infections include PCP
Aids – A Secondary Immunodeficiency Disordernilufarali
Secondary immunodeficiency results from exposure to agents and the most common form is AIDS caused by HIV. HIV is a lentivirus classified as HIV-1 or HIV-2. It has four stages: incubation, acute infection, latency and AIDS. Current treatment consists of combinations of at least three antiretroviral drugs from two classes. While treatment can suppress the virus and increase CD4 counts, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS.
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system. It progresses to AIDS if untreated, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and progresses from initial infection, to asymptomatic clinical latency for around 10 years, to symptomatic disease as the immune system deteriorates. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While there is no cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus. Prevention strategies include condom use, sterile needle use, monogamy, and abstinence from high risk activities.
This document discusses HIV and provides several key details:
- HIV is a retrovirus that replicates via a DNA intermediate and is highly variable due to its lack of proofreading mechanisms.
- The HIV genome contains 9 genes that code for 15 proteins.
- HIV likely originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and was first identified in the United States in the 1970s, being called GRID before being renamed AIDS.
- The document also discusses the famous "Berlin patient," Timothy Ray Brown, who was cured of HIV after receiving a stem cell transplant from a donor with a CCR5 mutation that provides resistance to HIV.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
2 natural history of hiv and who clinical staging naco lac mDrShruthi Pradeep
This document summarizes the natural history and clinical staging of HIV infection in 3 paragraphs. It describes the typical progression of untreated HIV infection from initial viral transmission and acute retroviral syndrome, to asymptomatic chronic infection lasting an average of 8 years, to symptomatic HIV infection and AIDS occurring on average 1.3 years later without treatment. It also outlines the WHO clinical staging system for classifying HIV patients based on their symptoms and disease progression into 4 stages, with stage 1 being asymptomatic and stage 4 involving advanced AIDS-defining illnesses. The document provides an overview of the modes of HIV transmission, pathogenesis, typical clinical course, and classification approach for monitoring HIV disease progression.
Structure of Virus, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, biochemical basis of clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
This document discusses infections in immunocompromised patients. It begins by describing the various microbes that can cause infection, including bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. It then discusses the different types of underlying immune defects that determine infection risk, such as humoral versus cell-mediated defects. The document outlines various factors that influence the risk of infection, including the level of immunosuppression, transplant organ, graft-versus-host disease, exposures, and immune-modulating medications. It presents several case examples of infections in immunocompromised patients.
This document discusses HIV and periodontal disease. It provides background on HIV, describing its identification in 1983 and the two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. It reviews pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV as well as stages of infection. The relationship between periodontal disease and HIV is complex, with some studies finding higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in HIV+ individuals compared to controls, while other studies found limited differences or no relationship when accounting for CD4 count and ART. Periodontal disease in HIV patients can include conditions like linear gingival erythema and necrotizing ulcerative periodontal diseases.
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be occupational hazard for surgeons. Universal precautions like proper protective equipment and disposal of contaminated waste are important to prevent transmission. Current antiretroviral therapy uses combination of three or more drugs like nucleoside analogs that inhibit reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. This effectively suppresses the virus and prevents opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks CD4 T-cells and weakens the immune system. This leaves individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral drug combinations can suppress the virus and allow immune recovery. However, HIV persists in reservoirs and treatment must continue to prevent resurgence. Prevention efforts focus on behavior changes like abstinence and condom use as well as reducing needle sharing. Access to treatment varies globally and developing nations often lack resources for advanced therapies available elsewhere. Education has helped curb transmission in some African countries but challenges remain in combating misinformation and harmful practices.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Hepatitis. It discusses the definition, incidence, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of AIDS. It also covers the classification, causes, pathology, features, investigations, and treatment of various types of Hepatitis including Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
HIV infection and AIDS was first recognized in the United States in 1981. Globally, 38 million people were living with HIV in 2019. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of AIDS and belongs to the family of lentiviruses. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood or blood products. Treatment involves lifelong antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Neuropsychiatric aspects of hiv infection and aidsRobin Victor
HIV & AIDS are closely related to psychiatry with the infection giving rise to many psychiatric problems and psychiatric illnesses leading to risk of acquiring HIV. Hence the approach to such a situation must be holistic with good coordination between medical specialists and psychiatrists, psychologists to bring maximum possible benefit to people with such a difficult illness
this presentation is explains the HIV virus and how to manage this infection , with appropriate medications and their dosage according to group age . this will help students from medical departments to easily understand
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and show support for those living with the disease. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. While there is no cure for AIDS, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and slow disease progression. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention methods include condoms, antiretroviral drugs for pregnant women, and clean needles.
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells in the immune system. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral therapy can slow the progression of the disease. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention efforts focus on education, condom use, and treatment of infected mothers.
This document discusses immunodeficiency and HIV/AIDS. It defines immunodeficiency as a compromised immune system and describes how it is classified as either primary/congenital or secondary/acquired. HIV is described as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4 cells and impairing the immune system over time. The document outlines HIV transmission, structure, lifecycle, and global prevalence, with statistics provided on prevalence in Zambia.
It Contains Pathogenesis of viral diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza and Rabies.
It contains detail pathogenesis with various verified sources.
You can refer references to visit the sources used.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It belongs to the retrovirus family and there are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system, ultimately weakening the body's ability to fight infections and disease. Common routes of transmission include sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. While antiretroviral treatment can slow the progression of the disease, there is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic. As the virus destroys CD4+ T cells over time, it progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, defined by specific infections or a low CD4+ count. Common infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and various cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma. There is no vaccine or cure, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus.
This document summarizes HIV prevalence and transmission in the Bundelkhand region of India. It finds that from 2001-2009, 3847 people were counseled and tested, with 294 (205 male, 89 female) testing positive. Most positive patients had little education and were married. The top occupations of those testing positive were truck/bus drivers and laborers. The majority lived in Jhansi. HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids and treatments aim to suppress viral loads and boost CD4 counts.
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is too weak to fight off infections.
Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic. Today, there are an estimated 33.3 million people living with HIV and AIDS worldwide.
http://www.pediatricdentists.blogspot.com
The document provides information about AIDS/HIV in 3 paragraphs:
1) It defines AIDS as acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by the HIV virus. It affects immune cells called CD4+ T cells. HIV was first reported in 1981 in the US.
2) Pediatric AIDS contributes to 15-20% of cases in developing countries. HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. By 2007, over 2 million children lived with HIV.
3) HIV attacks and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. If untreated, HIV progresses to AIDS. Common opportunistic infections in children with AIDS include Pneumocystis pneumonia and MAC (Mycobacterium
Similar to Acs0821 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (20)
Acs0522 procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract disease-2005medbookonline
This document discusses procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. It provides guidance on preoperative evaluation and management of biliary obstruction. Specific considerations are given to infection, renal dysfunction, impaired immunity, malnutrition, and coagulation issues. The document outlines operative planning details such as patient positioning, exposure techniques, and guidelines for biliary anastomoses including suture placement and techniques for difficult access situations.
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical procedure of splenectomy. It describes:
- The spleen's highly variable arterial blood supply, which can take bundled or distributed patterns. This variability impacts the difficulty of surgery.
- The splenic artery typically branches off the celiac axis but can originate from other nearby arteries in rare cases.
- Additional branches of the splenic artery before it enters the spleen, including short gastric and pancreatic arteries.
- A history of splenectomy beginning in the 16th century and its increasing use through the 20th century for trauma and hematologic disorders.
- The development of laparoscopic splenectomy in the early 1990s and ongoing refinement of minim
Gastrostomy is commonly used as a temporary procedure to avoid discomfort from prolonged nasogastric suction after major abdominal surgery. It can also be used permanently when the esophagus is obstructed to nonresectable cancer. The Stamm gastrostomy is most common temporary procedure where a catheter is placed through the stomach wall and anchored to the skin. The Janeway gastrostomy is a permanent alternative where a flap of stomach is brought through the abdominal wall and attached to form a mucosal lined tube to prevent regurgitation. Postoperative care involves gradual advancement to oral intake as the stomach heals and functions return to normal.
This document describes the Billroth I gastric resection procedure, which involves removing part of the stomach and reattaching it to the duodenum. Key steps include transecting the stomach, attaching it to the duodenum using a circular stapler, and closing the gastrotomy site. The procedure aims to control peptic ulcers by combining hemigastrectomy with vagotomy while restoring normal gastrointestinal continuity. Postoperative care focuses on gradual advancement of oral intake and monitoring for complications.
This document describes the Billroth I procedure for gastroduodenostomy. It involves extensive mobilization of the stomach and duodenum to allow for an end-to-end anastomosis between the stomach and duodenum, restoring normal continuity of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is divided and sutured closed, then sutured to the duodenum in layers to create the gastroduodenal connection. Postoperative care focuses on gradual advancement of diet and monitoring for gastric retention to support healing and prevent complications.
Gastrostomy is commonly used as a temporary procedure to avoid discomfort from prolonged nasogastric suction after major abdominal surgery. It can also be used permanently when the esophagus is obstructed to nonresectable cancer. The Stamm gastrostomy is most common temporary procedure where a catheter is placed through the stomach wall and anchored to prevent leakage. The Janeway gastrostomy is a permanent alternative where a flap of stomach is brought through the abdominal wall and lined with mucosa to form a permanent opening, preventing regurgitation. Postoperative care involves gradual advancement to oral intake as the stomach and bowel recover function.
Gastrojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that connects the stomach directly to the jejunum. It is indicated for patients with duodenal ulcers complicated by pyloric obstruction or nonresectable stomach or pancreatic cancers causing obstruction. The procedure involves opening the stomach and jejunum, suturing them together to form a stoma, then closing in multiple layers. Postoperatively, gastric emptying is monitored and diet advanced gradually to ensure proper healing.
This document provides guidance on treating a perforated ulcer or subphrenic abscess. It describes:
1) Preparing patients preoperatively by administering IV fluids/antibiotics and gastric suction.
2) Closing perforations by suturing the ulcer and reinforcing it with omentum, or sealing it if too indurated.
3) Draining subphrenic abscesses extraperitoneally by making incisions below the costal margin or through the 12th rib bed and inserting drains into the abscess cavity.
A C S0103 Perioperative Considerations For Anesthesiamedbookonline
This document discusses perioperative considerations for anesthesia. It notes advancements in modern surgical care and alterations in anesthetic management to maximize patient benefit. A preoperative evaluation is important to assess medical history and current medications. Certain medications may need to be adjusted or discontinued before surgery, such as MAOIs, oral anticoagulants, and some herbal supplements, to reduce risks of adverse reactions or bleeding complications during the procedure. The risks and options for anesthesia should be discussed with the patient.
A C S0105 Postoperative Management Of The Hospitalized Patientmedbookonline
This document discusses postoperative management of surgical patients. It describes the different levels of postoperative care including same-day surgery, the surgical floor, telemetry ward, and intensive care unit. Factors determining a patient's disposition include their preoperative health, procedure performed, and postoperative clinical status. The document also discusses common postoperative orders related to tubes, drains, oxygen therapy, and wound care to guide nursing staff.
Postoperative pain is a complex experience involving sensory, emotional, and mental components. Effective pain management is important for patient comfort and recovery. Guidelines for postoperative pain treatment have been developed for specific procedures. Multimodal analgesic regimens targeting multiple pathways are recommended over reliance on opioids alone to prevent tolerance and hyperalgesia. Nonpharmacological complementary therapies can be combined with drug treatments to enhance pain control.
The document discusses the approach to a patient experiencing ongoing bleeding. It outlines the following key steps:
1. First consider the possibility of a technical cause like an unligated vessel and examine for injuries.
2. If no technical cause is found, check the patient's temperature and perform laboratory tests. Hypothermia can cause coagulopathy.
3. Evaluate test results along with the patient's history for clues to underlying causes like platelet dysfunction, coagulation factor deficiencies, or inherited bleeding disorders. Treat the specific condition while continuing evaluation.
A C S0812 Brain Failure And Brain Deathmedbookonline
This document discusses brain failure and brain death. It defines different levels of impaired consciousness from cloudy consciousness to coma. It describes how brain failure results from cardiac arrest and the challenges of restarting the brain after lack of oxygen. It outlines the criteria for diagnosing brain death, including absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea testing. It also discusses the evolution of determining death as technology has allowed life support to prolong vital signs indefinitely.
This document summarizes key points about surgical treatment of early rectal cancer and care of elderly surgical patients. It discusses that radical resection for early rectal cancer achieves excellent local control but has risks, while local excision may be preferable but has a higher local recurrence rate. Adjuvant therapy after local excision may help address this. It also notes that the elderly population is growing and physiologic changes with aging, like cardiac function decline, must be considered in surgical planning and risk assessment for elderly patients. Functional status is more important than age alone.
This document provides information on parotidectomy surgery and the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program.
It describes the technique for parotidectomy surgery, including identifying and dissecting around the facial nerve. It notes that most parotid tumors are benign and complications are usually temporary facial nerve paralysis.
It then discusses the development of the FLS program to standardize laparoscopic surgery training. The program includes cognitive training and manual skills assessment. Many residency programs and hospitals now require surgeons to complete the FLS. A large grant will help make the program more accessible to residency programs.
This document summarizes an article about volunteer surgeons providing care to wounded soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. It discusses the senior visiting surgeon program established by the American College of Surgeons that allows surgeons to volunteer their time. The volunteer rotation described involved caring for patients at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany as part of the complex medical evacuation process bringing wounded soldiers from war zones to the United States for further treatment and recovery.
1. The document discusses various sources of data for benchmarking surgical outcomes, including public reporting programs, public use administrative databases, and clinical registries. It notes limitations of using administrative data including problems with accuracy, completeness, and clinical precision of coding.
2. Clinical registries like the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database are described as better sources of benchmarking data as they provide risk-adjusted outcomes while protecting individual hospital and surgeon confidentiality.
3. Limitations of all surgical benchmarking sources include small sample sizes, lack of generalizability between databases, and lack of external auditing to ensure accuracy and completeness of submitted data.
This document discusses organ procurement from cadaveric donors. It describes the coordination between donor and recipient activities, including matching organs to recipients based on factors like blood type, medical urgency, and waiting time. The evaluation of donor organs is outlined for different organs. Careful donor management aims to optimize organs while respecting donor dignity.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is a hybrid technique that provides many of the advantages of traditional open surgery and laparoscopic colectomy. HALS employs a special access device that allows the surgeon to place a hand in the abdomen to assist with retraction, dissection, and visualization while maintaining pneumoperitoneum and laparoscopic instrumentation through trocars. Studies have shown HALS results in shorter operative times and lower conversion rates to open surgery compared to traditional laparoscopic colectomy while preserving similar short-term clinical outcomes. HALS may help expand the use of minimally invasive approaches for complex colectomies by providing an easier transition from open surgery than traditional laparoscopic techniques.
The document summarizes the evolution of trauma surgery training and practice in the United States. It discusses how trauma surgery originated in large city hospitals but has since expanded to regional trauma centers. It also notes changes in surgical training away from generalist models towards increased specialization. Trauma surgery is increasingly encompassing broader emergency general surgery duties due to workforce shortages, while training programs emphasize specialized rather than broad skills.