The central area of the Mediterranean Sea is characterized by the bathymetric conformation of its seabed and especially for having been subjected, like other waters in the world, to transformations dependent on the change in sea level that caused the submergence at different stages and during the glacial and post-glacial periods, the emergence.
Editorial – July 2011 – The latest space mission : SMOS, GOCE and CRYOSAT
Greengs all,
This month’s newsleer is devoted to the latest space mission and their use in physical oceasnography. A focus is here put on the possible physical oceanography
applicaons of the SMOS, GOCE and CRYOSAT missions.
SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on November 2, 2009, is the first satellite mission addressing sea surface salinity measurements from space. Realis-
c salinity maps have been obtained and preliminary validaon tests against in situ data indicate that the SMOS team is approaching its goals. SMOS will be a milestone
in the route for incorporang salinity to operaonal remote sensing.
The GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulaon) satellite, first core Earth Explorer mission from ESA’s Living Planet programme, was successfully launched
on March, 17th 2009. One primary objecve of the GOCE mission is to determine the Earth geoid with an accuracy of 1-2 cm for a spaal resoluon of 100 km. This is
an important supplementary step towards the beer esmaon of the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography, a key reference surface for the assimilaon of almetric Sea
Level Anomalies into operaonal ocean forecasng systems.
ESA's CRYOSAT Earth Explorer mission was launched on 8 April 2010. Although its first mission is to provide the first satellite maps of sea-ice thickness, the CRYOSAT
mission is also operang over ocean surfaces providing a new source of valuable almeter measurements. It represents an addional almeter ocean mission complementary
to exisng Envisat, Jason-1 and Jason-2 missions in the operaonal mulmission processing chain of the SSALTO/DUACS system used in MyOcean.
The newsleer is presenng the following scienfic arcles: First, Font et al. present the characteriscs of the SMOS instrument, a summary of the sea surface salinity
retrieval from SMOS observaons and shows inial results obtained one year and a half a>er launch. At present there are sll several issues being addressed by the
SMOS team, mainly related to low level data processing but also to the retrieval of salinity from radiometric measurements, which prevent by now from reaching the
mission objecves in terms of salinity accuracy. However, realisc salinity maps have been obtained and will be presented. Second, Rio and Mulet carry out an independent
validaon of the different GOCE geoid models, in order to assess their accuracy and determine which one is beer suited for oceanographic applicaons and
Mean Dynamic Topography esmaon. Both the impact of the different methodologies used to compute the gravity fields as well as the contribuon of the four
months of supplementary data have been checked. Third, Dorendeu et al. present a dedicated experiment in order to esmate to which extent valuable ocean al-
metric signals can be extracted from CRYOSAT data and how this opportunity mission could be merged with exisng Envi
-Examined features ranging from valley systems in Margaritifer Sinus to inverted topography in Aeolis/Zephyria Plana
-Studied and analyzed MOLA, THEMIS-VIS, OMEGA, MOC, CRISM, HRSC, and CTX imagery
A REVIEW OF GROWTH FAULTS AND ROLLOVER ANTICLINES (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER DELTA) James Opemipo OLOMO
Growth faults and its associated rollover anticlines are generally syndepositional sedimentary structures that result from diastrophism which was contemporaneous with sedimentation. They are special structures which occur abundantly in the Niger Delta & constitute one of the most important hydrocarbon traps in the region .
Despite this abundance, their occurrence is however restricted to the extensional zone of the Niger delta. These structures can be identified from outcrops, seismic data , structure contour maps and well logs. While their propagation history can be constrained by the use of key kinematic tools, such as t-z, d-l and expansion index plots. Although, it has been identified that these structures are target structures in the accumulation of oil and gas, they can also be destructive, especially if they are reactivated after hydrocarbon accumulation.
Hence, it is important for the petroleum explorationist to identify, map their extent and constrain the propagation history of these structures, in order to minimise exploration risk.
Editorial – July 2011 – The latest space mission : SMOS, GOCE and CRYOSAT
Greengs all,
This month’s newsleer is devoted to the latest space mission and their use in physical oceasnography. A focus is here put on the possible physical oceanography
applicaons of the SMOS, GOCE and CRYOSAT missions.
SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on November 2, 2009, is the first satellite mission addressing sea surface salinity measurements from space. Realis-
c salinity maps have been obtained and preliminary validaon tests against in situ data indicate that the SMOS team is approaching its goals. SMOS will be a milestone
in the route for incorporang salinity to operaonal remote sensing.
The GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulaon) satellite, first core Earth Explorer mission from ESA’s Living Planet programme, was successfully launched
on March, 17th 2009. One primary objecve of the GOCE mission is to determine the Earth geoid with an accuracy of 1-2 cm for a spaal resoluon of 100 km. This is
an important supplementary step towards the beer esmaon of the ocean Mean Dynamic Topography, a key reference surface for the assimilaon of almetric Sea
Level Anomalies into operaonal ocean forecasng systems.
ESA's CRYOSAT Earth Explorer mission was launched on 8 April 2010. Although its first mission is to provide the first satellite maps of sea-ice thickness, the CRYOSAT
mission is also operang over ocean surfaces providing a new source of valuable almeter measurements. It represents an addional almeter ocean mission complementary
to exisng Envisat, Jason-1 and Jason-2 missions in the operaonal mulmission processing chain of the SSALTO/DUACS system used in MyOcean.
The newsleer is presenng the following scienfic arcles: First, Font et al. present the characteriscs of the SMOS instrument, a summary of the sea surface salinity
retrieval from SMOS observaons and shows inial results obtained one year and a half a>er launch. At present there are sll several issues being addressed by the
SMOS team, mainly related to low level data processing but also to the retrieval of salinity from radiometric measurements, which prevent by now from reaching the
mission objecves in terms of salinity accuracy. However, realisc salinity maps have been obtained and will be presented. Second, Rio and Mulet carry out an independent
validaon of the different GOCE geoid models, in order to assess their accuracy and determine which one is beer suited for oceanographic applicaons and
Mean Dynamic Topography esmaon. Both the impact of the different methodologies used to compute the gravity fields as well as the contribuon of the four
months of supplementary data have been checked. Third, Dorendeu et al. present a dedicated experiment in order to esmate to which extent valuable ocean al-
metric signals can be extracted from CRYOSAT data and how this opportunity mission could be merged with exisng Envi
-Examined features ranging from valley systems in Margaritifer Sinus to inverted topography in Aeolis/Zephyria Plana
-Studied and analyzed MOLA, THEMIS-VIS, OMEGA, MOC, CRISM, HRSC, and CTX imagery
A REVIEW OF GROWTH FAULTS AND ROLLOVER ANTICLINES (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER DELTA) James Opemipo OLOMO
Growth faults and its associated rollover anticlines are generally syndepositional sedimentary structures that result from diastrophism which was contemporaneous with sedimentation. They are special structures which occur abundantly in the Niger Delta & constitute one of the most important hydrocarbon traps in the region .
Despite this abundance, their occurrence is however restricted to the extensional zone of the Niger delta. These structures can be identified from outcrops, seismic data , structure contour maps and well logs. While their propagation history can be constrained by the use of key kinematic tools, such as t-z, d-l and expansion index plots. Although, it has been identified that these structures are target structures in the accumulation of oil and gas, they can also be destructive, especially if they are reactivated after hydrocarbon accumulation.
Hence, it is important for the petroleum explorationist to identify, map their extent and constrain the propagation history of these structures, in order to minimise exploration risk.
Mechanism of Plate Tectonics and Resultant LandformsMithun Ray
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. The theory transformed the earth sciences by explaining many phenomena, including mountain building events, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Application of Basic Remote Sensing in GeologyUzair Khan
Application of basic remote sensing in Geology. This presentation tries to discriminate the lithology in the Landsat-7 scene located Karachi West. Although other enhanced methodology available to discriminate the rock types, here just a band ratios and simple band combination used for lithology identification.
Ben ali et-al_2018-fish-assemblage-sidi-aichwalidbenali6
Description of fish assemblage within Lower Cretaceous dominantly-sandstone deposits of the Sidi AicFormation in southern Tunisia. A depositional model was proposed for the sedimentary succession.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Background: The management of the clinically and radiological negative neck in patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) is still controversial. As approximately 20 to 30% of these patients harbor occult neck disease, most of them is submitted to elective neck dissection with no benefit in great majority of those cases. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLB) is a potential method for staging of lymphatic metastasis in HNSCC and the status of the sentinel node predicts the presence of metastasis in the remainder of the nodes within the nodal basin.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species. Their proportionately large impacts on ecosystems extend both top-down (i.e. regulation of vegetation), but also bottom up (regulated their predators).
Mechanism of Plate Tectonics and Resultant LandformsMithun Ray
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. The theory transformed the earth sciences by explaining many phenomena, including mountain building events, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Application of Basic Remote Sensing in GeologyUzair Khan
Application of basic remote sensing in Geology. This presentation tries to discriminate the lithology in the Landsat-7 scene located Karachi West. Although other enhanced methodology available to discriminate the rock types, here just a band ratios and simple band combination used for lithology identification.
Ben ali et-al_2018-fish-assemblage-sidi-aichwalidbenali6
Description of fish assemblage within Lower Cretaceous dominantly-sandstone deposits of the Sidi AicFormation in southern Tunisia. A depositional model was proposed for the sedimentary succession.
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Background: The management of the clinically and radiological negative neck in patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (HNSCC) is still controversial. As approximately 20 to 30% of these patients harbor occult neck disease, most of them is submitted to elective neck dissection with no benefit in great majority of those cases. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLB) is a potential method for staging of lymphatic metastasis in HNSCC and the status of the sentinel node predicts the presence of metastasis in the remainder of the nodes within the nodal basin.
By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species. Their proportionately large impacts on ecosystems extend both top-down (i.e. regulation of vegetation), but also bottom up (regulated their predators).
Objective: To investigate the impact of cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) load in the saliva and blood on the survival of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients.
Study Design: Samples were obtained from 63 patients 7 days before and 21 days after allo-HSCT. Cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA, and HCMV load was determined by real-time PCR.
Results: The increase of IL-6 in the saliva and the reduction of IFN-γ in the blood before allo-HSCT were associated with increased risk of death. Moreover, the increase of IL-6 in the blood and of HCMV in the saliva after allo-HSCT were also associated with increased risk of death.
Conclusions: Cytokine levels and HCMV load were associated with the increased risk of death. The findings suggest a potential function of these biomarkers in the determination of allo-HSCT survival.
The presence of a large bulky pancreatic tumour in a young female should raise suspicions of the diagnosis of solid-pseduopapillary tumour of the pancreas.
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are uncommon, accounting for only 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. These tumors are being detected at an increased rate, probably due to the increased awareness and the liberal use of imaging.
Background: A study published by St-Onge at al. (2012), identified an important variation in practice in regards to the management of calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning.
Von Hippel-Lindaudisease (VHLD) is a rare hereditary tumor syndrome, inherited in autosomal dominant manner. Patients diagnosed with VHLD have a high risk of developing neoplasms of various organs (eyes, central nervous system, bone, kidney, adrenal glands, epididymis, broad ligament and pancreas).
Mutations in the transmembrane channel-like gene1 (TMC1) are known to cause autosomal dominant and recessive forms of nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNA36 and DFNB7/11, respectively.
Background: With implementation of Medicare policies affecting reimbursement for readmissions, there has been increased emphasis on quality of care during transition from hospital to home.
Systems biology is based on the understanding of the human health and environmental sustainability. The systems biology is considered as the most holistic approach to deciphering the complexity...
Jaeger le coultre geophysic collection -englishMorad Behbehani
Renowned for its horological mastery and its creative talent, Jaeger-LeCoultre now wishes to share the fruits of its expertise with a broader public. This is why it is introducing an original collection with a pure, uncluttered design, driven by a new Haute Horlogerie calibre encapsulating the inventive spirit of the Manufacture. Geophysic® line reveals its gripping story, so that we can better tell our own.
Similar to acquiring-satellitar-data-and-post-processing-digital-model-to-analyze-geophysic-morphology-of-submerged-landscape-open-journal-of-oceanography-peertechz-journals
A sequence of slides detailing a preliminary study for age dating (biostrat) the Enjefa Beach succession in Kuwait. The sedimentology of the cliff section is that of Dr Saifullah Khan Tanoli and acts as the framework. The description of the modern day Beach Rock is by S Crittenden
ES 1010, Earth Science 1 Course Learning Outcomes for.docxaryan532920
ES 1010, Earth Science 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Compare the geography, composition, circulation, and temporal cycles of the oceans.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 10:
The Restless Ocean
Watch the following video:
Williams, C. [IDT-CSU]. (2015, August 7). Coastal processes [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ZO07SgCFKWs
Click here to access a transcript of the video.
NASA Goddard. (2008, October 24). In the zone. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lB1FADETAyg
Unit Lesson
It is easy to see why Earth is referred to as the “Blue
Planet”—71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by
oceans and seas. However, less than 5% of our
oceans have been explored (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 2014). So
essentially, most of our Earth is still unexplored and
largely unknown. We do know that oceans contain the
highest mountains, the deepest trenches, and the
longest mountain ranges. On average, the ocean
depth is about four times the average elevation of
continents. In fact, Lutgens & Tarbuck (2014) state that
if the Earth’s continents were perfectly flat, they would
be completely submerged under more than 2,000
meters of seawater!
Oceanography is the branch of science that studies
the world’s oceans. It includes geology, chemistry,
physics, and biology (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014).
Oceanographers started mapping the oceans floors as
early as 1872 by dropping weighted lines down to the
ocean bottom at random points. The use of sound navigation and ranging (sonar) began during World War I
to detect enemy submarines, and was later improved during World War II. Sonar uses the echo of sound
waves to plot the profile of the ocean floor. Satellite radar technology has also contributed to mapping the
ocean floor. Today, we have a fairly good picture of the ocean floor topography.
As we study the ocean floor, we notice three major features: continental margins, basin floors, and mid-
oceanic ridge. The continental margins can be classified as active or passive. Active margins are where the
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Oceans
An iceberg captured on camera during a 30-day mission in
2012 to map areas of the Arctic aboard the NOAA Ship
Fairweather (NOAA, 2013).
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/courses/General_Studies/ES/ES1010/15N/UnitV_CoastalProcesses.pdf
ES 1010, Earth Science
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
ocean lithosphere is subducted beneath the continental crust (recall what you learned in Units III and IV).
These are mainly found around the Pacific Ocean. Passive margins are those that are not experiencing plate
tectonic activity and have more stable topography. Basin floors make up about 30% of the Earth’s surface
(Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014). These areas are between the margins and the mid-ocean ridges and include
deep trenches, under ...
New light on sea-routes and trade between Cyprus and the Aegean during the late Classical period.
The 4th-Century-BC Mazotos Shipwreck. Stella Demesticha
Archaeological Research Unit, Dept of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus
Greetings all,
The summer newsletter is dedicated to tropical oceans. Pacific, Atlantic and Indian tropical oceans constitute a vast scientific
study area where major coupled ocean-atmosphere processes such as tropical cyclones (see figure), El Nino event and African
or Indian Monsoons, take place. Such areas also play a key role in the context of Climate Change, and trigger growing scientific
as well as political interests. For example, the recent IPCC report of the second working group (http://www.ipcc.ch/) is stressing
out that an increase in the intense tropical cyclone activity is likely to happen in a near future.
This issue displays two introduction papers, i) one by B. Bourles informing us on the EGEE program in the tropical Atlantic
ocean, in the context of the broader African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) field program ii} and the second by F.
Hernandez, which keeps us informed about the PIRATA and TAO data observation network evolution in the tropical Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific oceans.
Follow five articles, displaying current state of the art scientific studies in the tropical oceans. We first start with an article by
Drevillon et al. presenting the brand new Mercator-Ocean 1/4° multivariate global forecast operational system, with a focus on
the tropical oceans. A second paper by Buarque et al. tells us about the collaboration between Meteo-France, Cerfacs and
Mercator-Ocean, where Mercator-Ocean provides model outputs and scientific expertise in order to monitor the tropical Pacific
El Nino event, which then leads to the monthly publication of the “Bulletin Climatique Global”. Next article by Marin et al. takes
place in the tropical Atlantic where tropical instability waves are carefully studied using the Mercator-Ocean MERA11 reanalysis.
A fourth paper by Dewitte et al. shows us how the Pacific equatorial Kelvin waves are related to the coastal variability along the
Peru-Chile coast in a Mercator-Ocean simulation. Last but not least article by Illig et al. details the equatorial wave intraseasonal
variability in the Indian and Pacific Oceans using the same Mercator-Ocean simulation as Dewitte et al. It is found that, whereas
the intra-seasonal Kelvin wave is mostly forced by the wind in the Pacific Ocean, it is rather resonance of the waves that takes
place in the Indian Ocean, leading to energetic variability of the Rossby waves and surface current variability.
After this summer issue dealing with warm tropical latitudes, the next October 2007 newsletter will gather papers dealing with
colder and higher latitudes. We wish you a pleasant reading.
Interactive Adventure Exhibitions
Dive into the themed worlds and experience interactive exhibitions. Rappich Systembau GmbH & Co.KG develop, plan and implement unique adventure tour exhibitions. With the highest standards in content and exhibition design, mobile and modular experience worlds are created to meet changing audience demands.
Mars exploration has been guided by the search for water. The more complex quest by Mars Science
Laboratory for habitable environments should illuminate the Martian environmental history, and
possibly deliver insights into extraterrestrial life.
The Bathurst Metallogenic map and transition to a new generation mineral potential mapping in NSW
Similar to acquiring-satellitar-data-and-post-processing-digital-model-to-analyze-geophysic-morphology-of-submerged-landscape-open-journal-of-oceanography-peertechz-journals (20)
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Acquiring Satellitar Data and Post-Processing Digital
Model to Analyze Geophysic Morphology of
(Submerged) Landscape - Virtual Geomorphological
Model of a Submerged Canyon off Southeast Sicily
Giuseppe Avola*
*Corresponding author: Giuseppe Avola, Department of Antiquity
Sciences, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza, Italy;
Dates: Received: 29 March, 2016; Accepted: 06 May, 2016;
Published: 10 May, 2016
Citation: Avola G (2016) Acquiring Satellitar Data and Post-Processing
Digital Model to Analyze Geophysic Morphology of (Submerged)
Landscape - Virtual Geomorphological Model of a Submerged Canyon
off Southeast Sicily. Open J Oceanography 1(1): 001-012.
3. Research
The central area of the Mediterranean Sea is
characterized by the bathymetric conformation of its
seabed and especially for having been subjected, like
other waters in the world, to transformations dependent
on the change in sea level that caused the submergence
at different stages and during the glacial and post-glacial
periods, the emergence. Through the consideration of
the geological phenomena that have altered the
morphology of the landscape in the Sicilian Channel,
during glacial and interglacial phase, will be analyze the
underwater topography of the great geological plateau
combining tectonically Malta and Sicily, especially the
eastern side, which gradually slopes down to the high
depth of the central Mediterranean basin (Figure 1).
4. Thank you
For more information Read Online Article…
http://www.peertechz.com/Oceanography/pdf/OJO-1-101.pdf
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