Racial profiling in the black community refers to the practice of law enforcement making assumptions about criminal conduct based on race rather than criminal behavior. While some argue that racial profiling enhances protection of minorities, most research shows that it undermines trust in police and causes feelings of alienation among racial minorities. Racial profiling has been documented as disproportionately targeting African American males during traffic stops and searches. It can compromise social cohesion and discriminate against certain groups. Overall the negative impacts of racial profiling are considered to outweigh any potential benefits.
Breaking the Cycle of Chronic Homelessness (Patricia Tooker)Wagner College
This monograph was written for Wagner College's Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform in January 2020 by Patricia Tooker, DNP, Dean of the Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing at Wagner College and Research Fellow for the Carey Institute.
Breaking the Cycle of Chronic Homelessness (Patricia Tooker)Wagner College
This monograph was written for Wagner College's Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform in January 2020 by Patricia Tooker, DNP, Dean of the Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing at Wagner College and Research Fellow for the Carey Institute.
Audi Marketing Segmentation PresentationPavan Goswami
Please Leave You Valuable Comments.
This Presentation is About Marketing and Branding of an Automotive Company. We Choose Audi for this Presentation.
Topics Are - Market Segmentation
Geographic Segmentation
Demographic Segmentation
Psycho-graphic Segmentation
Market Targeting
Market Positioning
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
BShyenna Vega Professor Artist Writing for Crimina.docxrichardnorman90310
B
Shyenna Vega
Professor Artist
Writing for Criminal Justice
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
April 9, 2020
The primary duties of Police Officers (lower case) are to enforce the law, protect people, protect property, and patrol around to prevent incidents from happening (cite source) . The Criminal Justice (lower case) system is broken, and people of color are treated unequally. Police officers are influencing racial biases by their judgment of suspicion. In the courtroom, race plays a big role in decision making on how much time the individual serves. Racial Police biases are the leading cause of detention within for African Americans in America.
Police stops are caused by four mechanisms, which are racial profiling, stereotyping, cognitive bias, and being prejudice towards an individual (source). Police officers are makingconduct police stops with a lack of evidence in violation of the_____ amendment Amendments (state the specific amendment officers violate when making unlawful stops). According to Kenne (2017), Terry v. Ohio (ital) was a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Please restate this. The court case addressed a violation of the 4th A) Police Officers may stop a suspect on the street and frisk him or her without probable cause if the police officer believes the individual had committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. In Terry v. Ohio, police officers did an unreasonable search and seizure, and it was noticed that the police stop might be considered with the influence of racial bias (source). Discuss the four mechanisms
The Fourth Amendment protects their homes, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, upon probable cause. A search is a procedure led by approved operators of the law experiencing part or the entirety of a person's property, searching for explicit things that are identified with the wrongdoing that they are motivated to accept has been submitted. A seizure occurs if the officials claim things during the search. In Terry v. Ohio was an African American man that were unlawfully searched and seizers. Proofread
In Whren v. United States, the police officers violated the Fourth Amendment. Police officers used a traffic violation to stop these men. According to Keene (2017), The Police officer's racial bias may be influencing the officer's perceptions and judgments of the individual's behavior. The Fourth Amendment does require a balancing test between a search and seizures, and the harm it might cause the individual. There was nothing about the traffic violation that was harmful towards the officer for them to persuade the search and seizures, which is why the officers violated the Fourth Amendment.
A Traffic violation is an act or omission that’s prohibited by the law but is not a crime. Speeding, failing to stop or yield, falling to put your signal, seat belt violations, etc. are tra.
Term Paper Essay Assignment Rubric Due by Saturday May 12th.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Essay Assignment Rubric
Due by Saturday May 12th at 11:59pm via TurnitIn (20% of final grade)
Sociology 3480: Term Paper Rubric
Sources: In addition to your text and/or readings, provide at least 5 outside sources. At least one
outside source must be a peer reviewed/academic journal article. Wikipedia, personal blogs,
and/or .org’s will not be accepted as valid sources.
Note: Electronic copy must be uploaded to Turnitin link to check for citation accuracy
Study – Gather data online (no less than 5 articles). Characterize the social issue you chose for
yourself and show how it fits what is given and said about that topic in news/media. How is this
different than what we have been reading in our text? Cite comparisons.
Consider the social topic you chose relative to course material and answer the following
questions in essay format to summarize your findings.
In general, you should address the following questions in your essay:
What is your social topic?
What are some of the specific areas discussed in your social topic?
What are the different perspectives/opposing viewpoints?
How do most people get their information on your given social topic?
How is it different than you imagined, than what you read about?
What past research has been done on your topic?
Which solutions have worked, what haven’t? (investigate: read articles and refer to your text)
What new or unresolved issues/concerns have developed?
What did you learn by doing this paper?
(Again, use these questions to guide the general direction of your essay. Do not answer these
questions individually).
Surname 6
How Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Influence Police Brutality
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
The social topic of race, ethnicity, and immigration is critical to discuss so that one can understand how these factors influence people in society. Race refers to the classification of individuals based on social or physical qualities. Ethnicity entails people’s categories based on their language, culture, ancestry, and history. In addition, immigration refers to moving and settling in a specific country temporarily or permanently. Many individuals consider race and ethnicity of residents in a particular area before migrating. In most cases, people move to places where they can find others who understand them. Currently, neighborhoods comprise of individuals who belong to the same race or ethnicity. That is why it is hard for whites to settle in areas where the majority of people living there are African Americans. Therefore, race and ethnicity are the two primary determinants of immigration in the United States of America (USA). Although many Americans have encountered police brutality, at some point in their lives, race, ethnicity, and immigration ar.
Equal Rights Proposition Outline Police Brutality towards African.docxelbanglis
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
1
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
5
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
Team C
Derrick Jones
Joseph Maestas
July 23, 2019
Professor Rosalind Raby
Week 3
Title: Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African AmericansA. Police Brutality Against African-Americans.a. Police brutality against African-Americans is not a new issue. It has been happening throughout history and needs to be stopped. Police brutality is prematurely ending and/or effecting the lives and communities of many African-Americans. b. This needless violence causes tremendous strain on the affected families mental and physical well-being, but also African-Americans as a whole. These actions bare the weight the United States history of violence against African-Americans and reflect the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. c. Whether the brutality is intentional or not, it sends out the message that police does not value the health, well-being, and lives of African-Americans. This is not a message that should be sent and police brutality against African American must be stopped at all costs. B. Issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor forcea. Throughout history African-Americans have had a tough time in the labor force. There has been some progress, but unequal employment opportunities continue to be standard operating procedure for many African American men and women. b. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the African American unemployment rate is the lowest in history. However, they continue to face problems and challenges which are often imposed because of a lack of understanding or negative attitudes brought on racial biases although they possess the same or higher-level education than their counterparts. c. African-Americans must deal with being pushed into minority positions in meaningless jobs, not being given access to the same networks as their coworkers, working twice as hard for less wages, not being given the same opportunities for career advancements and promotion, and various other forms of discrimination.C. How society has constructed this group's identitya. The African American population in this country has always been a minority. African Americans started out in this country as slaves, and even with the abolishment of slavery and the civil rights movement, society still perceives this group as less than. b. African-Americans are seen to be associated with drugs since many of this minority live in impoverished areas where drugs are abundant. In recent years, there has been a significant focus on African-Americans and the criminal justice system and police brutality (Taylor, 2013). c. Society uses the “War on drugs” as an excuse for overtly racist behavior by law enforcement (Taylor, 2013). Today’s society associate ...
Christian Castillo D2 Summer 2018Outline of Complete Research.docxchristinemaritza
Christian Castillo
D2 Summer 2018
Outline of Complete Research Proposal 1
RACE AND CRIME 5
1. Introduction
a. Topic introduction and context.
Racial discrimination, which is the way of targeting accused based on race prominence, could be responsible for the increase in rate of crime arrest. Subcultural theorists argue that poor people, also referred to as have-nots, normally reside in areas where the social respect is subject to violence and physical strength and this habit promote crime. More to this, race impacts who gets arrested, and some pieces of evidence show that minorities are disproportionate form crime statistics (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It is official that high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration of these minorities may be as a result of criminal justice actors. It is interesting to note that race and social stratification are related in the aspect that nonwhite form lower class and this poorer class lack the genuine ways to obtain goods and they choose to join crime.
b. Significance
Physical injury and death are grouped as homicide, and known as the biggest cause of death amongst the youths. According to the “U.S Public health” brutality is a chief health issues which is challenging the Americans. Crime is intertwined with acts of violence. Secondly, crime is associated with loss, such as vandalism, arson, and environmental destruction. Crimes also pose economic cost through expense linked with transfer of property through robbery, during crime, criminal violence brings about additional medical cost of attending to the victims. There is another form of cost: cost of protection, which includes funds used to guard dogs and surveillance systems. According to studies, race has a huge impact on crime, thus scientists and scholars have tried to uncover what triggers people with different skin color to engage in criminal acts. All these implications make it important to study the relation of race to crime with a mind of reducing the cost.
c. Research question and hypothesis.
Arguably, black people are more likely to engage in criminal activities than white people. Does this stereotype have any relevance to it? A black man in the US today has three times a higher chance of going to prison as well. There has to be a relationship that supports both statements. Comment by Microsoft Office User: State your hypothesis clearly.
d. Proposed research design
The research will use data collected by different institution to evaluate the relationship between crime and race. It will describe offending action of different races within the sample population and this will be used for descriptive purpose. Second, the explanation will predict race pattern in relation to crime. The analysis builds on existing records of crime documenting racial pattern. Comment by Microsoft Office User: How will the data be collected for analysis? Existing statistics?
e. Roadmap
The remainder of this research paper stereotypes the conce ...
Similar to Racial Profiling in the Black Community (9)
2. RACIAL PROFILING 2
Racial Profiling in the Black Community
Racial profiling in black communities refers to practices used by local authorities to make
conclusions about criminal conduct. The act of profiling differs from criminal aspect where law
enforcement agencies use behavioral elements to predict crime. In the criminal sense, police use
profiling and their experiences and traditions to discover criminals in the society. Racial profiling
rests on the same correlation with criminal classifications. However, the law authorities use race
rather than traits as indicators of criminal activities. Several researchers have documented about
the effects of racial profiling in the black community.
Some argue that racial profiling decreases confidence in police officers, compromises the
future and a diminished sense of native citizenship and alienation. Other persons argue that racial
profiling in the black community enhances the protection of minority persons. Racial profiling in
the black community has positive and adverse effects. However, the negative influences are
more than the merits of profiling. The paper seeks to analyze the impacts of racial profiling in the
black community.
Weatherspoon F. (2004). Racial Profiling of African-American Males: Stopped, Searched, and
Stripped of Constitutional Protection, 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 439 (2004). Retrieved on
17th July 2015 from http://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1352&context=lawreview
Racial profiling in societies particularly of the black community compromises the future
of the population and discriminated persons. The future of a nation depends on the ethical
conduct of its population (Weatherspoon, 2004). However, the increased cases of racial
discrimination negate the positive cohesion and existence between various persons in the
societies. Weatherspoon analyzes the racial profiling of the black minority groups in the
3. RACIAL PROFILING 3
American society. Black men in the American society went through different injustices
that include stoppage along the roads without prior notifications. According to
Weatherspoon (2004), the police in the United States stopped black persons and stripped
them of their belongings. The acts of profiling occurred due to the supreme law
weaknesses. Racial profiling in the black American society paints a picture on the
injustices people go through in the community. The article is essential in supporting the
thesis statement as it offers an insight into the problems faced by the black people in the
American society.
The concept of racial profiling requires an open examination to understand the positive
and adverse effects. By examining the opposing documents, it gives an insight into the
reasons people practice racial profiling in the black community.
Keller S. (2008). A Thought about Racial Profiling. Retrieved on 17th July 2015 from
http://publicreason.net/2008/06/20/a-thought-about-racial-profiling
According to Keller (2008), racial profiling in various societies happens for a purpose
because of the different issues the minority persons undergo in their lives. Racial
profiling occurs mostly in societies suspected of criminal activities. Security personnel
need to practice racial profiling to protect the law-abiding citizens. Attention to various
personalities of a particular race gives the security persons an upper hand in tackling
crime.
Racial profiling enhances the protection of minority persons by the majority in societies.
According to Keller (2008), minority individuals in communities face discrimination due
to their weaker bargaining power. More often, they face discrimination in resource
allocation and sharing the education facilities. Under certain circumstances, it is essential
4. RACIAL PROFILING 4
to profile minority groups to allow the police officers and government officials provide
protection. Keller (2008) contends that the adverse effects of racial profiling outweigh the
positives. His assumptions make the article reliable for the support of the thesis
statement. The article is important because it helps unravel the causes of racial profiling
and its effects on the society. It is, therefore, essential to use the Keller article to support
the analysis as it provides an open view to the problems of racial profiling.
Higgins, G., Gabbidon, S., & Vito, G. (2010). Exploring the influence of race relations
and public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops.
International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 12(1), 12-22.
doi:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.1.155
According to Higgins, Gabbidon & Vito (2010), ethnic and racial minorities are always
subjected to considerable inspection by the law enforcement officers. Blacks after and during the
slave era were targeted by the police officers. Currently, scholars label the idea of singling out
racial and ethnic minority groups, to be precise blacks as racial profiling. Individuals from the
Black community are thoroughly scrutinized by the police officers with the primary objective of
reducing and preventing crime. However, Higgins, Gabbidon & Vito (2010) points out that legal
lawsuit in 1990 commenced exposing the discriminatory actions of law enforcement personnel in
Florida, Maryland, and New Jersey. According to these lawsuits, it was evident that Blacks
compared to Whites were suspiciously stopped by police officers as they pursued drug barons.
As a consequence of the outrage from ethnic and racial minority groups regarding police
search, police agencies were expected to document the race of individuals they stopped and
searched as well as the reason for stopping them. From the police data, it was evident that their
existed racial disparity in search and stop data. For this reason, the above authors suggest the
5. RACIAL PROFILING 5
need for the government at the federal, local, and national level to channel their efforts towards
improving race relations. As a result of improved race relations, there will be a reduced
likelihood of the public not feeling that there is a wide spread of racial profiling. Equally,
researchers should channel their focus towards exploring race relations impact on the public
opinion regarding racial profiling.
The Leadership Conference Education Fund.(2015). The Case against Racial Profiling.
Retrieved from, http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/racial-profiling2011/the-case-
against-racial.html
According to the above article, racial profiling compels innocent individuals to tolerate
the burden of police officers so that they can prove their innocence. For instance, criminals, an
undocumented immigrant, and terrorist are often apprehended via racial profiling. However, law-
abiding racial minorities are also subjected to racial profiling as though they are undocumented
immigrants, terrorist, or criminals. Law enforcement agencies often fail to understand that racial
profiling results in emotional and behavioral consequences. Individuals from the minority
groups, especially those who are innocent are compelled to dress in a certain way or use specific
routes to shun police attention that might profile or stop them. In some instances, some choose to
reside in neighborhoods where they will not be noticed easily. Such actions result in residential
segregation. However, to counter racial profiling, the government is making use of a wide range
of measures such as counterterrorism.
Proponents of racial profiling contend that profiling is useful and necessary because it
plays an essential role in fighting street crime, combating terrorism, and enforcing migration
laws. On the contrary, proponents argue that racial profiling as a strategy to combat crime is
6. RACIAL PROFILING 6
flawed and increases the number of innocent individuals brought to the criminal justice system.
Equally, they argue that racial profiling is an obstacle towards jailing undocumented immigrants,
terrorists, and criminal because, in most cases, innocent individuals are caught by the law
enforcement agencies. Besides, opponents of racial profiling point out that as a tactic, it misuses
and diverts enforcement resources that can be utilized in enhancing the safety of the public.
7. RACIAL PROFILING 7
References
Higgins, G., Gabbidon, S., & Vito, G. (2010). Exploring the influence of race relations and
public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops.
International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 12(1), 12-22.
doi:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.1.155
Keller S. (2008). A Thought about Racial Profiling. Retrieved on 17th July 2015 from
http://publicreason.net/2008/06/20/a-thought-about-racial-profiling
The Leadership Conference Education Fund.(2015). The Case against Racial Profiling.
Retrieved from, http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/racial-profiling2011/the-
case-against-racial.html
Weatherspoon F. (2004). Racial Profiling of African-American Males: Stopped, Searched, and
Stripped of Constitutional Protection, 38 J. Marshall L. Rev. 439 (2004).
Retrieved on 17th July 2015 from http://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1352&context=lawreview