RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title, date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice system need to be changed in order to change the face of the system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration. Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel: American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By desig ...
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
Jones 1Jones 7Kyle JonesMatthew ZimmermanEnglish 10222 N.docxpriestmanmable
Jones 1
Jones 7
Kyle Jones
Matthew Zimmerman
English 102
22 November 2014[Title]: [Subtitle]
In 2014, we live in a world with a media saturated culture. This is the era of digital news services, of 24-hour news channels, free newspapers, and even media based applications. For the majority of us, the way in which we learn about the world outside our personal perception is through the consumption of news, mainly still through broadcast or print (OFCOM 2007). Various forms of media has fed the public statistics that created a sense of stereotyping for each particular race. For example, the media and those on film, such as politics and leaders of the government, link together race and crime, which conveys a criminal image of the public’s consumption (St. John & Heald-Moore, 1995). Since race and crime are tied together, when one thinks of a crime, hears about a crime, or when crime is being reported, race is usually associated with it. In the American society, a frequent representation of crime is that it is majorly committed by African- Americans. The view of African Americans has been distorted and twisted by the media. Without question, almost everything that is being covered by the media is believed by most of society and it becomes their actual perceptual reality. Broadcast media and other various forms of media has a history for portraying African Americans in a biased manner, as if they were mostly reported involved in crime, drugs, or acts of violence. This has led to many cases of stereotyping, racial profiling, police brutality, prejudice, inhumane acts and has brain washed most of our society into believing that almost every African American is mischievous or a threat to their well-being. African Americans are unjustly, as well as unrealistically depicted on broadcast news and various other types of mass media. These negative connotations affects more than just African- Americans but also every other culture that exists in America.
African Americans have been associated with crime for quite some time. It was not until some in the 1970’s and early 1980s that the popular stereotype of the young black man evolved in the eyes of many from a petty thief or rapist into the notorious , malicious criminal predators, or what Kathery Russel ( 2002) has argued, is the world recognized “ criminalblackman”. Within the last few decades there have been controversial law enforcement practices of racial profiling. Law enforcement officials pursue minorities in an attempt to increase the likely hood of catching illegal activity or the predetermined act of illegal activity, which is part of a consequence from the racial profiling that the media has inflicted upon society. The questionable practices has led to negative effects on blacks. To the African American culture law officials are deemed more criminal or more of a threat than what the media and statistics has condemned blacks to be. The after math, after the many years of harassment, African ...
This document summarizes research on implicit racial bias and its impact on the criminal justice system in the United States. It begins by noting the vast racial disparities that exist at every level of the criminal justice system, with black Americans disproportionately represented in incarceration rates compared to their population. It then discusses research showing that implicit or unconscious racial bias exists independently of individuals' conscious beliefs and can influence behaviors. The document argues that the Supreme Court has failed to acknowledge implicit bias, expanding discretion of criminal justice actors in ways that allow bias to affect decisions and rejecting disparate impact claims. It maintains the Court must recognize implicit bias and its effects to fulfill its duty under the Equal Protection Clause.
Running Head Felony Disenfranchisement Laws A form of Racial Dis.docxcowinhelen
This document provides an overview of a research paper that examines whether felony disenfranchisement laws constitute a form of racial discrimination against African Americans. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's objectives to establish the relationship between these laws and racial discrimination, and determine if the laws should be repealed or amended. The next sections provide background on the problem formulation, research question, and operational definitions. The literature review then summarizes previous studies that have approached this issue qualitatively and quantitatively, finding that these laws disproportionately impact minority populations and may violate constitutional rights. Demographic data on incarceration rates is also presented to argue the laws have a discriminatory effect.
The document discusses the disproportionate impact of the criminal justice system on communities of color and calls for reform. Key points:
- People of color, especially Black and Hispanic men, are incarcerated at much higher rates than whites, despite similar rates of drug use and crime.
- Racial disparities exist at every level, from policing and sentencing to employment opportunities post-release.
- The growth of the for-profit prison industry creates perverse incentives to incarcerate more people, especially minorities, to guarantee profits.
- Meaningful reform is needed to dismantle systemic racism in the criminal justice system and address it as a civil rights issue. Some local initiatives show promise in reducing racial dispar
Equal Rights Proposition Outline Police Brutality towards African.docxelbanglis
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
1
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
5
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
Team C
Derrick Jones
Joseph Maestas
July 23, 2019
Professor Rosalind Raby
Week 3
Title: Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African AmericansA. Police Brutality Against African-Americans.a. Police brutality against African-Americans is not a new issue. It has been happening throughout history and needs to be stopped. Police brutality is prematurely ending and/or effecting the lives and communities of many African-Americans. b. This needless violence causes tremendous strain on the affected families mental and physical well-being, but also African-Americans as a whole. These actions bare the weight the United States history of violence against African-Americans and reflect the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. c. Whether the brutality is intentional or not, it sends out the message that police does not value the health, well-being, and lives of African-Americans. This is not a message that should be sent and police brutality against African American must be stopped at all costs. B. Issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor forcea. Throughout history African-Americans have had a tough time in the labor force. There has been some progress, but unequal employment opportunities continue to be standard operating procedure for many African American men and women. b. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the African American unemployment rate is the lowest in history. However, they continue to face problems and challenges which are often imposed because of a lack of understanding or negative attitudes brought on racial biases although they possess the same or higher-level education than their counterparts. c. African-Americans must deal with being pushed into minority positions in meaningless jobs, not being given access to the same networks as their coworkers, working twice as hard for less wages, not being given the same opportunities for career advancements and promotion, and various other forms of discrimination.C. How society has constructed this group's identitya. The African American population in this country has always been a minority. African Americans started out in this country as slaves, and even with the abolishment of slavery and the civil rights movement, society still perceives this group as less than. b. African-Americans are seen to be associated with drugs since many of this minority live in impoverished areas where drugs are abundant. In recent years, there has been a significant focus on African-Americans and the criminal justice system and police brutality (Taylor, 2013). c. Society uses the “War on drugs” as an excuse for overtly racist behavior by law enforcement (Taylor, 2013). Today’s society associate ...
The document discusses ethnicity and crime in the UK and USA. It provides statistics showing that ethnic minorities, particularly those of Afro-Caribbean descent, are overrepresented in crime statistics and the prison population compared to their percentage of the total population. However, victim surveys show that most crime is intra-ethnic. There are two main explanations for this: structural factors such as racism and economic marginalization increase criminality; or that discrimination in the criminal justice system results in ethnic minorities being disproportionately policed, arrested, and convicted.
Running head INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM1.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
On numerous occasions, research has shown that the criminal equity framework neglects to secure the poor and persons with genuine mental inabilities and ailments from execution (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). Indeed, even the organization of executions is totally defective: Every strategy for execution accompanies a heinously high danger of great agony and torment. Today, open backing for capital punishment is falling; the quantities of new capital punishments and executions are both quickly diminishing, it perhaps communicates the message that the time is ripe for America to end this fizzled test. It is, therefore, imperative to discuss the ineffective of capital punishment as a social issue in the United States.
Current Statistical Overview
Previous statistics reveal that thirty-five prisoners were executed last year in the U.S., and over 3,000 were on a death row. From 1976 to 2015, 1,392 executions happened in the United States, and 995 of them occurred in the South. Nonetheless, this deadly infusion has been the most widely recognized technique since the late 1970s. Thirty-four states have had executions since the death penalty was restored in 1976. Some of the states that took a lead role in the implementation of this awful law included Oklahoma, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Virginia. Additionally, these states were accused to have executed the law with relative recurrence. However, Texas and Oklahoma led the charge, with the most executions, and the m ...
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
Jones 1Jones 7Kyle JonesMatthew ZimmermanEnglish 10222 N.docxpriestmanmable
Jones 1
Jones 7
Kyle Jones
Matthew Zimmerman
English 102
22 November 2014[Title]: [Subtitle]
In 2014, we live in a world with a media saturated culture. This is the era of digital news services, of 24-hour news channels, free newspapers, and even media based applications. For the majority of us, the way in which we learn about the world outside our personal perception is through the consumption of news, mainly still through broadcast or print (OFCOM 2007). Various forms of media has fed the public statistics that created a sense of stereotyping for each particular race. For example, the media and those on film, such as politics and leaders of the government, link together race and crime, which conveys a criminal image of the public’s consumption (St. John & Heald-Moore, 1995). Since race and crime are tied together, when one thinks of a crime, hears about a crime, or when crime is being reported, race is usually associated with it. In the American society, a frequent representation of crime is that it is majorly committed by African- Americans. The view of African Americans has been distorted and twisted by the media. Without question, almost everything that is being covered by the media is believed by most of society and it becomes their actual perceptual reality. Broadcast media and other various forms of media has a history for portraying African Americans in a biased manner, as if they were mostly reported involved in crime, drugs, or acts of violence. This has led to many cases of stereotyping, racial profiling, police brutality, prejudice, inhumane acts and has brain washed most of our society into believing that almost every African American is mischievous or a threat to their well-being. African Americans are unjustly, as well as unrealistically depicted on broadcast news and various other types of mass media. These negative connotations affects more than just African- Americans but also every other culture that exists in America.
African Americans have been associated with crime for quite some time. It was not until some in the 1970’s and early 1980s that the popular stereotype of the young black man evolved in the eyes of many from a petty thief or rapist into the notorious , malicious criminal predators, or what Kathery Russel ( 2002) has argued, is the world recognized “ criminalblackman”. Within the last few decades there have been controversial law enforcement practices of racial profiling. Law enforcement officials pursue minorities in an attempt to increase the likely hood of catching illegal activity or the predetermined act of illegal activity, which is part of a consequence from the racial profiling that the media has inflicted upon society. The questionable practices has led to negative effects on blacks. To the African American culture law officials are deemed more criminal or more of a threat than what the media and statistics has condemned blacks to be. The after math, after the many years of harassment, African ...
This document summarizes research on implicit racial bias and its impact on the criminal justice system in the United States. It begins by noting the vast racial disparities that exist at every level of the criminal justice system, with black Americans disproportionately represented in incarceration rates compared to their population. It then discusses research showing that implicit or unconscious racial bias exists independently of individuals' conscious beliefs and can influence behaviors. The document argues that the Supreme Court has failed to acknowledge implicit bias, expanding discretion of criminal justice actors in ways that allow bias to affect decisions and rejecting disparate impact claims. It maintains the Court must recognize implicit bias and its effects to fulfill its duty under the Equal Protection Clause.
Running Head Felony Disenfranchisement Laws A form of Racial Dis.docxcowinhelen
This document provides an overview of a research paper that examines whether felony disenfranchisement laws constitute a form of racial discrimination against African Americans. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's objectives to establish the relationship between these laws and racial discrimination, and determine if the laws should be repealed or amended. The next sections provide background on the problem formulation, research question, and operational definitions. The literature review then summarizes previous studies that have approached this issue qualitatively and quantitatively, finding that these laws disproportionately impact minority populations and may violate constitutional rights. Demographic data on incarceration rates is also presented to argue the laws have a discriminatory effect.
The document discusses the disproportionate impact of the criminal justice system on communities of color and calls for reform. Key points:
- People of color, especially Black and Hispanic men, are incarcerated at much higher rates than whites, despite similar rates of drug use and crime.
- Racial disparities exist at every level, from policing and sentencing to employment opportunities post-release.
- The growth of the for-profit prison industry creates perverse incentives to incarcerate more people, especially minorities, to guarantee profits.
- Meaningful reform is needed to dismantle systemic racism in the criminal justice system and address it as a civil rights issue. Some local initiatives show promise in reducing racial dispar
Equal Rights Proposition Outline Police Brutality towards African.docxelbanglis
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
1
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
5
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
Team C
Derrick Jones
Joseph Maestas
July 23, 2019
Professor Rosalind Raby
Week 3
Title: Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African AmericansA. Police Brutality Against African-Americans.a. Police brutality against African-Americans is not a new issue. It has been happening throughout history and needs to be stopped. Police brutality is prematurely ending and/or effecting the lives and communities of many African-Americans. b. This needless violence causes tremendous strain on the affected families mental and physical well-being, but also African-Americans as a whole. These actions bare the weight the United States history of violence against African-Americans and reflect the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. c. Whether the brutality is intentional or not, it sends out the message that police does not value the health, well-being, and lives of African-Americans. This is not a message that should be sent and police brutality against African American must be stopped at all costs. B. Issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor forcea. Throughout history African-Americans have had a tough time in the labor force. There has been some progress, but unequal employment opportunities continue to be standard operating procedure for many African American men and women. b. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the African American unemployment rate is the lowest in history. However, they continue to face problems and challenges which are often imposed because of a lack of understanding or negative attitudes brought on racial biases although they possess the same or higher-level education than their counterparts. c. African-Americans must deal with being pushed into minority positions in meaningless jobs, not being given access to the same networks as their coworkers, working twice as hard for less wages, not being given the same opportunities for career advancements and promotion, and various other forms of discrimination.C. How society has constructed this group's identitya. The African American population in this country has always been a minority. African Americans started out in this country as slaves, and even with the abolishment of slavery and the civil rights movement, society still perceives this group as less than. b. African-Americans are seen to be associated with drugs since many of this minority live in impoverished areas where drugs are abundant. In recent years, there has been a significant focus on African-Americans and the criminal justice system and police brutality (Taylor, 2013). c. Society uses the “War on drugs” as an excuse for overtly racist behavior by law enforcement (Taylor, 2013). Today’s society associate ...
The document discusses ethnicity and crime in the UK and USA. It provides statistics showing that ethnic minorities, particularly those of Afro-Caribbean descent, are overrepresented in crime statistics and the prison population compared to their percentage of the total population. However, victim surveys show that most crime is intra-ethnic. There are two main explanations for this: structural factors such as racism and economic marginalization increase criminality; or that discrimination in the criminal justice system results in ethnic minorities being disproportionately policed, arrested, and convicted.
Running head INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM1.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 1
INEFFECTIVENESS OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT SYSTEM 8
Ineffectiveness of the Capital Punishment System
Name
Introduction
Capital punishment is one of the major social issues affecting the sustenance of peace, democracy and mutual coexistence in the United States. Capital punishment is sometimes referred to as the death penalty and is largely recognized as a lawful sentence in 31 out of 50 states found in the United States. The Eighth Amendment constrains the application to disturbed killings submitted by rationally capable grown-ups. Historical analysis reveal that this mode of punishment began officially in 1776 after being authorized for identical law offences in the greater part of the American provinces preceding the country’s independence. This paper seeks to establish the ineffectiveness of the entire system and conclude by providing alternative solutions.
Problem Statement
According to Melusky and Pesto (2011), capital punishment in America is a broken procedure existing as a major social challenge. Currently, many opponents have risen to criticize and champion for the abolishment of the capital punishment due to its alleged ineffectiveness. These forms of punishments are anticipated not by the grievousness of the wrongdoing but rather by the low quality of the safeguard legal advisors, the race of the blamed or the casualty, and the district and state in which the wrongdoing happened.
On numerous occasions, research has shown that the criminal equity framework neglects to secure the poor and persons with genuine mental inabilities and ailments from execution (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). Indeed, even the organization of executions is totally defective: Every strategy for execution accompanies a heinously high danger of great agony and torment. Today, open backing for capital punishment is falling; the quantities of new capital punishments and executions are both quickly diminishing, it perhaps communicates the message that the time is ripe for America to end this fizzled test. It is, therefore, imperative to discuss the ineffective of capital punishment as a social issue in the United States.
Current Statistical Overview
Previous statistics reveal that thirty-five prisoners were executed last year in the U.S., and over 3,000 were on a death row. From 1976 to 2015, 1,392 executions happened in the United States, and 995 of them occurred in the South. Nonetheless, this deadly infusion has been the most widely recognized technique since the late 1970s. Thirty-four states have had executions since the death penalty was restored in 1976. Some of the states that took a lead role in the implementation of this awful law included Oklahoma, Ohio, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, Florida, Georgia and Virginia. Additionally, these states were accused to have executed the law with relative recurrence. However, Texas and Oklahoma led the charge, with the most executions, and the m ...
The document discusses statistics on ethnic representation in prisons and alternative sources of data on offending rates. Black people are overrepresented in prisons compared to their population percentage. Victim surveys and self-report studies have found mixed or similar rates of offending across ethnic groups, challenging the stereotype of higher black criminality. However, ethnic minorities experience disproportionate stops/searches and higher arrest and conviction rates, suggesting discrimination within the criminal justice system.
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SUR.docxgreg1eden90113
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SURVEY 1
Overview
Stark racial and partisan divides in favorability toward police, but no group is
“anti-cop”
While 68% of white Americans have a favorable view of the police, only 40% of
African Americans and 59% of Hispanics have a favorable view.1 Attitudes have
changed little since the 1970s when 67% of whites and 43% of blacks reported
favorable views of the police.2 Racial minorities do not have monolithic attitudes
toward the police. This report finds that Hispanics’ perceptions of police occupy
a “middle ground” between black and white Americans’ views.
Republicans (81%) are far more favorable toward the police than independents
(59%) and Democrats (59%). Nevertheless, majorities of all three groups share a
favorable view.
• Confidence gaps matter: Groups who feel less favorable toward local law
enforcement are less certain they would report a crime they witnessed.
For instance, black and Hispanic Americans are more than 20 points less
likely than white Americans to say they definitely would report a crime.
Research finds that when the police have legitimacy, the law has
legitimacy, which encourages compliance and cooperation.3
• No group is “anti-cop”: Although some groups have less positive views of
the police, survey findings weaken the assertion that these groups are
“anti-cop.” For instance, few individuals have “unfavorable” views of law
enforcement. Instead, 40% of African Americans, 28% of Hispanics, and
18% of whites are conflicted and report having “neutral” feelings toward
the police. A quarter of Democrats and independents and 13% of
Republicans share such feelings.
Emily Ekins is a research fellow and director of polling at the Cato Institute.
1 In this study the term ‘Hispanic’ is used interchangeably with ‘Latino,’ ‘Caucasian’ interchangeably with ‘white,’ and
‘African American’ interchangeably with ‘black.’
2 Louis Harris and Associates Study No. 2043, 1970, cited in Michael J. Hindelang, "Public Opinion Regarding Crime,
Criminal Justice, and Related Topics." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 11 (1974): 101-116.
3 See Linquin Cao, James Frank, and Francis T. Cullen, "Race, Community Context and Confidence in the Police,"
American Journal of Police 15 (1996): 3-22; Tom Tyler and Jeffrey Fagan, "Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People
Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?" Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6 (2008): 232-275; Andrew V.
Papachristos, Tracey L. Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan, "Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy and
Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102 (2009): 397-440; Tom R. Tyler,
"The Role of Perceived Injustice in Defendants' Evaluations of Their Courtroom Experience," Law & Society Review 18
(1984): 51-74; Tom Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Pri.
The document analyzes racial disparities at various stages of the criminal justice system from drug use and police stops to sentencing, incarceration, and life after prison. It argues that the explosion of the criminal justice system over the last few decades and its disproportionate impact on black and brown communities shows that the system is working as intended as a tool of social control and racial domination rather than being mistakes within an otherwise just system. It calls for adopting a long-term perspective and dismantling the system through social movement and grassroots organizing rather than small reforms.
unequal under law
unequal
under
law
RACE
IN THE
WAR
ON
DRUGS
DORIS MARIE PROVINE
contents
Acknowledgments and Dedication vii
Introduction i
one Racial Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law 15
two Race in America's First War on Drugs 37
three Negro Cocaine Fiends, Mexican Marijuana Smokers, and Chinese Opium
Addicts: The Drug Menace in Racial Relief 63
four Congress on Crack: How Race-Neutral Language Hides Racial Meaning 91
five The Racial Impact of the War on Drugs: How Government Coped 120
six Racial Justice: The Courts Consider Sentencing Disparities 140
epilogue 162
notes 16q
references 179
index 197
acknowledgements and dedication
Many people have been involved in the creation of this small book, in part
because it took such a long time to write! Along the way, I benefited from the
insights of people who have been close to the struggle for more equitable and
humane U.S. drug policy. I am grateful for the help of Rodney Cahill, Judge
Richard Conaboy, Michael Gelacak, Gary Goldberg, Paul Hofer, Keenan Keller,
Marc Mauer, Barbara Meirhoefer, Andrea Smith, and Nkechi Taifa.
Generous colleagues who read and commented upon all or portions of this
manuscript include: Kitty Calavita, Ellen Cohn, Josefina Figueira- McDonough,
Roy Flemming, David Greenberg, Julie Horney, Mary and Peter Katzenstein,
Richard Lempert, Lynn Mather, Elizabeth Mertz, Suzanne Mettler, Kristen
Monroe, Ruth Peterson, Helen Quan (HQ), Carroll Seron, Rogers Smith, and
Marjorie Zatz.
Arizona State University School of Justice & Social Inquiry provided an ideal
venue to complete this research, not just because of the encouragement my
colleagues offered, but because of their inspiring commitment to the study of
justice. They will recognize their influence by some of the arguments I make in
this book, and by my frequent citations to their work. Various graduate students
were very helpful in digging out obscure sources and making suggestions. I am
grateful to Francine Banner, Gregory Broberg, Michael Coyle, Amy Gay,
Rosalie Gonzales, and William Parkin.
I also want to thank John Tryneski, Rodney Powell, and two anonymous
reviewers for all their help in getting this manuscript to become a book. For John
and me, this is our third book. The University of Chicago Press has been a
terrific organization with which to be associated during my entire academic
career.
I owe a very special debt to my sons, Charles and Stuart Provine, and to my
husband, Michael Shelton. Charlie was always willing to read a draft, fix a
problem with my computer, or help me resolve any difficulty I faced in turning
ideas into prose. Without his help, another year might have passed before this
book appeared. Stuart offered regular and welcome encouragement every step of
the way, as well as many good ...
Christian Castillo D2 Summer 2018Outline of Complete Research.docxchristinemaritza
Christian Castillo
D2 Summer 2018
Outline of Complete Research Proposal 1
RACE AND CRIME 5
1. Introduction
a. Topic introduction and context.
Racial discrimination, which is the way of targeting accused based on race prominence, could be responsible for the increase in rate of crime arrest. Subcultural theorists argue that poor people, also referred to as have-nots, normally reside in areas where the social respect is subject to violence and physical strength and this habit promote crime. More to this, race impacts who gets arrested, and some pieces of evidence show that minorities are disproportionate form crime statistics (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It is official that high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration of these minorities may be as a result of criminal justice actors. It is interesting to note that race and social stratification are related in the aspect that nonwhite form lower class and this poorer class lack the genuine ways to obtain goods and they choose to join crime.
b. Significance
Physical injury and death are grouped as homicide, and known as the biggest cause of death amongst the youths. According to the “U.S Public health” brutality is a chief health issues which is challenging the Americans. Crime is intertwined with acts of violence. Secondly, crime is associated with loss, such as vandalism, arson, and environmental destruction. Crimes also pose economic cost through expense linked with transfer of property through robbery, during crime, criminal violence brings about additional medical cost of attending to the victims. There is another form of cost: cost of protection, which includes funds used to guard dogs and surveillance systems. According to studies, race has a huge impact on crime, thus scientists and scholars have tried to uncover what triggers people with different skin color to engage in criminal acts. All these implications make it important to study the relation of race to crime with a mind of reducing the cost.
c. Research question and hypothesis.
Arguably, black people are more likely to engage in criminal activities than white people. Does this stereotype have any relevance to it? A black man in the US today has three times a higher chance of going to prison as well. There has to be a relationship that supports both statements. Comment by Microsoft Office User: State your hypothesis clearly.
d. Proposed research design
The research will use data collected by different institution to evaluate the relationship between crime and race. It will describe offending action of different races within the sample population and this will be used for descriptive purpose. Second, the explanation will predict race pattern in relation to crime. The analysis builds on existing records of crime documenting racial pattern. Comment by Microsoft Office User: How will the data be collected for analysis? Existing statistics?
e. Roadmap
The remainder of this research paper stereotypes the conce ...
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
A Race And Power Perspective On Police Brutality In AmericaLisa Muthukumar
This study reviews cases reported between 2011-2016 where unarmed African American males were killed by police officers who were later cleared of criminal charges. It utilizes critical race theory to analyze whether race plays a role in case outcomes. Data is collected from two major newspapers and analyzed to better understand the impacts and responses in African American communities. The study aims to provide insights into addressing racism and discrimination in policing to help build a better society.
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
Elementary CurriculaBoth articles highlight the fact that middle.docxtoltonkendal
Elementary Curricula
Both articles highlight the fact that middle-class students seem to benefit more from summer reading programs than their lower-SES peers. While we would hope that summer reading programs would have the same positive impact on all students, this information did not totally surprise me. Differences in funding, materials, and ability to recruit enough high-quality teachers for summer programs could be more difficult in lower-socioeconomic areas. In addition, the articles did not dive into other factors in the students’ lives that may be contributing to their performance such as attendance, how well-rested they are, trauma they have experiences that impacts their ability to focus during instruction, and the impact of being taught by a teacher who the students may not know or have a relationship with. Additionally, there could be a mismatch between the instructional practices and the specific needs of the students. Even though summer reading programs are only for a short time, I would challenge teachers to put energy into getting to know the students and building trust with them. This is a key foundation that is needed for learning to take place.
In challenging teachers during summer program and the regular school year to ”break out of the mold” to create better outcomes for students classified with low SES, in addition to building relationships with students, I would encourage them to build connections with their families. This may involve thinking outside the box and leaving their comfort zone. It could entail holding a parent-teacher conference off campus, closer to their home or in their community. It could also include providing resources and instructional videos to parents so they can help support their children at home. There are many parents who want to support their children academically, but they do not know how and may be uncomfortable asking the teacher for assistance. In addition, I would urge teachers to capitalize on the strengths and interests of their students to engage them in learning activities and provide them with opportunities to shine. We do not have to, and should not, be satisfied with the idea that low SES students will automatically not be able to perform. These students are capable of learning and growth just as much as any other student. I think data from test scores that demonstrate a gap between the performance of students classified as economically disadvantaged and not economically disadvantaged has led some people to hold the belief that students classified as low SES will not perform well. I think the way that school “report card” grades are published also perpetuates this belief, as it shows the test scores, but does not provide an explanation of or include any solutions for the many larger societal factors that contribute to those scores including high teacher turn over, lack of resources, child trauma, lack of sleep, lack of nutrition, crime & safety, and education level of parents.
It w.
Elementary Statistics (MATH220)
Assignment:
Statistical Project & Presentation
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to supplement lecture material by having the students to do a case study on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
***The best way to understand something is to experience it for yourself.
Guideline for Analyzing Data and Writing a Report
Below is a general outline of the topics that should be included in your report.
1.
Introduction.
State the topic of your study.
2.
Define Population.
Define the population that you intend for your study to represent.
3.
Define Variable.
Define clearly the variable that you obtained during your data collection; this should include information on how the variable is measured and what possible values this variable has.
4.
Data Collection.
Describe your data collection process, including your data source, your sampling strategy, and what steps you took to avoid bias.
5.
Study Design.
Describe the procedures you followed to analyze your data.
6.
Results: Descriptive Statistics.
Give the relevant descriptive statistics for the sample you collected.
7.
Results: Statistical Analysis.
Describe the results of your statistical analysis.
8.
Findings.
Interpret the results of your analysis in the context of your original research question. Was your hypothesis supported by your statistical analyses? Explain.
9.
Discussion.
What conclusions, if any, do you believe you can draw as a result of your study? If the results were not what you expected, what factors might explain your results? What did you learn from the project about the population you studied? What did you learn about the research variable? What did you learn about the specific statistical test you conducted?
.
Elements of Religious Traditions PaperWritea 700- to 1,050-word .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Religious Traditions Paper
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper that does the following:
Describes these basic components of religious traditions and their relationship to the sacred
:
What a religious tradition says—its teachings, texts, doctrine, stories, myths, and others
What a religious tradition does—worship, prayer, pilgrimage, ritual, and so forth
How a religious tradition organizes—leadership, relationships among members, and so forth
Identifies key critical issues in the study of religion.
Includes specific examples from the various religious traditions described in the Week One readings that honor the sacred—such as rituals of the Igbo to mark life events, the vision quest as a common ritual in many Native American societies, or the influence of the shaman as a leader. You may also include examples from your own religious tradition or another religious tradition with which you are familiar.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
Elements of MusicPitch- relative highness or lowness that we .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music
Pitch- relative highness or lowness that we hear in a sound.
Tone- sound that has a definite pitch.
(For example striking a bat against a ball does not produce a D# but striking a D#
on a piano does)
Dynamics- the degree of loudness or softness in music
pp pianissimo /very soft
p piano /soft
mp mezzo-piano /medium-soft
mf mezzo-forte /medium-loud
f forte /loud
ff fortissimo /very loud
When dynamics are altered in a piece of music, they are termed as follows:
decrescendo/ diminuendo gradually softer
crescendo gradually louder
Timbre/Tone Color- the character or quality of a sound.
dark, bright, mellow, cool, metallic, rich, brilliant, thin, etc.
Rhythm- a) the flow (or pattern) of music through time. b) the particular arrangement of
note lengths in a piece of music.
Syncopation- An accent placed on a beat where it is not normally expected.
Beat- the steady pulse in a piece of music.
Downbeat- the first or stressed beat of a measure.
Meter- the pattern in which beats are organized within a piece of music.
Examples:
3/4= three beats per measure
4/4= four beats per measure
6/8= six beats per measure
*In some musics, meter is not present- this is termed non-metric.
(Ex: Chant, some 20th century genres, world musics).
Melody- a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole.
*A melodic line has a shape -it ascends and descends in a series of continuous pitches.
Sequence- a repetition of a pattern at a higher or lower pitch.
Phrase- A short unit of music within a melodic line.
Cadence- The rest at the end of a musical phrase. Think of this as a musical period at the
end of a sentence.
Harmony- A) How chords are constructed and how they follow each other. B) The
relationship of tones when sounded in a group.
Chord- a combination of three or more tones sounded at once.
Consonance- a stable tone combination in a chord
Dissonance- and unstable tone combination in a chord; usually, an expected
and stable resolution will follow.
Tonic- a) the main key of a piece of music. b) the first note of a scale
Key- the central tone or scale in a piece of music.
(example: A major, b minor)
Modulation- a shift from one key to another within the same piece of music.
Texture- layering of musical sounds or instruments within a piece of music.
Monophonic- single, unaccompanied melodic line.
Homophonic- a melody with an accompaniment of chords.
Polyphonic- th.
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children AssociatedWith the Fl.docxtoltonkendal
The percentage of children in Flint, Michigan with elevated blood lead levels increased after the city changed its water source in 2014. Before the change, 2.4% of Flint children under 5 had elevated blood lead levels, but after the change this increased to 4.9%, a statistically significant increase. The neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced the largest increases, with elevated blood lead levels rising from 4.0% to 10.6%. Spatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest increases in elevated blood lead levels, informing the public health response.
Elements of the Communication ProcessIn Chapter One, we learne.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of the Communication Process
In Chapter One, we learned communication is the process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking. To understand how the process works, we described the essential elements in the process.
For the following interaction, identify the contexts, participants, channels. message, interference (noise), and feedback.
"Maria and Damien are meandering through the park, talking and drinking bottled water. Damien finishes his bottle, replaces the lid, and tosses the bottle into the bushes at the side of the path. Maria, who has been listening to Damien talk, comes to a stop, puts her hand on her hips, stares at Damien, and says angrily, " I can't believe what you just did! Damien blushes, averts his gaze, and mumbles, "Sorry, I'll get it- I just wasn't thinking." As the tension drains from Maria's face. she gives her head a playful toss, smiles, and says, Well, just see that it doesn't happen again.
1. Contexts
a. Physical
b. Social
c. Historical
d. Psychological
2. Participants
3. Channels
4. Message
5. Interference (Noise)
6. Feedback
.
Elements of Music #1 Handout1. Rhythm the flow of music in te.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music #1 Handout
1. Rhythm
the flow of music in terms of time
2. Beat
the pulse that recurs regularly in music
3. Meter
the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed beats
4. Tempo
the speed of the beats in a piece of music
5. Polyrhythm
two or more rhythm patterns occurring simultaneously
6. Pitch
the perceived highness or lowness of a musical sound
7. Melody
a series of consecutive pitches that form a cohesive musical entity
8. Counterpoint
two or more independent lines with melodic character occurring at the same time
9. Harmony
the simultaneous sounds of several pitches, usually in accompanying a melody
10. Dynamics
the amount of loudness in music
11. Timbre
tone quality or tone color in music
12. Form
the pattern or plan of a musical work
Framework for Improving
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity
Version 1.1
National Institute of Standards and Technology
April 16, 2018
April 16, 2018 Cybersecurity Framework Version 1.1
This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.CSWP.04162018 ii
No t e t o Rea d er s o n t h e U p d a t e
Version 1.1 of this Cybersecurity Framework refines, clarifies, and enhances Version 1.0, which
was issued in February 2014. It incorporates comments received on the two drafts of Version 1.1.
Version 1.1 is intended to be implemented by first-time and current Framework users. Current
users should be able to implement Version 1.1 with minimal or no disruption; compatibility with
Version 1.0 has been an explicit objective.
The following table summarizes the changes made between Version 1.0 and Version 1.1.
Table NTR-1 - Summary of changes between Framework Version 1.0 and Version 1.1.
Update Description of Update
Clarified that terms like
“compliance” can be
confusing and mean
something very different
to various Framework
stakeholders
Added clarity that the Framework has utility as a structure and
language for organizing and expressing compliance with an
organization’s own cybersecurity requirements. However, the
variety of ways in which the Framework can be used by an
organization means that phrases like “compliance with the
Framework” can be confusing.
A new section on self-
assessment
Added Section 4.0 Self-Assessing Cybersecurity Risk with the
Framework to explain how the Framework can be used by
organizations to understand and assess their cybersecurity risk,
including the use of measurements.
Greatly expanded
explanation of using
Framework for Cyber
Supply Chain Risk
Management purposes
An expanded Section 3.3 Communicating Cybersecurity
Requirements with Stakeholders helps users better understand
Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM), while a new
Section 3.4 Buying Decisions highlights use of the Framework
in understanding risk associated with commercial off-the-shelf
products and services. Additional Cyber SCRM criteria we.
Elements of Music Report InstrumentsFor the assignment on the el.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music Report Instruments
For the assignment on the elements of music, students will write a report with a minimum of 300 words.
Students must select one element of music that they consider to be the most important element:
Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Form
When writing the report, be sure you address the following questions:
Why did you select this element from among all the rest?
Do you think that all kinds of music could exist without your selected element? Elaborate on your view.
Describe a piece of music that highlights the use of your selected element.
I encourage students do research on their element of music in order to get ideas for their reports. All reports must be original works!
Do not quote any source or anybody’s thoughts. Quotes are not permitted in this Instruments Report. I am interested in your own personal thoughts, opinions, and the material you have learned from your research.
.
Elements of GenreAfter watching three of the five .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Genre
After watching three of the five movie clips listed in the
Multimedia
section, above, describe how they fit into a specific genre (or subgenre) as explained in the text. What elements of the film are characteristic of that genre? How does it fulfill the expectations of that genre? How does it play against these expectations?
Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references.
.
Elements of DesignDuring the process of envisioning and designing .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Design
During the process of envisioning and designing a film, the director, production designer, and art director (in collaboration with the cinematographer) are concerned with several major spatial and temporal elements. These design elements punctuate and underscore the movement of figures within the frame, including the following: setting, lighting, costuming, makeup, and hairstyles. Choose a scene from movieclips.com. In a three to five page paper, (excluding the cover and reference pages) analyze the mise-en-scène.
Respond to the following prompts with at least one paragraph per bulleted topic:
Identify the names of the artists involved in the film’s production: the director, the production designer, and the art director. Describe in separate paragraphs each artist’s role in the overall design process. Conduct additional research if necessary, citing your book, film, and other external sources correctly in APA format.
Explain how the artists utilize lighting in the scene. How does the lighting affect our emotional understanding of certain characters? What sort of mood does the lighting evoke? How does lighting impact the overall story the filmmaker is attempting to tell?
Describe the setting, including the time period, location, and culture in which the film takes place.
Explain what costuming can tell us about a character. In what ways can costuming be used to reflect elements of the film's plot?
Explain how hairstyle and makeup can help tell the story. What might hairstyle and makeup reveal about the characters?
Discuss your opinion regarding the mise-en-scène. Do the elements appear to work together in a harmonious way? Does the scene seem discordant? Do you think the design elements are congruent with the filmmaker’s vision for the scene?
.
Elements of Critical Thinking [WLOs 2, 3, 4] [CLOs 2, 3, 4]P.docxtoltonkendal
This document provides resources for students to develop their critical thinking skills. It includes readings on common misconceptions of critical thinking, combating fake news, and teaching critical thinking. Videos define critical thinking and discuss recognizing fake news. Students are prompted to explain elements of critical thinking, analyze examples demonstrating strong and weak critical thinking, and reflect on applying their education to their career and community.
Elements of DesignDuring the process of envisioning and design.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Design
During the process of envisioning and designing a film, the director, production designer, and art director (in collaboration with the cinematographer) are concerned with several major spatial and temporal elements. These design elements punctuate and underscore the movement of figures within the frame, including the following: setting, lighting, costuming, makeup, and hairstyles. Choose a scene from movieclips.com. In a three to five page paper, (excluding the cover and reference pages) analyze the mise-en-scène.
Respond to the following prompts with at least one paragraph per bulleted topic:
Identify the names of the artists involved in the film’s production: the director, the production designer, and the art director. Describe in separate paragraphs each artist’s role in the overall design process. Conduct additional research if necessary, citing your book, film, and other external sources correctly in APA format.
Explain how the artists utilize lighting in the scene. How does the lighting affect our emotional understanding of certain characters? What sort of mood does the lighting evoke? How does lighting impact the overall story the filmmaker is attempting to tell?
Describe the setting, including the time period, location, and culture in which the film takes place.
Explain what costuming can tell us about a character. In what ways can costuming be used to reflect elements of the film's plot?
Explain how hairstyle and makeup can help tell the story. What might hairstyle and makeup reveal about the characters?
Discuss your opinion regarding the mise-en-scène. Do the elements appear to work together in a harmonious way? Does the scene seem discordant? Do you think the design elements are congruent with the filmmaker’s vision for the scene?
.
The document discusses statistics on ethnic representation in prisons and alternative sources of data on offending rates. Black people are overrepresented in prisons compared to their population percentage. Victim surveys and self-report studies have found mixed or similar rates of offending across ethnic groups, challenging the stereotype of higher black criminality. However, ethnic minorities experience disproportionate stops/searches and higher arrest and conviction rates, suggesting discrimination within the criminal justice system.
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SUR.docxgreg1eden90113
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SURVEY 1
Overview
Stark racial and partisan divides in favorability toward police, but no group is
“anti-cop”
While 68% of white Americans have a favorable view of the police, only 40% of
African Americans and 59% of Hispanics have a favorable view.1 Attitudes have
changed little since the 1970s when 67% of whites and 43% of blacks reported
favorable views of the police.2 Racial minorities do not have monolithic attitudes
toward the police. This report finds that Hispanics’ perceptions of police occupy
a “middle ground” between black and white Americans’ views.
Republicans (81%) are far more favorable toward the police than independents
(59%) and Democrats (59%). Nevertheless, majorities of all three groups share a
favorable view.
• Confidence gaps matter: Groups who feel less favorable toward local law
enforcement are less certain they would report a crime they witnessed.
For instance, black and Hispanic Americans are more than 20 points less
likely than white Americans to say they definitely would report a crime.
Research finds that when the police have legitimacy, the law has
legitimacy, which encourages compliance and cooperation.3
• No group is “anti-cop”: Although some groups have less positive views of
the police, survey findings weaken the assertion that these groups are
“anti-cop.” For instance, few individuals have “unfavorable” views of law
enforcement. Instead, 40% of African Americans, 28% of Hispanics, and
18% of whites are conflicted and report having “neutral” feelings toward
the police. A quarter of Democrats and independents and 13% of
Republicans share such feelings.
Emily Ekins is a research fellow and director of polling at the Cato Institute.
1 In this study the term ‘Hispanic’ is used interchangeably with ‘Latino,’ ‘Caucasian’ interchangeably with ‘white,’ and
‘African American’ interchangeably with ‘black.’
2 Louis Harris and Associates Study No. 2043, 1970, cited in Michael J. Hindelang, "Public Opinion Regarding Crime,
Criminal Justice, and Related Topics." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 11 (1974): 101-116.
3 See Linquin Cao, James Frank, and Francis T. Cullen, "Race, Community Context and Confidence in the Police,"
American Journal of Police 15 (1996): 3-22; Tom Tyler and Jeffrey Fagan, "Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People
Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?" Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6 (2008): 232-275; Andrew V.
Papachristos, Tracey L. Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan, "Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy and
Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102 (2009): 397-440; Tom R. Tyler,
"The Role of Perceived Injustice in Defendants' Evaluations of Their Courtroom Experience," Law & Society Review 18
(1984): 51-74; Tom Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Pri.
The document analyzes racial disparities at various stages of the criminal justice system from drug use and police stops to sentencing, incarceration, and life after prison. It argues that the explosion of the criminal justice system over the last few decades and its disproportionate impact on black and brown communities shows that the system is working as intended as a tool of social control and racial domination rather than being mistakes within an otherwise just system. It calls for adopting a long-term perspective and dismantling the system through social movement and grassroots organizing rather than small reforms.
unequal under law
unequal
under
law
RACE
IN THE
WAR
ON
DRUGS
DORIS MARIE PROVINE
contents
Acknowledgments and Dedication vii
Introduction i
one Racial Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law 15
two Race in America's First War on Drugs 37
three Negro Cocaine Fiends, Mexican Marijuana Smokers, and Chinese Opium
Addicts: The Drug Menace in Racial Relief 63
four Congress on Crack: How Race-Neutral Language Hides Racial Meaning 91
five The Racial Impact of the War on Drugs: How Government Coped 120
six Racial Justice: The Courts Consider Sentencing Disparities 140
epilogue 162
notes 16q
references 179
index 197
acknowledgements and dedication
Many people have been involved in the creation of this small book, in part
because it took such a long time to write! Along the way, I benefited from the
insights of people who have been close to the struggle for more equitable and
humane U.S. drug policy. I am grateful for the help of Rodney Cahill, Judge
Richard Conaboy, Michael Gelacak, Gary Goldberg, Paul Hofer, Keenan Keller,
Marc Mauer, Barbara Meirhoefer, Andrea Smith, and Nkechi Taifa.
Generous colleagues who read and commented upon all or portions of this
manuscript include: Kitty Calavita, Ellen Cohn, Josefina Figueira- McDonough,
Roy Flemming, David Greenberg, Julie Horney, Mary and Peter Katzenstein,
Richard Lempert, Lynn Mather, Elizabeth Mertz, Suzanne Mettler, Kristen
Monroe, Ruth Peterson, Helen Quan (HQ), Carroll Seron, Rogers Smith, and
Marjorie Zatz.
Arizona State University School of Justice & Social Inquiry provided an ideal
venue to complete this research, not just because of the encouragement my
colleagues offered, but because of their inspiring commitment to the study of
justice. They will recognize their influence by some of the arguments I make in
this book, and by my frequent citations to their work. Various graduate students
were very helpful in digging out obscure sources and making suggestions. I am
grateful to Francine Banner, Gregory Broberg, Michael Coyle, Amy Gay,
Rosalie Gonzales, and William Parkin.
I also want to thank John Tryneski, Rodney Powell, and two anonymous
reviewers for all their help in getting this manuscript to become a book. For John
and me, this is our third book. The University of Chicago Press has been a
terrific organization with which to be associated during my entire academic
career.
I owe a very special debt to my sons, Charles and Stuart Provine, and to my
husband, Michael Shelton. Charlie was always willing to read a draft, fix a
problem with my computer, or help me resolve any difficulty I faced in turning
ideas into prose. Without his help, another year might have passed before this
book appeared. Stuart offered regular and welcome encouragement every step of
the way, as well as many good ...
Christian Castillo D2 Summer 2018Outline of Complete Research.docxchristinemaritza
Christian Castillo
D2 Summer 2018
Outline of Complete Research Proposal 1
RACE AND CRIME 5
1. Introduction
a. Topic introduction and context.
Racial discrimination, which is the way of targeting accused based on race prominence, could be responsible for the increase in rate of crime arrest. Subcultural theorists argue that poor people, also referred to as have-nots, normally reside in areas where the social respect is subject to violence and physical strength and this habit promote crime. More to this, race impacts who gets arrested, and some pieces of evidence show that minorities are disproportionate form crime statistics (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It is official that high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration of these minorities may be as a result of criminal justice actors. It is interesting to note that race and social stratification are related in the aspect that nonwhite form lower class and this poorer class lack the genuine ways to obtain goods and they choose to join crime.
b. Significance
Physical injury and death are grouped as homicide, and known as the biggest cause of death amongst the youths. According to the “U.S Public health” brutality is a chief health issues which is challenging the Americans. Crime is intertwined with acts of violence. Secondly, crime is associated with loss, such as vandalism, arson, and environmental destruction. Crimes also pose economic cost through expense linked with transfer of property through robbery, during crime, criminal violence brings about additional medical cost of attending to the victims. There is another form of cost: cost of protection, which includes funds used to guard dogs and surveillance systems. According to studies, race has a huge impact on crime, thus scientists and scholars have tried to uncover what triggers people with different skin color to engage in criminal acts. All these implications make it important to study the relation of race to crime with a mind of reducing the cost.
c. Research question and hypothesis.
Arguably, black people are more likely to engage in criminal activities than white people. Does this stereotype have any relevance to it? A black man in the US today has three times a higher chance of going to prison as well. There has to be a relationship that supports both statements. Comment by Microsoft Office User: State your hypothesis clearly.
d. Proposed research design
The research will use data collected by different institution to evaluate the relationship between crime and race. It will describe offending action of different races within the sample population and this will be used for descriptive purpose. Second, the explanation will predict race pattern in relation to crime. The analysis builds on existing records of crime documenting racial pattern. Comment by Microsoft Office User: How will the data be collected for analysis? Existing statistics?
e. Roadmap
The remainder of this research paper stereotypes the conce ...
Sp
en
ce
r
G
ra
nt
/P
ho
to
lib
ra
ry
/G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
A Race And Power Perspective On Police Brutality In AmericaLisa Muthukumar
This study reviews cases reported between 2011-2016 where unarmed African American males were killed by police officers who were later cleared of criminal charges. It utilizes critical race theory to analyze whether race plays a role in case outcomes. Data is collected from two major newspapers and analyzed to better understand the impacts and responses in African American communities. The study aims to provide insights into addressing racism and discrimination in policing to help build a better society.
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
Elementary CurriculaBoth articles highlight the fact that middle.docxtoltonkendal
Elementary Curricula
Both articles highlight the fact that middle-class students seem to benefit more from summer reading programs than their lower-SES peers. While we would hope that summer reading programs would have the same positive impact on all students, this information did not totally surprise me. Differences in funding, materials, and ability to recruit enough high-quality teachers for summer programs could be more difficult in lower-socioeconomic areas. In addition, the articles did not dive into other factors in the students’ lives that may be contributing to their performance such as attendance, how well-rested they are, trauma they have experiences that impacts their ability to focus during instruction, and the impact of being taught by a teacher who the students may not know or have a relationship with. Additionally, there could be a mismatch between the instructional practices and the specific needs of the students. Even though summer reading programs are only for a short time, I would challenge teachers to put energy into getting to know the students and building trust with them. This is a key foundation that is needed for learning to take place.
In challenging teachers during summer program and the regular school year to ”break out of the mold” to create better outcomes for students classified with low SES, in addition to building relationships with students, I would encourage them to build connections with their families. This may involve thinking outside the box and leaving their comfort zone. It could entail holding a parent-teacher conference off campus, closer to their home or in their community. It could also include providing resources and instructional videos to parents so they can help support their children at home. There are many parents who want to support their children academically, but they do not know how and may be uncomfortable asking the teacher for assistance. In addition, I would urge teachers to capitalize on the strengths and interests of their students to engage them in learning activities and provide them with opportunities to shine. We do not have to, and should not, be satisfied with the idea that low SES students will automatically not be able to perform. These students are capable of learning and growth just as much as any other student. I think data from test scores that demonstrate a gap between the performance of students classified as economically disadvantaged and not economically disadvantaged has led some people to hold the belief that students classified as low SES will not perform well. I think the way that school “report card” grades are published also perpetuates this belief, as it shows the test scores, but does not provide an explanation of or include any solutions for the many larger societal factors that contribute to those scores including high teacher turn over, lack of resources, child trauma, lack of sleep, lack of nutrition, crime & safety, and education level of parents.
It w.
Elementary Statistics (MATH220)
Assignment:
Statistical Project & Presentation
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to supplement lecture material by having the students to do a case study on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
***The best way to understand something is to experience it for yourself.
Guideline for Analyzing Data and Writing a Report
Below is a general outline of the topics that should be included in your report.
1.
Introduction.
State the topic of your study.
2.
Define Population.
Define the population that you intend for your study to represent.
3.
Define Variable.
Define clearly the variable that you obtained during your data collection; this should include information on how the variable is measured and what possible values this variable has.
4.
Data Collection.
Describe your data collection process, including your data source, your sampling strategy, and what steps you took to avoid bias.
5.
Study Design.
Describe the procedures you followed to analyze your data.
6.
Results: Descriptive Statistics.
Give the relevant descriptive statistics for the sample you collected.
7.
Results: Statistical Analysis.
Describe the results of your statistical analysis.
8.
Findings.
Interpret the results of your analysis in the context of your original research question. Was your hypothesis supported by your statistical analyses? Explain.
9.
Discussion.
What conclusions, if any, do you believe you can draw as a result of your study? If the results were not what you expected, what factors might explain your results? What did you learn from the project about the population you studied? What did you learn about the research variable? What did you learn about the specific statistical test you conducted?
.
Elements of Religious Traditions PaperWritea 700- to 1,050-word .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Religious Traditions Paper
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper that does the following:
Describes these basic components of religious traditions and their relationship to the sacred
:
What a religious tradition says—its teachings, texts, doctrine, stories, myths, and others
What a religious tradition does—worship, prayer, pilgrimage, ritual, and so forth
How a religious tradition organizes—leadership, relationships among members, and so forth
Identifies key critical issues in the study of religion.
Includes specific examples from the various religious traditions described in the Week One readings that honor the sacred—such as rituals of the Igbo to mark life events, the vision quest as a common ritual in many Native American societies, or the influence of the shaman as a leader. You may also include examples from your own religious tradition or another religious tradition with which you are familiar.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
Elements of MusicPitch- relative highness or lowness that we .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music
Pitch- relative highness or lowness that we hear in a sound.
Tone- sound that has a definite pitch.
(For example striking a bat against a ball does not produce a D# but striking a D#
on a piano does)
Dynamics- the degree of loudness or softness in music
pp pianissimo /very soft
p piano /soft
mp mezzo-piano /medium-soft
mf mezzo-forte /medium-loud
f forte /loud
ff fortissimo /very loud
When dynamics are altered in a piece of music, they are termed as follows:
decrescendo/ diminuendo gradually softer
crescendo gradually louder
Timbre/Tone Color- the character or quality of a sound.
dark, bright, mellow, cool, metallic, rich, brilliant, thin, etc.
Rhythm- a) the flow (or pattern) of music through time. b) the particular arrangement of
note lengths in a piece of music.
Syncopation- An accent placed on a beat where it is not normally expected.
Beat- the steady pulse in a piece of music.
Downbeat- the first or stressed beat of a measure.
Meter- the pattern in which beats are organized within a piece of music.
Examples:
3/4= three beats per measure
4/4= four beats per measure
6/8= six beats per measure
*In some musics, meter is not present- this is termed non-metric.
(Ex: Chant, some 20th century genres, world musics).
Melody- a series of single notes that add up to a recognizable whole.
*A melodic line has a shape -it ascends and descends in a series of continuous pitches.
Sequence- a repetition of a pattern at a higher or lower pitch.
Phrase- A short unit of music within a melodic line.
Cadence- The rest at the end of a musical phrase. Think of this as a musical period at the
end of a sentence.
Harmony- A) How chords are constructed and how they follow each other. B) The
relationship of tones when sounded in a group.
Chord- a combination of three or more tones sounded at once.
Consonance- a stable tone combination in a chord
Dissonance- and unstable tone combination in a chord; usually, an expected
and stable resolution will follow.
Tonic- a) the main key of a piece of music. b) the first note of a scale
Key- the central tone or scale in a piece of music.
(example: A major, b minor)
Modulation- a shift from one key to another within the same piece of music.
Texture- layering of musical sounds or instruments within a piece of music.
Monophonic- single, unaccompanied melodic line.
Homophonic- a melody with an accompaniment of chords.
Polyphonic- th.
Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children AssociatedWith the Fl.docxtoltonkendal
The percentage of children in Flint, Michigan with elevated blood lead levels increased after the city changed its water source in 2014. Before the change, 2.4% of Flint children under 5 had elevated blood lead levels, but after the change this increased to 4.9%, a statistically significant increase. The neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced the largest increases, with elevated blood lead levels rising from 4.0% to 10.6%. Spatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest increases in elevated blood lead levels, informing the public health response.
Elements of the Communication ProcessIn Chapter One, we learne.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of the Communication Process
In Chapter One, we learned communication is the process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking. To understand how the process works, we described the essential elements in the process.
For the following interaction, identify the contexts, participants, channels. message, interference (noise), and feedback.
"Maria and Damien are meandering through the park, talking and drinking bottled water. Damien finishes his bottle, replaces the lid, and tosses the bottle into the bushes at the side of the path. Maria, who has been listening to Damien talk, comes to a stop, puts her hand on her hips, stares at Damien, and says angrily, " I can't believe what you just did! Damien blushes, averts his gaze, and mumbles, "Sorry, I'll get it- I just wasn't thinking." As the tension drains from Maria's face. she gives her head a playful toss, smiles, and says, Well, just see that it doesn't happen again.
1. Contexts
a. Physical
b. Social
c. Historical
d. Psychological
2. Participants
3. Channels
4. Message
5. Interference (Noise)
6. Feedback
.
Elements of Music #1 Handout1. Rhythm the flow of music in te.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music #1 Handout
1. Rhythm
the flow of music in terms of time
2. Beat
the pulse that recurs regularly in music
3. Meter
the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed beats
4. Tempo
the speed of the beats in a piece of music
5. Polyrhythm
two or more rhythm patterns occurring simultaneously
6. Pitch
the perceived highness or lowness of a musical sound
7. Melody
a series of consecutive pitches that form a cohesive musical entity
8. Counterpoint
two or more independent lines with melodic character occurring at the same time
9. Harmony
the simultaneous sounds of several pitches, usually in accompanying a melody
10. Dynamics
the amount of loudness in music
11. Timbre
tone quality or tone color in music
12. Form
the pattern or plan of a musical work
Framework for Improving
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity
Version 1.1
National Institute of Standards and Technology
April 16, 2018
April 16, 2018 Cybersecurity Framework Version 1.1
This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.CSWP.04162018 ii
No t e t o Rea d er s o n t h e U p d a t e
Version 1.1 of this Cybersecurity Framework refines, clarifies, and enhances Version 1.0, which
was issued in February 2014. It incorporates comments received on the two drafts of Version 1.1.
Version 1.1 is intended to be implemented by first-time and current Framework users. Current
users should be able to implement Version 1.1 with minimal or no disruption; compatibility with
Version 1.0 has been an explicit objective.
The following table summarizes the changes made between Version 1.0 and Version 1.1.
Table NTR-1 - Summary of changes between Framework Version 1.0 and Version 1.1.
Update Description of Update
Clarified that terms like
“compliance” can be
confusing and mean
something very different
to various Framework
stakeholders
Added clarity that the Framework has utility as a structure and
language for organizing and expressing compliance with an
organization’s own cybersecurity requirements. However, the
variety of ways in which the Framework can be used by an
organization means that phrases like “compliance with the
Framework” can be confusing.
A new section on self-
assessment
Added Section 4.0 Self-Assessing Cybersecurity Risk with the
Framework to explain how the Framework can be used by
organizations to understand and assess their cybersecurity risk,
including the use of measurements.
Greatly expanded
explanation of using
Framework for Cyber
Supply Chain Risk
Management purposes
An expanded Section 3.3 Communicating Cybersecurity
Requirements with Stakeholders helps users better understand
Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM), while a new
Section 3.4 Buying Decisions highlights use of the Framework
in understanding risk associated with commercial off-the-shelf
products and services. Additional Cyber SCRM criteria we.
Elements of Music Report InstrumentsFor the assignment on the el.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Music Report Instruments
For the assignment on the elements of music, students will write a report with a minimum of 300 words.
Students must select one element of music that they consider to be the most important element:
Melody
Rhythm
Harmony
Form
When writing the report, be sure you address the following questions:
Why did you select this element from among all the rest?
Do you think that all kinds of music could exist without your selected element? Elaborate on your view.
Describe a piece of music that highlights the use of your selected element.
I encourage students do research on their element of music in order to get ideas for their reports. All reports must be original works!
Do not quote any source or anybody’s thoughts. Quotes are not permitted in this Instruments Report. I am interested in your own personal thoughts, opinions, and the material you have learned from your research.
.
Elements of GenreAfter watching three of the five .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Genre
After watching three of the five movie clips listed in the
Multimedia
section, above, describe how they fit into a specific genre (or subgenre) as explained in the text. What elements of the film are characteristic of that genre? How does it fulfill the expectations of that genre? How does it play against these expectations?
Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references.
.
Elements of DesignDuring the process of envisioning and designing .docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Design
During the process of envisioning and designing a film, the director, production designer, and art director (in collaboration with the cinematographer) are concerned with several major spatial and temporal elements. These design elements punctuate and underscore the movement of figures within the frame, including the following: setting, lighting, costuming, makeup, and hairstyles. Choose a scene from movieclips.com. In a three to five page paper, (excluding the cover and reference pages) analyze the mise-en-scène.
Respond to the following prompts with at least one paragraph per bulleted topic:
Identify the names of the artists involved in the film’s production: the director, the production designer, and the art director. Describe in separate paragraphs each artist’s role in the overall design process. Conduct additional research if necessary, citing your book, film, and other external sources correctly in APA format.
Explain how the artists utilize lighting in the scene. How does the lighting affect our emotional understanding of certain characters? What sort of mood does the lighting evoke? How does lighting impact the overall story the filmmaker is attempting to tell?
Describe the setting, including the time period, location, and culture in which the film takes place.
Explain what costuming can tell us about a character. In what ways can costuming be used to reflect elements of the film's plot?
Explain how hairstyle and makeup can help tell the story. What might hairstyle and makeup reveal about the characters?
Discuss your opinion regarding the mise-en-scène. Do the elements appear to work together in a harmonious way? Does the scene seem discordant? Do you think the design elements are congruent with the filmmaker’s vision for the scene?
.
Elements of Critical Thinking [WLOs 2, 3, 4] [CLOs 2, 3, 4]P.docxtoltonkendal
This document provides resources for students to develop their critical thinking skills. It includes readings on common misconceptions of critical thinking, combating fake news, and teaching critical thinking. Videos define critical thinking and discuss recognizing fake news. Students are prompted to explain elements of critical thinking, analyze examples demonstrating strong and weak critical thinking, and reflect on applying their education to their career and community.
Elements of DesignDuring the process of envisioning and design.docxtoltonkendal
Elements of Design
During the process of envisioning and designing a film, the director, production designer, and art director (in collaboration with the cinematographer) are concerned with several major spatial and temporal elements. These design elements punctuate and underscore the movement of figures within the frame, including the following: setting, lighting, costuming, makeup, and hairstyles. Choose a scene from movieclips.com. In a three to five page paper, (excluding the cover and reference pages) analyze the mise-en-scène.
Respond to the following prompts with at least one paragraph per bulleted topic:
Identify the names of the artists involved in the film’s production: the director, the production designer, and the art director. Describe in separate paragraphs each artist’s role in the overall design process. Conduct additional research if necessary, citing your book, film, and other external sources correctly in APA format.
Explain how the artists utilize lighting in the scene. How does the lighting affect our emotional understanding of certain characters? What sort of mood does the lighting evoke? How does lighting impact the overall story the filmmaker is attempting to tell?
Describe the setting, including the time period, location, and culture in which the film takes place.
Explain what costuming can tell us about a character. In what ways can costuming be used to reflect elements of the film's plot?
Explain how hairstyle and makeup can help tell the story. What might hairstyle and makeup reveal about the characters?
Discuss your opinion regarding the mise-en-scène. Do the elements appear to work together in a harmonious way? Does the scene seem discordant? Do you think the design elements are congruent with the filmmaker’s vision for the scene?
.
Elements of a contact due 16 OctRead the Case Campbell Soup Co. v..docxtoltonkendal
Elements of a contact due 16 Oct
Read the Case Campbell Soup Co. v. Wentz in the text. Answer the following questions:
1. What were the terms of the contract between Campbell and the Wentzes?
2. Did the Wentzes perform under the contract?
3. Did the court find specific performance to be an adequate legal remedy in this case?
4. Why did the court refuse to help Campbell in enforcing its legal contract?
5. How could Campbell change its contract in the future so as to avoid the unconsionability problem?
Facts:
Per
a
written
contract
between
Campbell
Soup
Company
(a
New
Jersey
company)
and
the
Wentzes
(carrot
farmers
in
Pennsylvania),
the
Wentzes
would
deliver
to
Campbell
all
the
Chantenay
red
cored
carrots
to
be
grown
on
the
Wentz
farm
during
the
1947
season.
The
contract
price
for
the
carrots
was
$30
per
ton.
The
contract
between
Campbell
Soup
and
all
sellers
of
carrots
was
drafted
by
Campbell
and
it
had
a
provision
that
prohibited
farmers/sellers
from
selling
their
carrots
to
anyone
else,
except
those
carrots
that
were
rejected
by
Campbell.
The
contract
also
had
a
liquidated
damages
provision
of
$50
per
ton
if
the
seller
breached,
but
it
had
no
similar
provision
in
the
event
Campbell
breached.
The
contract
not
only
allowed
Campbell
to
reject
nonconforming
carrots,
but
gave
Campbell
the
right
to
determine
who
could
buy
the
carrots
it
had
rejected.
The
Wentzes
harvested
100
tons
of
carrots,
but
because
the
market
price
at
the
time
of
harvesting
was
$90
per
ton
for
these
rare
carrots,
the
Wentzes
refused
to
deliver
them
to
Campbell
and
sold
62
tons
of
their
carrots
to
a
farmer
who
sold
some
of
those
carrots
to
Campbell.
Campbell
sued
the
Wentzes,
asking
for
the
court's
order
to
stop
further
sale
of
the
contracted
carrots
to
others
and
to
compel
specific
performance
of
the
contract.
The
trial
court
ruled
for
the
Wentzes
and
Campbell
appealed.
Issues:
Is
specific
performance
an
appropriate
legal
remedy
in
this
case
or
is
the
contract
unconscionable?
Discussion:
In
January
1948,
it
was
virtually
impossible
to
obtain
Chantenay
carrots
in
the
open
market.
Campbell
used
Chantenay
carrots
(which
are
easier
to
process
for
soup
making
than
other
carrots)
in
large
quantities
and
furnishes
the
seeds
to
farmers
with
whom
it
contracts.
Campbell
contracted
for
carrots
long
ahead,
and
farmers
entered
into
the
contract
willingly.
If
the
facts
of
this
case
were
this
simple,
specific
performance
should
have
been
granted.
However,
the
problem
is
with
the
contract
itself,
which
was
one-sided.
According
to
the
appellate
court,
the
most
direct
example
of
unconscionability
was
the
provision
that,
under
certain
.
Elements for analyzing mise en sceneIdentify the components of.docxtoltonkendal
Elements for analyzing mise en scene
Identify the components of the shot, but explaining the meaning or significance behind those components and connecting the shot to the themes of the film
1. Dominant: Where is the eye attracted first? Why?
2. Lighting key: High key? Low key? High contrast? Some combination of these?
3. Shot and camera proxemics: What type of shot? How far away is the camera from the action?
4. Angle: Is the viewer (through the eye of the camera) looking up or down on the subject? Or is the camera neutral (eye level)?
5. Color values: What is the dominant color? Are there contrasting foils? Is there color symbolism?
6. Lens/filter/stock: How do these distort or comment on the
photographed materials?
7. Subsidiary contrasts: What are the main eye-stops after taking in the dominant?
8. Density: How much visual information is packed into the image? Is the texture stark, moderate, or highly detailed?
9. Composition: How is the two-dimensional space segmented and organized? What is the underlying design?
10. Form: Open or closed? Does the image suggest a window that arbitrarily isolates a fragment of the scene? Or a proscenium arch, in which the visual elements are carefully arranged and held in balance?
11. Framing: Tight or loose? Do characters have little to no room to move, or can they move freely without impediments?
12. Depth: On how many planes is the image composed? Does the background or foreground comment in any way on the midground?
13. Character placement: What part of the framed space do the characters occupy? Center? Top? Bottom? Edges? Why?
14. Staging positions: Which way do the characters look vis-à-vis the camera?
15. Character proxemics: How much space is between the
characters?
What are the 4 distinct formal elements that make up a film's mise en scene?
• staging of the action
• physical setting and decor
• the manner in which these materials are framed
• the manner in which they are photographed
.
Elements in the same row have the same number of () levelsWhi.docxtoltonkendal
Elements in the same row have the same number of (*) levels
Which elements in B O U L A N would be in the same family? Which would have the same number of energy levels? Highest mass? Lowest mass?
Which is more reactive? Uranium or Lithium
Will elements B and U lose electrons in a chemical reactor?
Will elements B and U form positive or negative ions?
Thanks so much (:
.
ELEG 421 Control Systems Transient and Steady State .docxtoltonkendal
ELEG 421
Control Systems
Transient and Steady State
Response Analyses
Dr. Ashraf A. Zaher
American University of Kuwait
College of Arts and Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Layout
2
Objectives
This chapter introduces the analysis of the time response of different
control systems under different scenarios. Only first and second order
systems will be considered in details using analytical and numerical
methods. Extension to higher order systems will be developed. Both
transient and steady state responses will be evaluated. Stability analysis
will be analyzed for different kinds of feedback, while investigating the
effect of both proportional and derivative control actions on the
performance of the closed-loop system. Finally systems types and
steady state errors will be calculated for unity feedback.
Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
evaluate both transient/steady state responses for control systems,
analyze the stability of closed-loop LTI systems,
investigate the effect of P and I control actions on performance, and
understand dominant dynamics of higher order systems.
Dr. Ashraf Zaher
Introduction
3
Test signals
Transient response
Steady state response
Analytical techniques, and
Numerical (simulation) techniques.
Stability (definition and analysis methods),
Relative stability, and
Effect of P/I control actions on stability and performance.
Summary of the used systems:
First order systems,
Second order systems, and
Higher order systems.
Dr. Ashraf Zaher
Test Signals
4 Dr. Ashraf Zaher
Impulse function:
Used to simulate shock inputs,
Laplace transform: 1.
Step function:
Used to simulate sudden disturbances,
Laplace transform: 1/s.
Ramp function:
Used to simulate gradually changing inputs,
Laplace transform: 1/s2.
Sinusoidal function(s):
Used to test response to a certain frequency,
Laplace transform: s/(s2+ω2) for cos(ωt) and ω/(s2+ω2) for sin(ωt).
White noise function:
Used to simulate random noise,
It is a stochastic signal that is easier to deal with in the time domain.
Total response:
C(s) = R(s)*TF(s) = Ctr(s) + Css(s) → c(t) = ctr(t) + css(t)
Fundamentals
5 Dr. Ashraf Zaher
Definitions:
Zeros (Z) of the TF
Poles (P) of the TF
Transient Response (Natural)
Steady State Response (Forced)
Total Response
Limits:
Initial values
Final values
Systems (?Zs):
First order (one P)
Second order (two Ps)
Higher order!
More:
Stability and relative stability
Steady state errors (unity feedback)
First Order Systems
6 Dr. Ashraf Zaher
TF:
T: time constant
Unit Step Response:
1
1
)(
)(
+
=
TssR
sC
)/1(
11
1
1
1
11
)(
TssTs
T
sTss
sC
+
−=
+
−=
+
=
Ttetc /1)( −−=
632.01)( 1 =−== −eTtc
T
e
Tdt
tdc Tt
t
11)( /
0
== −
=
01)0( 0 =−== etc
11)( =−=∞= −∞etc
First Order Systems.
Element 010 ASSIGNMENT 3000 WORDS (100)Task Individual assign.docxtoltonkendal
Element 010 ASSIGNMENT: 3000 WORDS (100%)
Task: Individual assignment (3000 words)
Weighting: 100%
Assessment Case Study:
Greenland Garden Centre
[1]
Jon Smith spread his arms widely as he surveyed his garden centre.
‘Of course the whole market for leisure products and services, especially garden-related products, has been expanding over the last few years. Even so, we have been particularly successful. Partly this is because we are conveniently located, but it is also because we have developed a reputation for excellent service. Customers like coming to us for advice. We have also been successful in attracting some of the ‘personality gardeners’ from television to make special appearances. My main ambition now is to fully develop all of our twelve hectares to make the centre a place people will want to visit in its own right. I envisage the centre developing into almost a mini gardening theme park with special gardens, beautiful grounds and special events.’
Greenland is a large village situated in the Cotswolds, a popular tourist area of the UK. It has an interesting range of shops and restaurants, mainly catering for the tourist trade. About half a mile outside the village is the Greenland Garden Centre. The garden centre is served by a good network of main roads but is inaccessible by public transport.
Growth over the last five years has been dramatic and the garden centre now sells many other goods as well as gardening requisites. It also has a restaurant. It is open seven days a week, only closing on Christmas Day. Its opening hours are Monday– Saturday 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. and Sunday 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. all year round.
Outside the centre
The centre has a large car park which can accommodate about 350 cars. Outside the entrance a map indicates the various areas in the garden centre. Most customers walk round the grounds before making their purchases. The length of time people spend in the centre varies but, according to a recent study, averages 53 minutes during the week and 73 minutes at weekends.
The same study shows the extent to which the number of customers arriving at the garden centre varies depending on the time of year, day of the week, and time of day. There are two peaks in customer numbers, one during the late spring/early summer period and another in the build up to Christmas, as Greenland puts on particularly good Christmas displays.
Indoor sales area
The range of goods has increased dramatically over the past few years and now includes items such as:
pets and aquatics
seeds
fertilisers
indoor pots and plants
gardening equipment
garden lighting
conservatory-style furniture
outdoor clothing
picture gallery
books and toys
delicatessen
wine
kitchen equipment
soft furnishing
outdoor eating equipment
gifts, stationery, cards, aromatherapy products
freshly cut flowers
dried flowers.
Outside sales area
In the open air and in large glasshouses there is a complete range of plants, shrubs and trees. Gre.
ELEG 320L – Signals & Systems Laboratory Dr. Jibran Khan Yous.docxtoltonkendal
ELEG 320L – Signals & Systems Laboratory /Dr. Jibran Khan Yousafzai Lab 4
1
LAB 4: CONVOLUTION
Background & Concepts
Convolution is denoted by:
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ ℎ[𝑛]
Your book has described the "flip and shift" method for performing convolution. First, we
set up two signals 𝑥[𝑘] and ℎ[𝑘]:
Flip one of the signals, say ℎ[𝑘], to form ℎ[−𝑘]:
ELEG 320L – Signals & Systems Laboratory /Dr. Jibran Khan Yousafzai Lab 4
2
Shift ℎ[−𝑘] by n to form ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]. For each value of 𝑛, form 𝑦[𝑛] by multiplying and
summing all the element of the product of𝑥[𝑘]ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘], −∞ < 𝑘 < ∞. The figure
below shows an example of the calculation of𝑦[1]. The top panel shows𝑥[𝑘]. The
middle panel showsℎ[1 − 𝑘]. The lower panel shows𝑥[𝑘]𝑦[1 − 𝑘]. Note that this is a
sequence on a 𝑘 axis. The sum of the lower sequence over all k gives 𝑦[1] = 2.
We repeat this shifting, multiplication and summing for all values of 𝑛 to get the
complete sequence 𝑦[𝑛]:
ELEG 320L – Signals & Systems Laboratory /Dr. Jibran Khan Yousafzai Lab 4
3
The conv Command
conv(x,h) performs a 1-D convolution of vectors 𝑥 and ℎ. The resulting vector 𝑦
has length length(𝑦) = length(𝑥) + length(ℎ) − 1. Imagine vector 𝑥 as being
stationary and the flipped version of ℎ is slid from left to right. Note that conv(x,h) =
conv(h,x). An example of the convolution of two signals and plotting the result is
below:
>> x = [0.5 0.5 0.5]; %define input signal x[n]
>> h = [3.0 2.0 1.0]; %unit-pulse response h[n]
>> y = conv(x,h); %compute output y[n] via convolution
>> n = 0:(length(y)-1); %for plotting y[n]
>> stem(n,y) % plot y[n]
>> grid;
>> xlabel('n');
>> ylabel('y[n]');
>> title('Output of System via Convolution');
ELEG 320L – Signals & Systems Laboratory /Dr. Jibran Khan Yousafzai Lab 4
4
Deconvolution
The command [q,r] = deconv(v,u), deconvolves vector u out of vector v, using long
division. The quotient is returned in vector q and the remainder in vector r such that
v = conv(u,q)+r. If u and v are vectors of polynomial coefficients, convolving them is
equivalent to multiplying the two polynomials, and deconvolution is polynomial
division. The result of dividing v by u is quotient q and remainder r. An examples is
below:
If
>> u = [1 2 3 4];
>> v = [10 20 30];
The convolution is:
>> c = conv(u,v)
c =
10 40 100 160 170 120
Use deconvolution to recover v.
>> [q,r] = deconv(c,u)
q =
10 20 30
r =
0 0 0 0 0 0
This gives a quotient equal to v and a zero remainder.
Structures
Structures in Matlab are just like structures in C. They are basically containers that
allow one
Electronic Media PresentationChoose two of the following.docxtoltonkendal
Electronic Media Presentation
Choose
two of the following types of electronic media:
Radio
Sound recording
Motion pictures
Broadcast television
Research
the history of the media types your team selected. Include the following information in your presentation:
Introduction
Notable founders and parent organizations of your electronic media types
Notable historical dates
Dates of mergers with other radio stations, record production companies, motion picture companies, or television networks to form a large media conglomerate
Date the media types launched their websites, became active on the Internet, or became active in social media integration
Identify past, present, and future challenges confronting these types of media. How has the digital era affected them? Which types are best suited to adapt to the future? Explain why
How do these challenges affect advertising in these organizations--outside companies advertising--and advertising for these media--companies promoting themselves to others? What are innovative advertising strategies these media have engaged in?
What are two similarities and two differences between the two media types?
Conclusion
Present your Electronic Media Presentation.
These are 10- to 12-slideMicrosoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentations with notes.
.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
RUNNING HEAD ROUGH DRAFT .docx
1. RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft
Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title,
date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial
profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African
males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil
Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of
Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the
Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled
through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although
it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United
States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages
of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers
show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal
justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the
system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice
system need to be changed in order to change the face of the
system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by
Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
2. Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration.
Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin
each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left
margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences
in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are
alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of
mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of
American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel:
American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making
them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of
the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This
does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is
a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and
processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African
Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space
between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or
subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime
in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In
3. accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By design even criminals
regardless of race are to be protected Comment by Nygel:
By design, even criminals—regardless of race—are to be
protected against abuse…
against abuse of prosecution powers or investigatory powers
(Mann, 2011. The criminal justice
system is made up of three main parts: Courts that include
judges and attorneys, law enforcement Comment by Nygel: ;
that includes FBI, police offices and Homeland Security
department. Corrections including Comment by Nygel: ; and
corrections, including…
probation, prisons, jails and parole (Petersilia, 2013). The three
distinct agencies in the criminal
justice system operate under the rule of law in the society.
However trough statistics and
quantitative data there are racial disparities that exist within the
criminal justice system.
The legacies of segregation and slavery never ended with
the Civil Rights Movement but
they have continuously affected the African male mostly
through racial profiling on all levels in
the American society. African males are disproportionally
denied access to educational and
economic benefits. They are robbed of their human dignity and
civil rights and imprisoned by
the drug laws that are racist. Laws that are all to present within
racially disproportionate Comment by Nygel: These laws are
all-too-present within the racially disproportionate incarceration
rates.
incarceration rates Comment by Nygel: Please add a citation
or citations.
Mass incarceration rates peaked in the late 1970s to an all-
time high. Soon after incarceration Comment by Nygel: Is the
4. rate higher right now?
Trends began painting a very clear picture that while mass
incarceration was the culprit it fell on
the backs of African Americans males. During this time race
became a prominent part of the
conversation and the consensus was that in fact there was a
problem; the issue race fit
more broadly into the general pattern, particularly when we
quantify the disproportion. African Comment by Nygel:
particularly when the disproportionality was quantified. Keep
the past tense and also eliminate words like “we”.
Americans make up 12 percent of the American population.
African American males however
make up 6 percent of the population yet account for 37 percent
of all incarcerations in the United
States. Studies show that one in four African American males
before the age of 25 can expect to
be involved to be in the criminal justice system to some cacity.
Whether its prison, parole or
some type of supervision program. Notably statistics show that
incarcerated males do not
account for the majority of violent crimes. 67 % of all
incarcerated African American males are Comment by
Nygel: You need citations to support this paragraph.
Comment by Nygel: Yet, 67%... Do not begin a sentence
with a numeral. Comment by Nygel: African-American
males
in prison for drug related charges.
The War on drugs has been a driving force in the rising rates
of minority incarcerations since
the 1970s.During the tenure of Presidents Nixon’s presidency,
the war on drugs was declared, his
intent to punish anyone involved with drugs was very clear. He
pushed to dramatically and
forcefully increase the presence of federal drug agencies in an
5. effort to deter Americans from
drug use or distribution. His initiatives were met with the use of
media outlets as well as heavy
police enforcement throughout The United States. However, the
presences of federal agencies
had more prevalent presence in inner cities and poorer
communities housing African Americans
in comparison to any other demographics.
Moreover, during the height of racial tensions in the United
Sates a very strong argument was
raised by critics of the Judicial system that stated that judges
were given too much
discretion when sentencing; sentences were either too harsh or
too lenient for certain crimes
As a solution the government imposed what is known as
minimum sentencing guidelines. These
guidelines were set to withstand prejudiced ruling based on
color or race and serve as protective
measure from public perceptions. However, over time proved to
be ineffective as they created an
increased disproportion; the guidelines were not used
effectively and fairly and in accordance
with public interest. They were abused creating longer
sentences for minorities in an array of
nonviolent crimes although these guidelines were originally
created to remedy and mitigate
claims that the justice system was being disproportion and
heavy handed in its sentencing of act
as a buffer against discretionary concerns.
Mandatory minimums however, have had a human cost and
proven to not only be ineffective
in deterring crime but also creating racial disproportions in
incarceration rates of minorities
particularly African American males and Hispanic males.
6. United States sentencing commission
empirical analysis showed that crimes have had a particularly
stronger impact on minorities in
2010 74.4% of federal drug offenders sentenced under minimum
mandatory sentences were
black or Hispanic (Ghary, 2013). However, at the federal level
there has been improvements at Comment by Nygel: Have
the federal level there has been a reduction of mandatory
minimums as well as safety valve
provisions to give judges discretion in certain cases. On the
local level at least 29 states have
rolled back mandatory sentences since 2000 (Subramanian,
2014). Though, none of these
provisions act retroactively to provide relief to the thousands of
black men currently serving
disproportionally long sentences for minor drug offences.
There are many causes of racial disparity in the criminal
justice system, they are myriad and
complex. While there is disproportionate offending for certain
types of crimes there is also a lot
of discretionary decision making by actors, criminal justice
officials in the system from arrest all Comment by Nygel:
Please make sure to proofread for grammatical errors.
the way until sentencing such as police officer’s prosecutors.
Judges that make discretionary
decision which produce racial result from racial profiling on the
part of the police to charging
and plea-bargaining decision by prosecutors and sentencing
decision by judges. While some
decisions may not be based on intentional discrimination they
are based on unconscious bias and
these biased can lead to devastating results and creating and
fortifying the racial disparity within
the justice system that supports a systematic abuse of African
American.
7. Aside from minimum sentencing provisions, racial
disproportionality is a direct contribution
of key players within the criminal justice system; judges, law
enforcements personnel, district
attorney as well as arresting officers subsequently keep the
disparity alive and well into the 21st
century though abuse of discretion. For example, according to
studies African American males
do not account for the majority of violent crimes: they do not
even come close (Campbell 2015).
Most sentences that’s are handed to African American males are
incumbent on discretionary
decision of the key players in the criminal justice system.
The use of discretion has always been a topic of
conversation in the context of racial
inequality and disparity in the criminal justice system. The
amount of discretion given to key
players within the criminal justice system such as law
enforcement, arresting officers, district
attorneys. Evidence of direct racial discrimination is evident in
sentencing outcomes. African
are more likely to be disadvantaged in terms of sentences
lengths than any other group. They are
also disadvantaged in the initial decision to incarcerate or not.
Judges are more likely to rule less
favorably for African American males than they are for any
other demographic within the united
states of America. As compared to 1 in 17 white males
(Adelman, 2017). The statistics are stark.
The United States sentencing commission published a study
stating that African American
men are receiving prison sentences that are 19 % longer than
white males. Racial disparities
8. between whites and blacks have steadily increased through the
year. For instance, in the year
1998 -2003 the percentage was 11%, between 2003 and -2004
the percentage dropped to 5%
however in 2005 it skyrocketed to 15% . The commission states
that the spike in sentences was
caused by the Supreme court’s decision in United States vs
Booker (Federal Sentencing
Commission 2008). The results of this case gave federal judges
more discretion on sentencing
ultimately leaving it in to impose harsher or more lenient
sentences. Before this decision federal
judges were required to abide by the Commissions sentencing
guidelines. The commission also
cites this as one of the reasons why African Americans males
harsher longer sentences in
comparison to whites. However, the sentencing decision by
judges is usually at the tail end of the
criminal
justice process. Before sentencing occurs in the hands of a
judge, there evidence of an even
more alarming racial trend perpetuated by prosecutors.
Prosecutors are said to have more power than a judge in the
criminal justice system; their
charging decisions are key. Prosecutors are given ample amount
of discretion in deciding who to
charge, what to charge them, and creating plea bargain options
for defendants. Prosecutors are
uniquely situated to fix this problem. Prosecutors are the most
powerful officials in the criminal
justice system. They make charging decision as well as plea
bargaining decisions and those
decisions are the decision that really drive the criminal justice
system. Prosecutors should
develop ways to doubt their won objectivity as well as and
9. refrain from operation and basing
sentencing decision on implicit biases against African American
males that are perpetuated by
society or experiences (Free, 20050. Prosecutors should be
cognizant of their impact on the lives
of others and retain a count and trends of their sentencing trends
within their organizations.
Scholar Sonja Starr conducted a study in which she followed
cases of both African American
males as well as Hispanic and Caucasian throughout the entire
criminal process using multi
organizational data in each case. She assured that all cases had
the same mitigating factors such
as past criminal history to assure that perhaps while cases may
look the same once they are at
the tail end of the criminal process to make a fair comparison of
sentencing outcomes. She
subsequently discovered that although African American males
and their white counterparts may
commit the same crime and have the same criminal history;
their crimes were being placed
differently within sentencing guidelines. Regardless of controls
placed in the study African
American males were 10% more likely to be given a harsher
sentence (Rehavi, 2014).
Another important contribution driving racial disparities in
the criminal justice system that
work to target African American males are systems such as plea
bargaining in the hands of
prosecutors Please bargaining is method used by prosecutors to
maintain leverage in the criminal
justice process. African American males are often coerced into
accepting plea deals and agreeing
to shorter sentences in the hopes of avoiding longer ones as well
10. as avoiding trial. The vast
majority of people in the justice system are poor and are not
able to afford trials. Makin plea
bargains a way of life in the African American community and
further driving racial outcomes
by way of socially unjust practices that target the poor. A study
shows that 95% of disposition in
cases involving the incarceration o African American males if a
result of a plea bargain
regardless of innocence or guilt. ( Savitsky, 2012).
Racial profiling of African American men is deeply rooted
in the criminal justice system. It is
a practice that disproportionate targets a group based on race
and pre-conceived notions of guilt
without actual evidence in the hands of police officers. Police
officers are also given vast
amounts of discretion. Officers decide where to patrol and who
to arrest. police officers are
oftentimes the face of the criminal justice system. However
African American males are more
more likely to be stopped and frisked, searched or questioned or
met with unwarranted
physical violence or killed that any other group in The United
States.
Racial profiling of the African males is seen to occur in the
following incidents: It has been
found out that at police stops whether on foot or in cars,
African American males’ investigatory
stops to whites, are twice the rate. It has been proved that racial
disparities are more rampant
during daytime in the traffic police check since the race can be
viewed unlike at night
(Weitzer, 2010). Police searches are another place where racial
profiling is persistent. African
11. males are given tickets at a higher rate compared to the whites.
Searches at the police traffic
stops are three times more than those of the whites as well.
Police using force during arrest is
another incident where African males are treated brutally on a
racism profile than the whites.
Police use force on them such as dogs, pepper spray, Tasers and
physical force. Juvenile arrests
among African male children and youth who are under the age
of 18 years is twice higher than
that of American children for committing crimes in school.
They are held in detention for a
longer period of time than the white kids in accordance with the
sentencing project of juvenile.
As was in the cases of In the case of Amadou Diallo (1999),
Patrick Dosrismond, Ouzmane
Zongo, Sean bell, Oscar grant Freddie gray, were all racially
profiled and killed. While these
examples are not the norm, they are a very stark reality for
African Americans males in their
daily interactions with law enforcement officers. Personal and a
perpetuated culture of “Us. Vs
them” in a racial context has driven policing through America
especially in African American
communities where biases often drive behaviors of police
creating social tension and mistrust.
Communities are often not well represented in their
perspective police departments further
creating divide between law enforcement and communities
Systems of power in the united states
that lack accountability. Police officers acting badly is a
symptom of the fact that there is no
accountability. The lack of accountability in the criminal justice
system is fueled by a larger
culture in society which consistently validates it by constantly
12. accepting poor behavior on behalf
of police as part of their job; creating mistrust between
communities and the system.
The research by the American Civil Liberties Union
collected case studies on life-without-
parole sentencing for nonviolent offenses and death penalty
cases in order to prove that racial
bias and disparate still exists in the criminal justice system. The
case studies were retrieved from
genuine sources such as the prison policy organization and
sentencing project organization
among much more in order to prove that the criminal justice
system mostly targets the African
males. Reports from the human rights and Legal Defense and
Educational Fund Inc were also
used as sources to reveal the estimate of the ratio of the
population of the Whites and Africans
present in jail.The results of the study showed that there are
significant racial disparities that
exist in the sentencing decisions in the U.S.A. It was revealed
that the disparities in the criminal
justice system increased with the severity of the imposed
sentence. The major causes of racial
disparities revealed from the study are as a result of the
disparate treatments of the Black males
at the criminal justice system, which includes the stops and
searches, arrests, trials, and
sentencing. The research argued that race in the criminal justice
system matters a lot and
influences the decision imposed on the offender. The research
revealed that an African male
offender is at a disadvantage when finding on the wrong side of
the criminal justice system
(American Civil Liberties Union, 2014).
13. Whisner conducted a study to reveal that race still exists in
the criminal justice system. She Comment by Nygel: (Year)
argued that people of color are overrepresented and treated
differently in Washington State
prisons and jails. The study argued that both disproportionality
and disparity exist in the criminal
justice system of Washington State. The study provides
evidence that shows patterns of racial
profiling in Washington State, which gives substantial reasons
that the African males are at a
disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Analysis of the
drug enforcement patterns and police
stops in the state revealed that criminal justice system targets
the male colored people especially
the Africans. The study further argued that police
investigations, traffic offenses, and drug
possession and distribution are largely associated with race and
ethnicity.
Various judges and lawyers were interviewed to reveal how
the male minority offenders in
Washington State are perceived by the criminal justice system
in the state. A group of twenty
male African citizens was also interviewed to give their opinion
and perception of the criminal
justice system in Washington. Surveys were also conducted on
various prisons and jails in the
state to give an estimate of the ratio of the African and White
inmates present in these
institutions. Law casebooks and publications from federal state
institutions were used to give an
estimate of the current state of racism that exists in the criminal
justice system.
The study revealed that many male Africans believe that
14. bias pervades the entire legal system
in Washington State. The group in return does not trust the
court system when it comes to
resolving their disputes and administer justice. Analysis from
the study further showed that the
African males receive disparate treatment and harsher sentences
compared to the white male
offenders who have committed the same crime. The minority
groups in Washington are treated
with disrespect and the police force engages this group with
offensive behaviors. The male
Africans who rely on the public defenders argued that they are
at a disadvantage since the
agencies
While statistics are stacked high to support the idea that the
criminal justice system works to
victimize African American males perhaps the most critical in
which these statistics affect this
particular demographic can be seen in their absence within the
nuclear family. African
American males are more likely to be incarcerated than they are
to be able to raise their children
creating a perpetual generational cycle of incarceration. Often
times when African American
males are incarcerated their children are left fatherless.
Fatherless homes is the greatest threat to
the African community. Children who grow up without a father
are five times more likely to live
in poverty and commit crimes 9x ore likely to drop out of
school and 20 times more likely to end up in prison (Defina,
2009).
In conclusion there is enough conclusive evidence by way of
statistics that support that black
men in America are targeted by the criminal justice system by
15. way of the criminal process
system. Judges prosecutors, police officers base their sentencing
decision on racial biases that
often have racial outcomes. While many of these biases may not
be intentional the outcomes are
devastating to the African American Community . (Work in
progress)
References
Adelman, L., & Deitrich, J. (2017). Booker, judges, and mass
incarceration. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 29(4), 224.
Comment by Nygel: Your hanging indents should only be
1/2 inch from the left margin, line above it.
Cadore, Z. (2015). Accepting the unacceptable: Judicial backing
of racial profiling in america. Harvard Journal of African
American Public Policy, , 28-31. Retrieved from https://search-
proquest-
com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1691261439?accountid=8289
Comment by Nygel: America can be capitalized
Comment by Nygel: italics. Please also provide the
volume number, like the reference above. The DOI should be
on the first page of the PDF.
DeFina, R., & Hannon, L. (2013;2009;). The impact of mass
incarceration on poverty. Crime & Delinquency, 59(4), 562-586.
doi:10.1177/0011128708328864 Comment by Nygel: This is
very good, but you need to put the Journal and volume number
in italics.
Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., &
Mincy, R. B. (2012;2011;). Beyond absenteeism: Father
incarceration and child development. Demography, 49(1), 49-
76. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9
Ghaly, M. (2013). The fair sentencing act of 2010 and federal
cocaine sentencing policy - how congress continues to allow
implicit racial animus towards african americans to permeate
federal cocaine sentencing. Rutgers Race and the Law Review,
14, 135-153
16. Free, J., Marvin D. (2005). Prosecutorial decision making and
minority group-threat theory. Criminal Justice Studies, 18(1), 7-
28. doi:10.1080/14786010500071071
Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? plea
bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and
overcrowding in the united states prison system. Rationality and
Society, 24(2), 131-167. doi:10.1177/1043463112441351
Sklansky, D. A. (2016). The nature and function of
prosecutorial power. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,
106(3), 473. Comment by Nygel: Is this a one-page article?
This paper makes some really good points. You need some
work. I am very confident that you will get there. Please
review the entire paper for grammatical errors. Please be sure
that every paragraph, unless it is your introduction, which may
not need a citation in each paragraph, or your
discussion/conclusion, includes citations. You only have eight
references. I hope that you can add some and also work on
putting them in APA format. They are close. I noticed that you
changed the alignment to justify in your references section. Do
not do that. I made some corrections regarding grammar but
certainly not all. I also noticed that you began changing
African Americans to simply Africans. That is not accurate,
unless you are specifically referring to someone from Africa. It
is okay to interchange African Americans or black males, and
the same goes for Caucasians or whites, etc. You have a lot of
good content with which to work. Please be sure to add and
headings and subheadings. Please also add a running header. I
hope that you can make improvements and possibly get someone
else to proofread your paper. I certainly like the direction.
Criminal Justice Formal Written Paper Rubric 100 points total
Content (Possible 50 Points): 42
Use of Sources (Possible 20 Points): 11
17. Grammar (Possible 20 Points): 13
Structure of the Paper (Possible 10 points): 8
Total Points Earned: 74
RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft
Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title,
date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial
profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African
males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil
Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of
Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the
Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled
through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although
it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United
States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages
of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers
show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal
justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the
system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice
system need to be changed in order to change the face of the
18. system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by
Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration.
Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin
each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left
margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences
in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are
alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of
mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of
American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel:
American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making
them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of
the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This
does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is
a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and
processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African
Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space
between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or
subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
19. The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime
in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In
accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By design even criminals
regardless of race are to be protected Comment by Nygel:
By design, even criminals—regardless of race—are to be
protected against abuse…
against abuse of prosecution powers or investigatory powers
(Mann, 2011. The criminal justice
system is made up of three main parts: Courts that include
judges and attorneys, law enforcement Comment by Nygel: ;
that includes FBI, police offices and Homeland Security
department. Corrections including Comment by Nygel: ; and
corrections, including…
probation, prisons, jails and parole (Petersilia, 2013). The three
distinct agencies in the criminal
justice system operate under the rule of law in the society.
However trough statistics and
quantitative data there are racial disparities that exist within the
criminal justice system.
The legacies of segregation and slavery never ended with
the Civil Rights Movement but
they have continuously affected the African male mostly
through racial profiling on all levels in
the American society. African males are disproportionally
denied access to educational and
economic benefits. They are robbed of their human dignity and
civil rights and imprisoned by
the drug laws that are racist. Laws that are all to present within
racially disproportionate Comment by Nygel: These laws are
all-too-present within the racially disproportionate incarceration
rates.
incarceration rates Comment by Nygel: Please add a citation
or citations.
20. Mass incarceration rates peaked in the late 1970s to an all-
time high. Soon after incarceration Comment by Nygel: Is the
rate higher right now?
Trends began painting a very clear picture that while mass
incarceration was the culprit it fell on
the backs of African Americans males. During this time race
became a prominent part of the
conversation and the consensus was that in fact there was a
problem; the issue race fit
more broadly into the general pattern, particularly when we
quantify the disproportion. African Comment by Nygel:
particularly when the disproportionality was quantified. Keep
the past tense and also eliminate words like “we”.
Americans make up 12 percent of the American population.
African American males however
make up 6 percent of the population yet account for 37 percent
of all incarcerations in the United
States. Studies show that one in four African American males
before the age of 25 can expect to
be involved to be in the criminal justice system to some cacity.
Whether its prison, parole or
some type of supervision program. Notably statistics show that
incarcerated males do not
account for the majority of violent crimes. 67 % of all
incarcerated African American males are Comment by
Nygel: You need citations to support this paragraph.
Comment by Nygel: Yet, 67%... Do not begin a sentence
with a numeral. Comment by Nygel: African-American
males
in prison for drug related charges.
The War on drugs has been a driving force in the rising rates
of minority incarcerations since
the 1970s.During the tenure of Presidents Nixon’s presidency,
the war on drugs was declared, his
intent to punish anyone involved with drugs was very clear. He
21. pushed to dramatically and
forcefully increase the presence of federal drug agencies in an
effort to deter Americans from
drug use or distribution. His initiatives were met with the use of
media outlets as well as heavy
police enforcement throughout The United States. However, the
presences of federal agencies
had more prevalent presence in inner cities and poorer
communities housing African Americans
in comparison to any other demographics.
Moreover, during the height of racial tensions in the United
Sates a very strong argument was
raised by critics of the Judicial system that stated that judges
were given too much
discretion when sentencing; sentences were either too harsh or
too lenient for certain crimes
As a solution the government imposed what is known as
minimum sentencing guidelines. These
guidelines were set to withstand prejudiced ruling based on
color or race and serve as protective
measure from public perceptions. However, over time proved to
be ineffective as they created an
increased disproportion; the guidelines were not used
effectively and fairly and in accordance
with public interest. They were abused creating longer
sentences for minorities in an array of
nonviolent crimes although these guidelines were originally
created to remedy and mitigate
claims that the justice system was being disproportion and
heavy handed in its sentencing of act
as a buffer against discretionary concerns.
Mandatory minimums however, have had a human cost and
proven to not only be ineffective
in deterring crime but also creating racial disproportions in
22. incarceration rates of minorities
particularly African American males and Hispanic males.
United States sentencing commission
empirical analysis showed that crimes have had a particularly
stronger impact on minorities in
2010 74.4% of federal drug offenders sentenced under minimum
mandatory sentences were
black or Hispanic (Ghary, 2013). However, at the federal level
there has been improvements at Comment by Nygel: Have
the federal level there has been a reduction of mandatory
minimums as well as safety valve
provisions to give judges discretion in certain cases. On the
local level at least 29 states have
rolled back mandatory sentences since 2000 (Subramanian,
2014). Though, none of these
provisions act retroactively to provide relief to the thousands of
black men currently serving
disproportionally long sentences for minor drug offences.
There are many causes of racial disparity in the criminal
justice system, they are myriad and
complex. While there is disproportionate offending for certain
types of crimes there is also a lot
of discretionary decision making by actors, criminal justice
officials in the system from arrest all Comment by Nygel:
Please make sure to proofread for grammatical errors.
the way until sentencing such as police officer’s prosecutors.
Judges that make discretionary
decision which produce racial result from racial profiling on the
part of the police to charging
and plea-bargaining decision by prosecutors and sentencing
decision by judges. While some
decisions may not be based on intentional discrimination they
are based on unconscious bias and
these biased can lead to devastating results and creating and
fortifying the racial disparity within
23. the justice system that supports a systematic abuse of African
American.
Aside from minimum sentencing provisions, racial
disproportionality is a direct contribution
of key players within the criminal justice system; judges, law
enforcements personnel, district
attorney as well as arresting officers subsequently keep the
disparity alive and well into the 21st
century though abuse of discretion. For example, according to
studies African American males
do not account for the majority of violent crimes: they do not
even come close (Campbell 2015).
Most sentences that’s are handed to African American males are
incumbent on discretionary
decision of the key players in the criminal justice system.
The use of discretion has always been a topic of
conversation in the context of racial
inequality and disparity in the criminal justice system. The
amount of discretion given to key
players within the criminal justice system such as law
enforcement, arresting officers, district
attorneys. Evidence of direct racial discrimination is evident in
sentencing outcomes. African
are more likely to be disadvantaged in terms of sentences
lengths than any other group. They are
also disadvantaged in the initial decision to incarcerate or not.
Judges are more likely to rule less
favorably for African American males than they are for any
other demographic within the united
states of America. As compared to 1 in 17 white males
(Adelman, 2017). The statistics are stark.
The United States sentencing commission published a study
stating that African American
24. men are receiving prison sentences that are 19 % longer than
white males. Racial disparities
between whites and blacks have steadily increased through the
year. For instance, in the year
1998 -2003 the percentage was 11%, between 2003 and -2004
the percentage dropped to 5%
however in 2005 it skyrocketed to 15% . The commission states
that the spike in sentences was
caused by the Supreme court’s decision in United States vs
Booker (Federal Sentencing
Commission 2008). The results of this case gave federal judges
more discretion on sentencing
ultimately leaving it in to impose harsher or more lenient
sentences. Before this decision federal
judges were required to abide by the Commissions sentencing
guidelines. The commission also
cites this as one of the reasons why African Americans males
harsher longer sentences in
comparison to whites. However, the sentencing decision by
judges is usually at the tail end of the
criminal
justice process. Before sentencing occurs in the hands of a
judge, there evidence of an even
more alarming racial trend perpetuated by prosecutors.
Prosecutors are said to have more power than a judge in the
criminal justice system; their
charging decisions are key. Prosecutors are given ample amount
of discretion in deciding who to
charge, what to charge them, and creating plea bargain options
for defendants. Prosecutors are
uniquely situated to fix this problem. Prosecutors are the most
powerful officials in the criminal
justice system. They make charging decision as well as plea
bargaining decisions and those
decisions are the decision that really drive the criminal justice
25. system. Prosecutors should
develop ways to doubt their won objectivity as well as and
refrain from operation and basing
sentencing decision on implicit biases against African American
males that are perpetuated by
society or experiences (Free, 20050. Prosecutors should be
cognizant of their impact on the lives
of others and retain a count and trends of their sentencing trends
within their organizations.
Scholar Sonja Starr conducted a study in which she followed
cases of both African American
males as well as Hispanic and Caucasian throughout the entire
criminal process using multi
organizational data in each case. She assured that all cases had
the same mitigating factors such
as past criminal history to assure that perhaps while cases may
look the same once they are at
the tail end of the criminal process to make a fair comparison of
sentencing outcomes. She
subsequently discovered that although African American males
and their white counterparts may
commit the same crime and have the same criminal history;
their crimes were being placed
differently within sentencing guidelines. Regardless of controls
placed in the study African
American males were 10% more likely to be given a harsher
sentence (Rehavi, 2014).
Another important contribution driving racial disparities in
the criminal justice system that
work to target African American males are systems such as plea
bargaining in the hands of
prosecutors Please bargaining is method used by prosecutors to
maintain leverage in the criminal
justice process. African American males are often coerced into
26. accepting plea deals and agreeing
to shorter sentences in the hopes of avoiding longer ones as well
as avoiding trial. The vast
majority of people in the justice system are poor and are not
able to afford trials. Makin plea
bargains a way of life in the African American community and
further driving racial outcomes
by way of socially unjust practices that target the poor. A study
shows that 95% of disposition in
cases involving the incarceration o African American males if a
result of a plea bargain
regardless of innocence or guilt. ( Savitsky, 2012).
Racial profiling of African American men is deeply rooted
in the criminal justice system. It is
a practice that disproportionate targets a group based on race
and pre-conceived notions of guilt
without actual evidence in the hands of police officers. Police
officers are also given vast
amounts of discretion. Officers decide where to patrol and who
to arrest. police officers are
oftentimes the face of the criminal justice system. However
African American males are more
more likely to be stopped and frisked, searched or questioned or
met with unwarranted
physical violence or killed that any other group in The United
States.
Racial profiling of the African males is seen to occur in the
following incidents: It has been
found out that at police stops whether on foot or in cars,
African American males’ investigatory
stops to whites, are twice the rate. It has been proved that racial
disparities are more rampant
during daytime in the traffic police check since the race can be
viewed unlike at night
27. (Weitzer, 2010). Police searches are another place where racial
profiling is persistent. African
males are given tickets at a higher rate compared to the whites.
Searches at the police traffic
stops are three times more than those of the whites as well.
Police using force during arrest is
another incident where African males are treated brutally on a
racism profile than the whites.
Police use force on them such as dogs, pepper spray, Tasers and
physical force. Juvenile arrests
among African male children and youth who are under the age
of 18 years is twice higher than
that of American children for committing crimes in school.
They are held in detention for a
longer period of time than the white kids in accordance with the
sentencing project of juvenile.
As was in the cases of In the case of Amadou Diallo (1999),
Patrick Dosrismond, Ouzmane
Zongo, Sean bell, Oscar grant Freddie gray, were all racially
profiled and killed. While these
examples are not the norm, they are a very stark reality for
African Americans males in their
daily interactions with law enforcement officers. Personal and a
perpetuated culture of “Us. Vs
them” in a racial context has driven policing through America
especially in African American
communities where biases often drive behaviors of police
creating social tension and mistrust.
Communities are often not well represented in their
perspective police departments further
creating divide between law enforcement and communities
Systems of power in the united states
that lack accountability. Police officers acting badly is a
symptom of the fact that there is no
accountability. The lack of accountability in the criminal justice
28. system is fueled by a larger
culture in society which consistently validates it by constantly
accepting poor behavior on behalf
of police as part of their job; creating mistrust between
communities and the system.
The research by the American Civil Liberties Union
collected case studies on life-without-
parole sentencing for nonviolent offenses and death penalty
cases in order to prove that racial
bias and disparate still exists in the criminal justice system. The
case studies were retrieved from
genuine sources such as the prison policy organization and
sentencing project organization
among much more in order to prove that the criminal justice
system mostly targets the African
males. Reports from the human rights and Legal Defense and
Educational Fund Inc were also
used as sources to reveal the estimate of the ratio of the
population of the Whites and Africans
present in jail.The results of the study showed that there are
significant racial disparities that
exist in the sentencing decisions in the U.S.A. It was revealed
that the disparities in the criminal
justice system increased with the severity of the imposed
sentence. The major causes of racial
disparities revealed from the study are as a result of the
disparate treatments of the Black males
at the criminal justice system, which includes the stops and
searches, arrests, trials, and
sentencing. The research argued that race in the criminal justice
system matters a lot and
influences the decision imposed on the offender. The research
revealed that an African male
offender is at a disadvantage when finding on the wrong side of
the criminal justice system
29. (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014).
Whisner conducted a study to reveal that race still exists in
the criminal justice system. She Comment by Nygel: (Year)
argued that people of color are overrepresented and treated
differently in Washington State
prisons and jails. The study argued that both disproportionality
and disparity exist in the criminal
justice system of Washington State. The study provides
evidence that shows patterns of racial
profiling in Washington State, which gives substantial reasons
that the African males are at a
disadvantage in the criminal justice system. Analysis of the
drug enforcement patterns and police
stops in the state revealed that criminal justice system targets
the male colored people especially
the Africans. The study further argued that police
investigations, traffic offenses, and drug
possession and distribution are largely associated with race and
ethnicity.
Various judges and lawyers were interviewed to reveal how
the male minority offenders in
Washington State are perceived by the criminal justice system
in the state. A group of twenty
male African citizens was also interviewed to give their opinion
and perception of the criminal
justice system in Washington. Surveys were also conducted on
various prisons and jails in the
state to give an estimate of the ratio of the African and White
inmates present in these
institutions. Law casebooks and publications from federal state
institutions were used to give an
estimate of the current state of racism that exists in the criminal
justice system.
30. The study revealed that many male Africans believe that
bias pervades the entire legal system
in Washington State. The group in return does not trust the
court system when it comes to
resolving their disputes and administer justice. Analysis from
the study further showed that the
African males receive disparate treatment and harsher sentences
compared to the white male
offenders who have committed the same crime. The minority
groups in Washington are treated
with disrespect and the police force engages this group with
offensive behaviors. The male
Africans who rely on the public defenders argued that they are
at a disadvantage since the
agencies
While statistics are stacked high to support the idea that the
criminal justice system works to
victimize African American males perhaps the most critical in
which these statistics affect this
particular demographic can be seen in their absence within the
nuclear family. African
American males are more likely to be incarcerated than they are
to be able to raise their children
creating a perpetual generational cycle of incarceration. Often
times when African American
males are incarcerated their children are left fatherless.
Fatherless homes is the greatest threat to
the African community. Children who grow up without a father
are five times more likely to live
in poverty and commit crimes 9x ore likely to drop out of
school and 20 times more likely to end up in prison (Defina,
2009).
In conclusion there is enough conclusive evidence by way of
31. statistics that support that black
men in America are targeted by the criminal justice system by
way of the criminal process
system. Judges prosecutors, police officers base their sentencing
decision on racial biases that
often have racial outcomes. While many of these biases may not
be intentional the outcomes are
devastating to the African American Community . (Work in
progress)
References
Adelman, L., & Deitrich, J. (2017). Booker, judges, and mass
incarceration. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 29(4), 224.
Comment by Nygel: Your hanging indents should only be
1/2 inch from the left margin, line above it.
Cadore, Z. (2015). Accepting the unacceptable: Judicial backing
of racial profiling in america. Harvard Journal of African
American Public Policy, , 28-31. Retrieved from https://search-
proquest-
com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1691261439?accountid=8289
Comment by Nygel: America can be capitalized
Comment by Nygel: italics. Please also provide the
volume number, like the reference above. The DOI should be
on the first page of the PDF.
DeFina, R., & Hannon, L. (2013;2009;). The impact of mass
incarceration on poverty. Crime & Delinquency, 59(4), 562-586.
doi:10.1177/0011128708328864 Comment by Nygel: This is
very good, but you need to put the Journal and volume number
in italics.
Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., &
Mincy, R. B. (2012;2011;). Beyond absenteeism: Father
incarceration and child development. Demography, 49(1), 49-
76. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0081-9
Ghaly, M. (2013). The fair sentencing act of 2010 and federal
cocaine sentencing policy - how congress continues to allow
implicit racial animus towards african americans to permeate
32. federal cocaine sentencing. Rutgers Race and the Law Review,
14, 135-153
Free, J., Marvin D. (2005). Prosecutorial decision making and
minority group-threat theory. Criminal Justice Studies, 18(1), 7-
28. doi:10.1080/14786010500071071
Savitsky, D. (2012). Is plea bargaining a rational choice? plea
bargaining as an engine of racial stratification and
overcrowding in the united states prison system. Rationality and
Society, 24(2), 131-167. doi:10.1177/1043463112441351
Sklansky, D. A. (2016). The nature and function of
prosecutorial power. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,
106(3), 473. Comment by Nygel: Is this a one-page article?
This paper makes some really good points. You need some
work. I am very confident that you will get there. Please
review the entire paper for grammatical errors. Please be sure
that every paragraph, unless it is your introduction, which may
not need a citation in each paragraph, or your
discussion/conclusion, includes citations. You only have eight
references. I hope that you can add some and also work on
putting them in APA format. They are close. I noticed that you
changed the alignment to justify in your references section. Do
not do that. I made some corrections regarding grammar but
certainly not all. I also noticed that you began changing
African Americans to simply Africans. That is not accurate,
unless you are specifically referring to someone from Africa. It
is okay to interchange African Americans or black males, and
the same goes for Caucasians or whites, etc. You have a lot of
good content with which to work. Please be sure to add and
headings and subheadings. Please also add a running header. I
hope that you can make improvements and possibly get someone
else to proofread your paper. I certainly like the direction.
Criminal Justice Formal Written Paper Rubric 100 points total
33. Content (Possible 50 Points): 42
Use of Sources (Possible 20 Points): 11
Grammar (Possible 20 Points): 13
Structure of the Paper (Possible 10 points): 8
Total Points Earned: 74