Accusative
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The document discusses the accusative case in Russian. It explains that the accusative case expresses the direct object of the sentence, or what is acted upon by the subject. Some key points: - The accusative case ending is formed by leaving masculine nouns unchanged, changing feminine nouns from -а to -у, and leaving neuter nouns unchanged. - Examples are given to illustrate this, such as "я читаю журнал" (I am reading a journal) where журнал is unchanged, and "ты читаешь газету" (you are reading a newspaper) where газета changes to газету.
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This document discusses the different types of conditional sentences in English:
- Zero conditional refers to general truths using present tense in both clauses.
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- Second conditional refers to unlikely or improbable situations using past tense in the if-clause and "would" in the main clause.
- Third conditional refers to hypothetical or imaginary past situations using past perfect in the if-clause and "would have" in the main clause.
It also covers using time clauses like "when", "as soon as", "until", "before", and "after" with future tenses.
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The document discusses the nominative case in Russian grammar. The nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence and for predicate nouns. It introduces the six main cases in Russian: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, prepositional, and instrumental. It provides examples of sentences where the subject is in the nominative case and the predicate noun is also in the nominative case, as it identifies something about the subject.
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The document contains information about different types of conditional sentences:
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- Unreal conditionals refer to imagined or hypothetical conditions and outcomes. They include hypothetical conditionals about possible future events and counterfactual conditionals about impossible past events.
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- First conditional refers to possible or real situations using present tense in the if-clause and future tense in the main clause.
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The document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English:
1) Zero conditional - Used to talk about things that are always true. They use the present simple in both the if-clause and main clause.
2) First conditional - Used to talk about things that are possible in the present or future. They use the present simple in the if-clause and will + infinitive in the main clause.
3) Second conditional - Used to talk about unreal things in the present or future. They use the past simple in the if-clause and would + infinitive in the main clause. When using be, we must use "were" instead of "was" for all subjects.
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Relative clauses add additional information to a main clause using relative pronouns like who, which, that, when, where, whose. Defining relative clauses are essential to identifying the noun, while non-defining clauses provide extra information and are set off by commas. Relative pronouns can be omitted in some defining clauses if they are the object. Prepositions are sometimes placed at the end of relative clauses involving location or object.
2nd conditional
The document discusses the second conditional and how to form sentences using the second conditional structure. It explains that the second conditional refers to hypothetical or imaginary situations using "if" clauses in the past simple tense followed by "would/could/might" and an infinitive verb. Examples are provided to illustrate how to form second conditional sentences. The document then provides practice examples for the reader to complete using the second conditional form.
If conditionals ppt
This document discusses the four main types of conditionals used in English:
1) First conditional deals with real possibilities involving the future using "if + present + future" form.
2) Second conditional involves not real possibilities using "if + past + would" form, like fantasizing.
3) Third conditional refers to impossible past events using "if + past perfect + would have" form.
4) Zero conditional always states scientific facts using simple present tense like "if + present, + present" form.
Conditionals
This document discusses three types of conditional sentences:
1. Probable condition - The "if" clause uses present tense and the main clause uses future tense.
2. Improbable condition - The "if" clause uses past tense and the main clause uses "would".
3. Impossible condition - The "if" clause uses past perfect tense and the main clause uses "would have". Examples are provided for each type.
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Case (Revisi)
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence. It shows how nouns and pronouns are related to verbs and other parts of a sentence.
2. Languages like Latin and Pitta-Pitta have complex case systems with suffixes that mark nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, and other cases. English has lost most of its case system but retains some forms like possessive 's.
3. A case grammar approach emphasizes the semantic relationships indicated by verbs and how nouns are related through agentive, benefactive, comitative, and dative cases.
Intro To English Nouns
There are several types of nouns including common and proper nouns, abstract and concrete nouns, and nouns that differ in gender, person, number, and case. Nouns can function as subjects, objects, or predicate nominatives in a sentence and take different cases depending on their function. The three cases of nouns are nominative, possessive, and objective.
Case System PPT
1. Case is a grammatical category that shows the relationship between words in a sentence. It defines the syntactic relationships between nouns, pronouns, and adjectives and the verb or preposition they relate to.
2. Languages like Latin and Pitta-Pitta have complex case systems with suffixes that mark different grammatical roles. In Latin there are 6 cases and Pitta-Pitta has 8 cases including nominative, ergative, accusative, dative, and others.
3. English has lost most of its case system but retains some forms like possessive 's and pronouns having nominative and oblique cases. Other Germanic languages like Old English had richer case systems
Case ppt
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
Case (group 5)
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
Case ppt
1. Case refers to the grammatical relationship between words in a sentence, such as subject, object, possessor.
2. Languages like Pitta-Pitta use case suffixes added to nouns to indicate this relationship. For example, -lu marks the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and -nha marks the direct object (accusative case).
3. Latin also uses case suffixes added to nouns and adjectives. The six main cases in Latin are nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, and ablative.
Pronouns and possessives
This document discusses various types of pronouns in English including personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. It explains the subject and object forms of personal pronouns and provides examples. Possessive pronouns are discussed in terms of their determiner and pronominal functions. The uses of the 's possessive form and the of possessive form are outlined. Reflexive pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns are also defined.
2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
1. Direct objects are things or people that receive the direct action of the verb. Direct objects that refer to people or pets are preceded by the personal "a".
2. Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns to avoid repetition, such as "it", "them", etc. In Spanish, direct object pronouns include "me", "te", "lo", "la", "los", "las".
3. Direct object pronouns are usually placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of an infinitive or gerund. In negative sentences, the pronoun goes between "no" and the verb.
2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
1. Direct objects are things or people that receive the direct action of the verb. Direct objects that refer to people or pets are preceded by the personal "a".
2. Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns so the object does not have to be repeatedly stated. In Spanish, direct object pronouns include me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las.
3. Direct object pronouns are placed before conjugated verbs or attached to infinitives and gerunds. In negative sentences, the pronoun goes between the negation "no" and the verb.
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2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
2 direct objects, the personal a, and direct object pronouns
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Film terminology
This document introduces some key terminology used for analyzing films, including concepts from Roman Jakobson's model of communication. It defines mise-en-scene as all the visual elements placed in front of the camera, and identifies specific elements of mise-en-scene like setting, costumes, lighting, staging, decor, space, and acting. It also covers terminology related to cinematography, editing, sound, and provides examples from classic Russian films to illustrate various techniques.
Dative
The document introduces the Russian dative case. The dative case expresses the indirect object of a sentence, or the thing that something is being given to. It distinguishes the indirect object from the direct object, which takes the accusative case. The dative case endings are -у/-ю for masculine or neuter nouns, and -е for feminine nouns. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the dative case to indicate the indirect object of a sentence.
Genitive
The document discusses the genitive case in Russian grammar. The genitive case indicates possession and answers the questions "of what?" or "of whom?". To decline nouns in the genitive case, masculine nouns take the ending -a or -я, feminine nouns take -ы or -и, and neuter nouns take -а or -я. Examples provided show how the genitive case is used to indicate possession, such as "Ivan the Terrible's son".
Second conjugation
This document discusses Russian verb conjugations. It explains that first conjugation verbs end in -ет in the third person singular and -ют in the plural. Examples given are читать and писать. Second conjugation verbs end in -ит and -ят in the same persons. Examples are говорить and стоять. It also covers using не to negate verbs, such as Я не знаю to say "I do not know".
Adjectives and Adverbs
The document discusses adjectives and possessive pronouns in Russian. It notes that adjectives modify nouns and must agree with the noun in case, number, and gender. There are three genders - masculine, feminine, and neuter. Masculine adjectives end in -ый, feminine in -ая, and neuter in -ое. Possessive pronouns like "my" and "your" also must agree with the noun in case, number, and gender, like adjectives. Examples of singular nominative possessive pronouns and their uses are provided.
Instrumental
The document discusses the instrumental case in Russian. The instrumental case indicates the use of something to do something else, answering the questions "how?" or "by/with what?". It provides examples of how to use the instrumental case with different nouns, such as "by bus", "with a pen", and "with vodka". It also reviews how to change noun endings to the instrumental case, adding -ом for masculine nouns, -ой for feminine nouns, and -м for neuter nouns.
Grammatical gender
Russian has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant, feminine nouns end in "a", and neuter nouns end in "o". While grammatical gender sometimes relates to actual gender of people or animals, it is an arbitrary classification of all nouns. Knowing the grammatical gender of a noun is important because it determines what personal pronouns and what case endings the noun will take.
Structure of the Cyrillic Alphabet
Division of the Russian alphabet into consonants, vowels and signs.
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Accusative
- 4. Accusative
- 5. Genitive
- 6. Dative
- 7. Instrumental
- 11. And the prepositional expressed location of one of the nouns or the action of the sentence..
- 16. Ivan the Terrible murdered his son in the Kremlin.
- 17. Ivan the Terrible murdered his son in the Kremlin.
- 19. To review the other cases we've seen so far...
- 23. And how is the accusative formed?
- 25. It's formed pretty easily for the nouns you know so far, that are hard stem and singular.
- 27. Masculine: don't change anything!
- 28. Feminine: change а to у
- 29. Neuter: don't change anything!
- 31. Examples
- 32. Я чит а ю журн а л,
- 33. а ты чит а ешь газ е т у.
- 34. Я чит а ю журн а л, A journal is what I am reading. It is the direct object of my reading. It is in the accusative case. Журнал is masculine, and therefore the ending does not change from the nominative.
- 35. а ты чит а ешь газ е т у. A gazette (newspaper) is what you are reading. It is the direct object of your reading. It is in the accusative case. The ending has changed from -а of the nominative case to the -у of the accusative.
- 36. Girl = д е в у шка
- 37. Что э то?
- 38. Э то д е в у шка.
- 39. Л ю бит* = Loves* *(third person [he, she, it], non-past [present!])
- 40. Он л ю бит д е в у шк у .
- 42. The ending changes from -а to -у .
- 43. Кон е ц* *The End